햄스트링 근육

[문형철]

 늘 짧아지면서 힘이 약해지기 때문에 스트레칭과 근력강화가 동시에 필요한 "햄스트링"

1. 햄스트링(대퇴이두근, 반건양근, 반막양근) 파열이 흔함. 그 결과는 골반의 변형, 허리디스크

2. 대표적인 type1 muscle, phase muscle, 항중력근, 자세유지근, 짧아지는 근육, tightness weakness 주인공

3. 그래서 늘 짧아지고, 약해지기때문에 스트레칭과 근력운동이 동시에 필요한 근육

4. 고관절 신전, 무릎굴곡의 주동근

5. 대퇴이두근 단두와 대내전근은 장력적으로 연결되어 있음. 

6. 햄스트링 강화운동법(클릭)

7. 

panic bird...

 

햄스트링 근육들

- 대내전근을 햄스트링근육으로 포함시키는 전문가도 있음.

In human anatomy, a hamstring is any of the five tendons contracted by three posterior thigh muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris), and the term is often also used to refer to the muscles themselves. The hamstring tendons make up the borders of the space behind the knee; the muscles are involved in knee flexion and hip extension. In quadrupeds, the hamstring is the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area.

The three muscles of the posterior thigh (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long & short head) flex (bend) the knee, while all but the short head of biceps femoris extend (straighten) the hip. The three 'true' hamstrings cross both the hip and the knee joint and are therefore involved in knee flexion and hip extension. The short head of the biceps femoris crosses only one joint (knee) and is therefore not involved in hip extension. With its divergent origin and innervation it is sometimes excluded from the 'hamstring' characterization.^[3]

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Nerve
semitendinosus	ischial tuberosity	medial surface of tibia	tibial
semimembranosus	ischial tuberosity	medial tibial condyle	tibial
biceps femoris - long head	ischial tuberosity	lateral side of the head of the fibula	tibial
biceps femoris - short head	linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur	lateral side of the head of the fibula (common tendon with the long head)	common peroneal

A portion of the adductor magnus is sometimes considered a part of the hamstrings.^[3]

Function[edit]

The hamstrings cross and act upon two joints - the hip and the knee. Semitendinosus and semimembranosus extend the hip when the trunk is fixed; they also flex the knee and medially (inwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent. The long head of the biceps femoris extends the hip as when beginning to walk; both short and long heads flex the knee and laterally (outwardly) rotates the lower leg when the knee is bent.

The hamstrings play a crucial role in many daily activities, such as, walking, running, jumping, and controlling some movement in the trunk. In walking, they are most important as an antagonist to the quadriceps in the deceleration of knee extension.

1. 대퇴이두근 장두, 단두

The biceps femoris (/ˈbaɪsɛps ˈfɛmərɨs/) is a muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of thehamstrings muscle group.

Structure[edit]

It has two heads of origin;

• one, the long head, arises from the lower and inner impression on the back part of the tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the semitendinosus, and from the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament;^[1]
• the other, the short head, arises from the lateral lip of the linea aspera, between the adductor magnus and vastus lateralis, extending up almost as high as the insertion of the gluteus maximus; from the lateral prolongation of the linea aspera to within 5 cm. of the lateral condyle; and from the lateral intermuscular septum.^[1]

The fibers of the long head form a fusiform belly, which passes obliquely downward and lateralward across the sciatic nerve to end in an aponeurosis which covers the posterior surface of the muscle, and receives the fibers of the short head; this aponeurosis becomes gradually contracted into a tendon, which is inserted into the lateral side of the head of the fibula, and by a small slip into the lateral condyle of the tibia.^[1]

At its insertion the tendon divides into two portions, which embrace the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint.^[1]

From the posterior border of the tendon a thin expansion is given off to the fascia of the leg. The tendon of insertion of this muscle forms the lateral hamstring; the common fibular (peroneal) nerve descends along its medial border.^[1]

Variations[edit]

The short head may be absent; additional heads may arise from the ischial tuberosity, the linea aspera, the medial supracondylar ridge of the femur, or from various other parts.^[1] A slip may pass to the gastrocnemius.^[1]

Innervation[edit]

It is a composite muscle as the short head of the biceps femoris develops in the flexor compartment of the thigh and is thus innervated by common fibular branch of the sciatic nerve (L5, S2), while the long head is innervated by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (L5, S2).^[2]

Blood supply[edit]

The muscle's vascular supply is derived from the anastomoses of several arteries: the perforating branches of the profunda femoris artery, the inferior gluteal artery, and thepopliteal artery.^[2]

Function[edit]

Both heads of the biceps femoris perform knee flexion.^[3] Since the long head originates in the pelvis it is also involved in hip extension.^[3] The long head of the biceps femoris is a weaker knee flexor when the hip is extended (because of active insufficiency). For the same reason the long head is a weaker hip extender when the knee is flexed. When the knee is semi-flexed, the biceps femoris in consequence of its oblique direction rotates the leg slightly outward.

반막양근(semimembranosus muscle)

- 기본적으로 고관절신전, 무릎굴곡근

- 열린사슬상태로 무릎을 굴곡하면 반막양근은 경골을 내회전시키는 역할. 고관절을 신전한 상태에서는 대퇴골을 내회전

- 반막양근의 종지부위는 봉공근, 박근, 반건양근이 부착하는 거위발점액낭이 있는 부위와는 다름. 

Structure[edit]

The semimembranosus, so called from its membranous tendon of origin, is situated at the back and medial side of the thigh. Its origin is the ischial tuberosity and it inserts on the medial condyle and nearby margin of tibia; intercondylar line and lateral condyle of femur; and the ligament of popliteal region. It arises by a thick tendon from the upper and outer impression on the tuberosity of the ischium, above and medial to the biceps femoris and semitendinosus. The tendon of origin expands into an aponeurosis, which covers the upper part of the anterior surface of the muscle; from this aponeurosis muscular fibers arise, and converge to another aponeurosis which covers the lower part of the posterior surface of the muscle and contracts into the tendon of insertion. It is inserted mainly into the horizontal groove on the posterior medial aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia.

The semimembranosus is wider, flatter, and deeper than the semitendinosus (with which it shares very close insertion and attachment points). The tendon of insertion gives off certain fibrous expansions: one, of considerable size, passes upward and laterally to be inserted into the posterior lateral condyle of the femur, forming part of the oblique popliteal ligament of the knee-joint; a second is continued downward to the fascia which covers the Popliteus muscle; while a few fibers join the tibial collateral ligament of the joint and the fascia of the leg. The muscle overlaps the upper part of the popliteal vessels.

Innervation[edit]

The semimembranosus is innervated by the tibial nerve, a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve consists of the anterior divisions of ventral nerve roots from L4 through S3. These nerve roots are part of a larger nerve network called the sacral plexus.^[1] The tibial nerve is also responsible for innervating the skin of the posterior leg as well as plantar skin.

Variation[edit]

It may be reduced or absent, or double, arising mainly from the sacrotuberous ligament and giving a slip to the femur or adductor magnus.

Function[edit]

The semimembranosus helps to extend (straighten) the hip joint and flex (bend) the knee joint.

It also helps medially rotate the knee: the tibia medially rotates on the femur when the knee is flexed. Medially rotates the femur when the hip is extended. The muscle can also aid in counteracting the forward bending at the hip joint.^[1]

반건양근(semitendinosus muscle)

Structure[edit]

The semitendinosus, remarkable for the great length of its tendon of insertion, is situated at the posterior and medial aspect of the thigh. It arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the long head of the biceps femoris; it also arises from an aponeurosis which connects the adjacent surfaces of the two muscles to the extent of about 7.5 cm. from their origin.

The muscle is fusiform and ends a little below the middle of the thigh in a long round tendon which lies along the medial side of the popliteal fossa; it then curves around the medial condyle of the tibia and passes over themedial collateral ligament of the knee-joint, from which it is separated by a bursa, and is inserted into the upper part of the medial surface of the body of the tibia, nearly as far forward as its anterior crest.

The semitendinosus is more superficial than the semimembranosus (with which it shares very close insertion and attachment points). However, because the semimembranosus is wider and flatter than the semitendinosus, it is still possible to palpate the semimembranosus directly.

At its insertion it gives off from its lower border a prolongation to the deep fascia of the leg and lies behind the tendon of the sartorius, and below that of the gracilis, to which it is united. These three tendons form what is known as the pes anserinus, so named because it looks like the foot of a goose.

A tendinous intersection is usually observed about the middle of the muscle.

Innervation[edit]

A lower motor neuron exits to the sacral plexus exiting through the spinal levels L5-S2. From the sacral plexus, the lower motor neuron travels down the sciatic nerve.^[1] The sciatic nerve branches into the deep fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. The tibial nerve innervates the semitendinosus as well as the other hamstring muscles, thesemimembranosus and biceps femoris.^[2]

Function[edit]

The semitendinosus helps to extend (straighten) the hip joint and flex (bend) the knee joint. It also helps medially rotate the tibia on the femur when the knee is flexed and medially rotate the femur when the hip is extended. It counteracts forward bending at the hips as well.^[1]

햄스트링 Trp 탐구

에반스의 햄스트링 isolated stretching

참고) 슬와근 고립스트레칭

biceps femoris short head의 고립스트레칭

[heoss]

감사합니다.

[gait1004]

잘보고 있어요 ㅎㅎ