Gerunds and Infinitives

[hotlip]

Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 1

14-1 GERUNDS: INTRODUCTION
(동사에 –ing 형을 붙여 명사로서의 역할을 한다)
1. 문장에서 주어로서의 역할
Walking is good exercise
2. 동사의 목적어의 역할
I like walking at night.
3. 전치사의 목적어로의 역할
I’m accustomed to walking.

14-2 USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
I believe in being honest all the time
He was excited about leaving for New York.

동명사는 수시로 전치사의 목적어가 된다

I’m looking forward to seeing you soon
She’s used to working out everyday.
He was object to going to the party.
In addition to studying hard, He is doing part-time job.

여기서의 to 는 전치사로 사용되었으므로 뒤에 동명사가 따를 수 있다.

I’m very sorry for not being in the class on time

부정형일 경우: not 을 동명사 앞에 쓴다.

14-3 COMMON PREPORSITION COMBINATIONS
FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
같은 전치사를 뒤에 수반하며 전치사의 목적어로 동명사를 쓰는 동사들

complain keep
dream about/of doing it prevent from doing it
talk stop


thank believe
forgive for doing it participate in doing it
responsible succeed
1 14-4 COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

1.동명사를 목적어로 취하는 동사들
enjoy
avoid
suggest
permit
resist 5형식문장에서 사용되면 목적보어로 to 부정사를 취해
admit 헷갈리기 쉽다.
recommend
postpone

2. 동사와 구동사의 의미가 같은 예
give up= quit postpone= put off keep= keep on
get through=finish

구동사는 항상 동명사를 목적어로 취한다.

14-5 GO + GERUND
일반적인 관용어구에서 [GO] 뒤에 동명사가 위치할 경우 대부분 여가 활동,
취미 등을 나타낸다.
(a)Did you go shopping ?
(b)We went fishing yesterday.
GO + GERUND
Go birdwatching Go skinnydipping
Go canoeing / kayaking Go sledding
Go fishing / angling Go snorkeling
Go bowling Go swimming
Go camping Go tobogganing
Go sightseeing Go window shopping

14-6 SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY – ING
[-ing] 형태는 특별한 표현문구 뒤에 쓰인다.
Have fun / a good time + ~ing
Have trouble / difficulty + ~ing
Have a hard time / difficult time + ~ing
Spend / waste + expression‎ of time or money + ~ing
sit / stand / lie + expression‎ of place + ~ing
Find / catch + (pro)noun + ~ing

(h) When I walked into my office, I found George using my telephone.
(i) When I walked into my office, I caught a thief looking through my desk drawers
(h) 와 (i) 에서 find 와 catch는 ‘발견하다’라는 뜻으로 쓰였으나,
catch는 종종 분노나 좋지 않은 일을 나타내는데 쓰인다.

Ex) ①(병에) 걸리라. 감염되라.
The nurse caught the disease from the patient.
②(불이) 붙다. 옮겨 붙다.
Paper catches fire easily.

 lie[lai] 눕다 – lay[lei] – lain[lein], lying
 lie[lai] 거짓말하다 – lied – lied, lying
lay[lei] 눕히다. 놓다 – laid

14-7 COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
⊙ [부정사] = to + 동사원형
⊙ 뒤에 바로 부정사가 오는 동사
hope to (do something), promise, seem, expect, plan, ask, offer, would like to,
intend to (때때로intend to V = intend ~ing가 성립되기도 함)
(a) I hope to see you again soon.
(b) He promised to be here by ten.
⊙ 부정사의 부정은 to 앞에 not을 붙인다.
(c) He promised not to be late.
⊙ 뒤에 (대)명사가 온 후 부정사가 오는 동사
Tell someone to, permit, force, need, allow, ask, expect, advise someone to ( (대)명사가 없는 경우 advise뒤에 동명사)
Ex) He advised buying a fiat.
He advised me to buy a Fiat. I was advised to buy a Fiat.
(d) Mr. Lee told me to be here at o’clock.
(e) The police ordered the driver to stop.
⊙ 수동형의 문장일 경우 동사 뒤에 바로 부정사
(f) I was told to be here at ten o’clock.
(g) The driver was ordered to stop.
⊙ Ask, expect, would like, want, need 뒤에 (대)명사가 올 수도 있고, 오지 않을 수도
있다.
(h) I expect to pass the test.
(i) I expect Mary to pass the test.



14-8 COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER
INFINITIVES OR GERUNDS
⊙ 몇몇 동사들은 부정사와 동명사를 모두 취하기도 하는데, 두 경우 뜻이 똑같은
동사들이 있는가 하면, 뜻이 아주 다른 동사들이 있다.
⊙ 부정사와 동명사의 뜻의 차이가 없는 동사들.
Begin, like, hate, start, love, can’t stand, continue, can’t bear, prefer

Prefer + 동명사 : I prefer staying home to going to the concert.
Prefer + 부정사 : I’d prefer to stay home (rather) than (to) go to the concert.

(a) It began to rain. / It began raining.
(b) I started to work. / I started working.
⊙ 동사가 진행형에 있을 경우, ‘부정사’ 가 쓰인다.
(c) It was beginning to rain.
⊙ 부정사와 동명사의 뜻이 차이가 있는 동사들.
Remember / forget +부정사 → 해야 할 일, 책임, 의무를 기억함 / 잊어버림.
Remember / forget +동명사 → 과거의 일을 회상 / 잊어버림.

(d) Judy always remembers to lock the door.
(e) Sam often forgets to lock the door.
(f) I remember seeing Alps for the first time.
The sight was impressive.
(g) I’ll never forget seeing the Alps for the first time.
★ forget 뒤의 동명사가 오는 문구는 부정형 문구나 의문형에 쓰인다.
Ex) I’ll never forget, I can’t forget, Have you ever forgotten and can you ever forget + 동명사
⊙ Regret + 부정사 → 주로 나쁜 소식을 전하는 것이 유감을 의미.
Regret + 동명사 → 과거의 일을 후회함.

(h) I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
(i) I regret lending him some money. He never paid me book.
⊙ Try + 부정사 → 노력하다, 해보다, 힘쓰다.
Try + 동명사 → 시험삼아 해보다, 시도하다.

(j) I’m trying to learn English.
(k) The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but that didn’t help. So I tried turning on the fan, but I was still hot. Finally, I turned on the air conditioner


14-9 REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
1. admit He admitted stealing the money
2. avoid He avoided answering my
question.
3. consider I will consider going with you.
4. deny She denied committing the crime.
5. finish She finished studying about ten.
6. help I can’t help worrying about it.
7. mind Would you mind helping me with
this? 8. postpone Let’s postpone leaving until
tomorrow.
9. resist I couldn’t resist eating the desert.
10.suggest She suggested going to a movie.
11.understand I don’t understand his leaving
school.


14-10 REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
A. 동사 뒤 곧바로 부정사가 나오는 경우.
1. afford I can’t afford to buy it.
2. beg I begged to come with us.
3. deserve She deserves to win the prize.
4. learn He learned to play the piano.
5. mean I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings. 6. prepare We prepared to welcome them.
7. struggle I struggled to stay awake.
8. threaten She threatened to tell my parents.
9. wait I will wait to hear from you.
B. 동사 뒤에 (대)명사 + 부정사가 나오는 경우.
10. allow She allowed me to use her car.
11. beg They begged us to come.
12. cause Her laziness caused her to fail.
13. hire She hired a boy to mow the lawn. 14. instruct He instructed them to be careful.
15. persuade I persuaded him to come for a
visit.
16. urge I urged her to apply for the job.




* 동명사, 부정사를 둘 다 취하는 경우.
1. advise She advised waiting /me to wait
until tomorrow.
2. bear I can’t bear waiting/to wait in
long lines.
3.continue He continued speaking/to speak.
4. hate I hate making/to make silly
mistakes. 5. like I like going/to go to movies.
6. love I love going /to go to operas,
7. stand I can’t stand waiting/to wait
in long lines.
8. start It started raining/to rain.

☺대체로 동명사는 시간을 초월한 동작으로서 추상적이고(일반적인), 부정사는 앞으로 있을 동작으로서 구체적이다.

14-11 IT + INFINITIVES; GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES AS SUBJECTS
⊙가주어 It = infinitive + ~
(a) It is difficult to learn a second language.
(It = to learn a second language)
It 자리 대신 infinitive가 나올수 있다. (그러나, 주로 It 가 많이 쓰임)
(c) To learn a second language is difficult.
⊙동명사가 주어 자리에 오는 경우.
(b) Learning a second language is difficult.
특정인을 가리킬 경우 for(someone)을 쓴다.
(d) It is easy for young children to learn a second language.
Learning a second language is easy for young children.
To learn a second language is easy for young children.