Re: 사함파티의 뜻을 알고 싶습니다.

[관리자]

질문은 아래와 같습니다. 
 
불교성전 (대한불교조계종) p.90에 "사함파티 범천" 이라는 용어가 나왔습니다. "사함파티" 라는 단어를 인터넷에 검색을 하니 나오지 않아 그 뜻이 너무 궁금하여 질문을 올립니다. 
 
답변입니다. 
 
'사함파티 범천'의 산스끄리뜨 표기는 'Sahāmpati Brahmā'로 부처님께서 보리수 아래에서 깨달음을 얻으신 후, 이를 이해하고 수용할 사람이 없을 것 같아서 가르치기를 주저하실 때, 설법을 권청했던 브라만(Brahman) 천신입니다. 브라만 천신은 욕계, 색계, 무색계의 삼계 가운데 색계의 첫 단계 하늘나라인 초선천에 거주하는 천신입니다. 질문하신 '사함파티'는 산스끄리뜨어인데 우리말로 표기할 때, '사함파티'보다 '사함빠띠'라고 표기하는 것이 원래의 발음에 더 가깝습니다. <Monier Williams Sanskrit Dictionary>의 설명에 근거하여 그 어원을 분석하면 다음과 같습니다.
 
Sahāmpati = sahā + m + pati 
 
sahā : '강력한'이라는 뜻의 형용사. (powerful, mighty, overcoming, vanquishing)
m : 목적격(對格) 어미. (형용사를 목적격으로 쓰면, 부사의 역할을 하기도 함)
pati : '주인'이라는 뜻의 남성 명사. (master, owner, possessor, lord, ruler, sovereign, husband) 
 
 
위와 같이 분석되기에 '사함빠띠(Sahāmpati)'는 '강력한 주인' 정도의 의미가 되겠습니다. Sahām의 부사적 의미를 살리면 '강력하게 주인 노릇을 하는 분'이라고 풀이할 수도 있겠습니다. 
 
이상의 설명에서 근거로 삼은 <Monier Williams  Sanskrit Dictionary>의 인터넷 사이트 링크는 아래와 같습니다. 
 
https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/indexcaller.php
 
좌측의 input 창에 산스끄리뜨 단어를 적으면 풀이를 볼 수 있는데, 우측에 보이는 로마자 표기 방식에 따라서 입력해야 합니다. 'Kyoto-Harvard'는 일본의 교토(京都) 대학과 미국의 하바드 대학이 협력하여 제정한 로마자 표기방식입니다.  'Kyoto-Harvard' 표기 방식 등 산스끄리뜨어를 로마자로 표기하는 방식에 대해 본 카페 게시판에서 소개한 적이 있는데 링크는 아래와 같습니다. 
 
https://cafe.daum.net/buddhology/UITK/47
 
그리고 'Sahāmpati'의 어원을 분석할 때, <Monier Williams  Sanskrit Dictionary>에서 찾아 본 단어 풀이를 모두 소개하면 아래와 같습니다.
 
sahāmpati
(H2) [Printed book page 1193,2]
sahām-pati m. (rather fr. acc. of sahā than fr. gen. pl. of 2. sah + p°; cf. saka-pati) N. of Brahmā (with Buddhists), Lalit. (MWB. 210 ; 211 ) [ID=240034]
of a Bodhi-sattva, Kāraṇḍ. [ID=240035]
of a serpent-demon, ib. [ID=240036]
sahām-pati f. N. of a Kiṃ-narī, ib. [ID=240037]
------------------------
sahā
(H2) [Printed book page 1193,1]
1. saha mf(ā)n. powerful, mighty, RV. [ID=239969]
(ifc.) overcoming, vanquishing, MBh. [ID=239970]
bearing, enduring, withstanding, defying, equal to, a match for (gen. or comp.), MBh. ; Kāv. &c. [ID=239971]
causing, effecting, stimulating, exerting, Śiś. [ID=239972]
able to, capable of (inf. or comp.), Kālid. ; Śiś. ; Kathās. [ID=239973]
saha m. the month Mārgaśīrṣa (See sahas), VS. ; ŚBr. ; Car. [ID=239974]
a partic. Agni, MBh. [ID=239975]
a species of plant, AV. [ID=239976]
---------------
pati
(H1) [Printed book page 582,1]
1. pati m. (cf. √1. pat; when uncompounded and meaning ‘husband’ instr. patyā; dat. patye; gen. abl. patyur; loc. patyau; but when meaning ‘lord, master’, and ifc. regularly inflected with exceptions; cf. Pāṇ. i, 4, 8; 9) a master, owner, possessor, lord, ruler, sovereign, RV. &c. &c. [ID=115014]
a husband, ib. (in comp. either with the stem or with the gen., e.g. duhitṛ-p° or °tuḥ-p°, Pāṇ. vi, 3, 24; when mfn. f. = m., e.g. -jīvat-patyā tvayā, R. ii, 24, 8, or patikā, e.g. pramīta-patikā, Mn. ix, 68 ) [ID=115015]
one of the 2 entities (with pāśupatas), RTL. 89 [ID=115016]
a root, L. [ID=115017]
pati f. a female possessor, mistress, Pāṇ. iv, 1, 33, Sch. [ID=115018]
a wife (vṛddha-p° = -patnī, the w° of an old man, ib. 34, Sch.) [ID=115019]
pati [cf. Gk. πόσις, ‘husband’; Lat. potis, pos-sum for potis-sum; Lith. patìs, ‘husband’; Goth. (bruth-)faths, ‘bridegroom’] [ID=115019.05]
[Printed book page 1330,1]
pati f. = gati, going, motion. [ID=115019.1]
---------------------------
sah
(H1) [Printed book page 1192,3]
Whitney Roots links: sah & Westergaard Dhatupatha links: 20.22, 34.4
1. sah cl. 1. Ā. (Dhātup. xx, 22 ) sahate (Ved. and ep. also °ti and exceptionally sāhati, once in MBh. 1. sg. sahyāmi; p. sahat, sahamāna [q.v.]; pf. sehe, sasāha; Ved. also sasāhe and sāsāhat; sāsahat; sāsahīṣṭāḥ,; sāsahyāma,; p. sehāna, sāsahāna, sāsahvas and sāhvas [q.v.]; aor. asākṣi, sākṣi, sākṣate, RV. ; sākṣīt, GopBr. ; sakṣati, AV. ; sakṣat, sākṣāma, RV. ; Impv. sakṣi, sākṣva, ib. ; p. sakṣat, ib. ; asahisṭa, RV. ; Prec. sahyās, sāhyāma, ib. ; sākṣīya, AV. ; sāhiṣīmahi, RV. ; fut. soḍhā, MBh. &c.; sahitā Gr.; sakṣyati, MBh. , °te, Br. ; sākṣye [?] AV. ; -sahiṣyati, °te, MBh. ; Cond. asahiṣyat, ib. ; inf. sahadhyai, RV. ; Kāṭh. ; sāḍhyai, MaitrS. ; soḍhum, sahitum, MBh. ; ind.p. soḍhvā, ĀpŚr. , Sch.; sādhvā, sahitvā Gr.; sahya, RV. &c.; saham, Br. ),
to prevail, be victorious;
to overcome, vanquish, conquer, defeat (enemies), gain, win (battles), RV. ; AV. ; Br. ; R. ; Bhaṭṭ. ;
to offer violence to (acc.), AitBr. ; ŚBr. ;
to master, suppress, restrain, MBh. ; R. &c.;
to be able to or capable of (inf. or loc.), ib. ;
to bear up against, resist, withstand, AV. &c. &c.;
to bear, put up with, endure, suffer, tolerate (with na, ‘to grudge’), MBh. ; Kāv. &c.;
to be lenient towards, have patience with any one (gen.), Bhag. ;
to spare any one, MārkP. ; Pañcat. ;
to let pass, approve anything, Sarvad. ;
(with kalam, kala-kṣepam &c.) to bide or wait patiently for the right time, Kāv. ; Kathās. :
Caus. or cl. 10. sāhayati (aor. asīṣahat), to forbear, Dhātup. xxxiv, 4 :
Desid. of Caus. sisāhayiṣati, Pāṇ. viii, 3, 62 ? :
Desid. sīkṣate (p. sīkṣat; accord. to Pāṇ. viii, 3, 61, also sisahiṣa),
to wish to overcome, RV. ; TS. :
Intens. sāsahyate, sāsoḍhi (cf. sāsahi) Gr. [cf. sahas and ἴσχω for σι-σχω; ἔχω, ἔ-σχον.] [ID=239967]
(H2) [Printed book page 1193,1]
2. sah (strong form sāh) mfn. bearing, enduring, overcoming (ifc.; See abhimāti-ṣāh &c.) [ID=239968]
(H1) [Printed book page 1193,2]
Westergaard Dhatupatha links: 26.20
3. sah cl. 4. P. sahyati, to satisfy, delight, Dhātup. xxvi, 20 ;
to be pleased, ib. ;
to bear, endure (cf. √1. sah), ib. [ID=240101]
-------------------------------
pat
(H1) [Printed book page 580,3]
Whitney Roots links: pat2 & Westergaard Dhatupatha links: 26.50
1. pat cl. 4. Ā. (Dhātup. xxvi, 50 ) patyate, to be master, reign, rule, govern, control, own, possess, dispose of (acc. or instr.), RV. ;
to partake of, share in (loc.), ib. ;
to be fit or serve for (dat.), ib. [ID=114697]
pat [Prob. Nom. of pati; cf. Lat. potiri.] [ID=114697.1]
(H1) [Printed book page 580,3]
Whitney Roots links: pat1 & Westergaard Dhatupatha links: 20.15
2. pat cl. 1. P. (Dhātup. xx, 15 ) patati (ep. also °te; pf. papāta, paptima, petatur, paptur; paptivas, RV. ; papatyāt, AV. ; aor. apaptat, RV. ; Pass. apāti, Br. ; fut. patiṣ-yati, AV. ; °te, patitā, MBh. ; Cond. apatiṣyat, Br. ; inf. patitum, ib. &c. &c.; ind.p. patitvā, AV. ; Br. ; -patya or -pātam, Br. ),
to fly, soar, rush on RV. &c. &c.;
to fall down or off, alight, descend (with acc. or loc.), fall or sink (with or without adhas or narake, ‘to go down to hell’; with caraṇau or °ṇayoḥ, ‘to fall at a person's feet’), Mn. ; MBh. ; Kāv. &c.;
to fall (in a moral sense), lose caste or rank or position, ChUp. ; Mn. ; Yājñ. &c.;
to light or fall upon, fall to a person's share (loc.), MBh. ; Kāv. &c.;
to fall or get into or among (loc.), Kathās. ; Hit. ;
to occur, come to pass, happen, Pañc. :
Caus. patayati, to fly or move rapidly along, RV. ; VS. ;
to speed (trans.; cf. patayat);
°te, to drive away or throw down (?), RV. i, 169, 7;
pātayati (ep. also °te; aor. apīpatat, AV. ; Pass. pātyate, MBh. &c.),
to let fly or cause to fall, to fling, hurl, throw, AV. &c. &c.;
to lay low, bring down (lit. and fig.), overthrow, ruin, destroy, MBh. ; R. &c. to throw upon or in, lay on (loc.), Kāv. ; Suśr. ;
(with or scil. ātmānam) to throw one's self, MBh. ; Mṛcch. ;
to cut off (a head), Hariv. ;
to knock out (teeth), BhP. ;
to pour out or shed (water, tears), MBh. ; Hariv. ;
to kindle (fire), Pañc. ;
to cast (dice), Hariv. ; Kathās. ;
to turn, direct, fix (eyes), R. ;
to impose or inflict (punishment), Mn. ; Yājñ. ;
to set in motion, set on foot, Rājat. v, 173 ;
to seduce to, betray into (loc.), Kathās. ;
(with dvedhā) to divide in two, ŚBr. ;
to subtract, Jyot. , Sch.;
(Ā.) to rush on, hasten, RV. viii, 46, 8 :
Desid. pipatiṣati (AV. ; MaitrS. ; ŚBr. ) and pitsati (Pāṇ. vii, 4, 54), to be about to fly or fall:
Intens. panīpatyate or °pātīti, Pāṇ. vii, 4, 84. [ID=114698]
pat [cf. Zd. pat; Gk. πέτομαι, πί-πτω; Lat. peto.] [ID=114698.1]
(H2) [Printed book page 580,3]
3. pat mfn. flying, falling (ifc.; cf. akṣi-pat). [ID=114699]
[Printed book page 583,1]
4. pat in comp. for 3. pad. [ID=115177]
 
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