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Bifidobacterium

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Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium adolescentis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinobacteria
Subclass:	Actinobacteridae
Order:	Bifidobacteriales
Family:	Bifidobacteriaceae
Genus:	Bifidobacterium Orla-Jensen 1924
Species
B. adolescentis B. angulatum B. animalis B. asteroides B. bifidum B. boum B. breve B. catenulatum B. choerinum B. coryneforme B. cuniculi B. denticolens B. dentium B. gallicum B. gallinarum B. indicum B. inopinatum B. infantis (For B. lactis see B. animalis) B. longum B. magnum B. merycicum B. minimum B. pseudocatenulatum B. pseudolongum B. pullorum B. ruminantium B. saeculare B. subtile B. thermacidophilum B. thermophilum B. tsurumiense

Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, vagina^[1][2] and mouth (B. dentium) of mammals, including humans. Bifidobacteria are one of the major genera of bacteria that make up the colon flora in mammals. Some bifidobacteria are used as probiotics.

Before the 1960s, Bifidobacterium species were collectively referred to as "Lactobacillus bifidus".

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1 History
• 2 Metabolism
• 3 Response to oxygen
• 4 Clinical uses
• 5 See also
• 6 References
• 7 External links

History[edit]

Some of the Bifidobacterium animalis bacteria found in a sample of Activia yogurt:  The numbered ticks on the scale are 10 micrometres apart.

In 1899, Henry Tissier, a French pediatrician at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, isolated a bacterium characterised by a Y-shaped morphology ("bifid") in the intestinal flora of breast-fed infants and named it "bifidus".^[3] In 1907, Elie Metchnikoff, deputy director at the Pasteur Institute, propounded the theory that lactic acid bacteria are beneficial to human health.^[3] Metchnikoff observed that the longevity of Bulgarian peasants was the result of their consumption of fermented milk products.^[4] Elie Metchnikoff also suggested that “oral administration of cultures of fermentative bacteria would implant the beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract”.^[5]

Metabolism[edit]

The genus Bifidobacterium possesses a unique fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase pathway employed to ferment carbohydrates.

Much metabolic research on bifidobacteria has focused on oligosaccharide metabolism, as these carbohydrates are available in their otherwise nutrient-limited habitats. Infant-associated bifidobacterial phylotypes appear to have evolved the ability to ferment milk oligosaccharides, whereas adult-associated species use plant oligosaccharides, consistent with what they encounter in their respective environments. As breast-fed infants often harbor bifidobacteria-dominated gut consortia, numerous applications attempt to mimic the bifidogenic properties of milk oligosaccharides. These are broadly classified as plant-derived fructo-oligosaccharides or dairy-derived galacto-oligosaccharides, which are differentially metabolized and distinct from milk oligosaccharide catabolism.^[2]

Response to oxygen[edit]

The sensitivity of members of the genus Bifidobacterium to O₂ generally limits probiotic activity to anaerobic habitats. Recent research has reported that some Bifidobacterium strains exhibit various types of oxic growth. Low concentrations of O₂ and CO₂ can have a stimulatory effect on the growth of these Bifidobacterium strains. Based on the growth profiles under different O₂ concentrations, the Bifidobacterium species were classified into four classes: O₂-hypersensitive, O₂-sensitive, O₂-tolerant, and microaerophilic. The primary factor responsible for aerobic growth inhibition is proposed to be the production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the growth medium. A H₂O₂-forming NADH oxidase was purified from O₂-sensitive Bifidobacterium bifidum and was identified as a b-type dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. The kinetic parameters suggested that the enzyme could be involved in H₂O₂ production in highly aerated environments.^[6]

Clinical uses[edit]

Bifidobacterium species administered as a probiotic have been found be an effective treatment for some types of inflammatory bowel disease and have no negative side effects.^[7]

See also[edit]

• List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
• Probiotics
• Proteobiotics
• Prebiotics

References[edit]

1. Jump up ^ Schell, Mark A.; Karmirantzou, Maria; Snel, Berend; Vilanova, David; Berger, Bernard; Pessi, Gabriella; Zwahlen, Marie-Camille; Desiere, Frank; et al. (2002). "The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (22): 14422–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.212527599. PMC 137899. PMID 12381787. 
2. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Mayo, Baltasar; van Sinderen, Douwe, eds. (2010). Bifidobacteria: Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-68-4. ^{[page needed]}
3. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} "Potential of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents targeting the innate immune system" (PDF). African Journal of Biotechnology. February 2005. 
4. Jump up ^ "Probiotics: 100 years (1907–2007) after Elie Metchnikoff's Observation" (PDF). Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-04. 
5. Jump up ^ "Pioneers of Probiotics". European Probiotic Association. February 2012. 
6. Jump up ^ Sonomoto, Kenji; Yokota, Atsushi, eds. (2011). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria: Current Progress in Advanced Research. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-82-0. ^{[page needed]}
7. Jump up ^ Ghouri, Yezaz A; Richards, David M; Rahimi, Erik F; Krill, Joseph T; Jelinek, Katherine A; DuPont, Andrew W (9 December 2014). "Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease". Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 7: 473–487. doi:10.2147/CEG.S27530. PMC 4266241. PMID 25525379. 

External links[edit]

• Bifidobacterium at Microbe Wiki
• Genomes Online Database contains many Bifidobacterium genome projects
• Comparative Analysis of Bifidobacterium Genomes (at DOE's IMG system)
• Bifidobacterium at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Wikispecies has information related to: Bifidobacterium

[show]

• v
• t
• e

Prokaryotes: Bacteria classification (phyla and orders)

Domain

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukaryota

(Supergroup

Plant

Hacrobia

Heterokont

Alveolata

Rhizaria

Excavata

Amoebozoa

Opisthokonta

Animal

Fungi)

G-/
OM

Terra-/
Glidobacteria
(BV1)

Eobacteria	Deinococcus-Thermus Deinococcales Thermales Chloroflexi Anaerolineales Caldilineales Chloroflexales Herpetosiphonales Dehalococcoidales Ktedonobacterales Thermogemmatisporales Thermomicrobiales Sphaerobacterales
other glidobacteria	Thermodesulfobacteria thermophiles Aquificae Thermotogae Cyanobacteria

Proteobacteria
(BV2)

Alpha	Caulobacterales Kiloniellales Kordiimonadales Magnetococcales Parvularculales Rhizobiales Rhodobacterales Rhodospirillales Rickettsiales Sneathiellales Sphingomonadales
Beta	Burkholderiales Hydrogenophilales Methylophilales Neisseriales Nitrosomonadales Procabacteriales Rhodocyclales
Gamma	Acidithiobacillales Aeromonadales Alteromonadales Cardiobacteriales Chromatiales Enterobacteriales Legionellales Methylococcales Oceanospirillales Orbales Pasteurellales Pseudomonadales Salinisphaerales Thiotrichales Vibrionales Xanthomonadales
Delta	Bdellovibrionales Desulfarculales Desulfobacterales Desulfovibrionales Desulfurellales Desulfuromonadales Myxococcales Syntrophobacterales Syntrophorhabdales
Epsilon	Campylobacterales Nautiliales
Zeta	Mariprofundales

BV4

Spirochaetes	Spirochaetes
Sphingobacteria (FCB group)	Fibrobacteres Chlorobi Chlorobiales Ignavibacteriales Bacteroidetes Bacteroidales Cytophagales Flavobacteriales Sphingobacteriales
Planctobacteria/ (PVC group)	Chlamydiae Lentisphaerae Lentisphaerales Oligosphaerales Victivallales Planctomycetes Phycisphaerales Planctomycetales Verrucomicrobia Puniceicoccales Opitutales Chthoniobacterales Verrucomicrobiales "Poribacteria"
Other GN	Acidobacteria Acidobacteriales Acanthopleuribacterales Holophagales Solibacterales Armatimonadetes Armatimonadales Chthonomonadales Fimbriimonadales Caldiserica Chrysiogenetes Deferribacteres Dictyoglomi Elusimicrobia Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Synergistetes

G+/
no OM

Firmicutes
(BV3)

Bacilli	Bacillales Lactobacillales
Clostridia	Clostridiales Halanaerobiales Thermoanaerobacterales Natranaerobiales
Erysipelotrichi	Erysipelotrichiales
Thermolithobacteria	Thermolithobacterales
Tenericutes/ Mollicutes	Mycoplasmatales Entomoplasmatales Anaeroplasmatales Acholeplasmatales Haloplasmatales
Negativicutes	Selenomonadales

Actinobacteria
(BV5)

Actinomycetidae	Actinomycetales Bifidobacteriales
Acidimicrobiidae	Acidimicrobiales
Coriobacteriidae	Coriobacteriales
Nitriliruptoridae	Euzebyales Nitriliruptorales
Rubrobacteridae	Gaiellales Rubrobacterales Thermoleophilales Solirubrobacterales

Incertae
sedis

• †Archaeosphaeroides
• †Eobacterium
• †Leptotrichites

Source: Bergey's Manual (2001–2012). Alternative views: Wikispecies.

[show] v t e Yogurt
Varieties	Buffalo curd Clabber Dadiah Dhau Frozen Kumis Llaollao Nai lao Soy Strained Viili
Cultures	Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium
Dishes	Churri Çılbır Cucumber raita Dahi chutney Dovga Jameed Kashk Mitha dahi Parfait Raita Shrikhand Tarator Tzatziki Zhoixo
Drinks	Ayran Chaas Chal Doogh Lassi Leben Mattha Nai lao Omaere Qatiq Ryazhenka Stewler
Related	Fermented milk products Buttermilk Kefir Skyr Sour cream Soured milk Ymer

Authority control	NDL: 00576962

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&oldid=771144062"

Categories:

• Bifidobacteriales
• Gut flora bacteria
• Bacterial vaginosis
• Bacteria genera