{Topics on 12.12} Please Make Sure to Study Hard in Advance & Post a Comment<정참,지참,불참> Made by 빈센트, 크리스티

[Stylish(진화)]

타픽1 / 질문작성 : 빈센트 / 출처 : The NewYork Times

Negotiators at Climate Talks Face Deep Set of Fault Lines

With the scientific consensus more or less settled that human activity — the burning of fossil fuels, torching of forests, and so forth — is contributing to a warmer and less hospitable planet, one might reasonably ask, why is it so hard to agree on a plan to curb those activities?

The answer lies with the many fault lines that cut through the debate over climate change. Those deep divisions will be on display beginning this week as representatives of 192 nations gather in Copenhagen for a United Nations conference on the issue.

Organizers had hoped to emerge with an international compact to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help countries most threatened by rising sea waters and temperatures. But the divisions between nations are such that world leaders agreed last month to put off resolving the most contentious issues until next year. They will try instead to reach a nonbinding interim agreement in Copenhagen, then work toward a binding treaty in 2010.

Just what will happen, of course, remains to be seen. Here’s a primer on some of the major themes and fissures:

RICH NATIONS VS. POOR NATIONS

Who should pay whom for what — and how much?

The Bolivias and Chads and Mauritanias of the world argue that they are more vulnerable to changes in temperature, and have little or no resources to adapt to changes in the growing seasons or increased rainfall or — worst case — to relocate large numbers of people.

They want the rich world to commit to far deeper emissions cuts than they already have, and to provide them with cash and technology so they can prepare for the worst and develop a clean energy infrastructure for themselves.

The rich world, meanwhile, is busy trying to figure out just how to calculate the cost of all this (estimates run into the trillions of dollars), and how to divvy up the bill.

DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING ECONOMIES

This is where postindustrial economies like the United States and Europe, which became prosperous by burning carbon-dioxide-spewing fossil fuels, face off against industrializing economies like China, Brazil and India, which resent pressure to decarbonize their energy systems now that they are growing.

The standoff between China and the United States underscores the issues. The global trade rivals were reluctant to commit to emissions targets until each had an idea of what the other planned. The two countries together are responsible for 40 percent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. But all players have been eyeing each other warily.

In recent weeks, bidding has begun, with Brazil, then the United States, followed by China and, last week, India, offering up individual emissions goals. But they have used different baselines against which to measure their reductions, making it difficult to determine whether there is parity.

ISLAND AND COASTAL NATIONS VS. THE CLOCK

In mid-October, ministers of the government of the Maldives, a low-lying island nation in the Indian Ocean, donned scuba gear and held a 30-minute cabinet meeting underwater off the coast of the capital, Malé.

The stunt was designed to highlight the nation’s plight — and that of three-dozen or so other small island and coastal countries — should global warming raise sea levels in the coming decades. Even a modest increase could leave a number of low-lying nations uninhabitable.

As a bloc, these countries have been lobbying for an international agreement to keep average temperatures from rising beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius — or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit. They also want global emissions scaled back by as much as 85 percent by midcentury.

The bloc, which includes a wide range of economies, from relatively well-to-do Singapore to strugglers like Haiti, wins points for being at the front lines of a planetary problem, but its political clout at the negotiating table is uncertain.

EUROPE VS. EUROPE

Even though the European Union has been at the vanguard of renewable energy development and emissions reduction through its carbon trading scheme, it is struggling internally over each nation’s carbon quotas, assistance to developing countries and fidelity to the emissions reductions agreed to in 1997 under the Kyoto Protocol.

While Europe as a whole is on track to meet its goal of an 8 percent reduction over 1990 emissions levels by 2012, not every country has pulled its weight. Nations unlikely to meet their individual Kyoto targets include Italy, Spain and, yes, Denmark, host of the Copenhagen talks.

Poland and Estonia, meanwhile, have been bickering with the European Commission over the amount of carbon dioxide the two countries should be allowed to emit. Both rely heavily on coal for electricity.

Questions

1.What season do you love(or hate)? any tell us why

2.Let's imagine. what if glacial age(빙하기) came back?

3.What if climent through the world changed to tropical climate(열대기후)?

4.What effect do the changes of climate from industrial development give on our life?

5.What effort do we have to solve the problems from change of climate.

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타픽2 / 질문작성 : 크리스티

Christmas

Christmas or Christmas Day is an annual holiday celebrated on December 25 that commemorates the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. The date of commemoration is not known to be Jesus' actual birthday, and may have initially been chosen to correspond with either a historical Roman festival or the winter solstice. Christmas is central to the Christmas and holiday season, and in Christianity marks the beginning of the larger season of Christmastide, which lasts twelve days.

Although traditionally a Christian holiday, Christmas is widely celebrated by many non-Christians, and some of its popular celebratory customs have pre-Christian or secular themes and origins. Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift-giving, music, an exchange of greeting cards, church celebrations, a special meal, and the display of various decorations; including Christmas trees, lights, and garlands, mistletoe, nativity scenes, and holly. In addition, Father Christmas (known as Santa Claus in North America, Australia and Ireland) is a popular mythological figure in many countries, associated with the bringing of gifts for children.

Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity among both Christians and non-Christians, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. The economic impact of Christmas is a factor that has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world.

* 성탄절을 각국의 언어로~~

영어로는 메리 크리스마스-(Merry Christmas)

브라질 말로는 펠리쓰 나딸-(Feliz Natal)

헝가리어로는 볼록 카락소니-(Boldog Karacsony)

이탈리아어로는 부옹 바딸리-(Buon Batale)

스페인어로는 펠리쓰 나비닷-(Feliz Navidad)

독일어로는 프뢸리히 베인아크텐-(Frohliche Weinachten)

스웨덴어로는 글래드 율-(Glad Yul)

프랑스어로는 조이유 노엘-(Joyeux Noel)

희랍어로는 칼라 크리스토게나-(Kala Christougena)

중국어로는 솅탄 쿠와일러-(Sheng Tan Kuailoh)

일본어로는- 메리 구리수마수

러시아어로는 스로체스토봄 크리스토빔-(Srozhestvom Khristovym)

필리핀 따갈어로는 말리가양 빠스코-(Maligayang Pasko)

멕시코어로는 펠리츠 나비대드- (Feliz Navidad)

베트남어로는 니언지엡 노엘 쭉 지앙신 부이베에-(nhan dip noel chuc giang sinh vui ve)

태국어로는 쑥싸-ㄴ완크릿쓰마아쓰-(ssuk ssan oan Christmas)

체코어로는 베셀레 바노체-(Vesele Vanoce!)

미얀마어로는 뾰쉰 차미엣바세-(Pyawshwen chanmyeitbazay)

우르두어로는 버리딘 무바랙 (호)"- (Bari Din Mubaraik Ho)

Questions

 1.when was your best christmas?

 2.Who do you want to join for the christmas ?

 3.what is your plan of christmas?

 4.Tell us your happy christmas story and bad or sad story~

[Stylish(진화)]

진아카페지기님 : 토픽 감솨~^^/ 이번주는.. 정시 참석~!!!!^^/ 테디운영자님 : 초스피드~~ ^^ 수고수고~ ^^

[Gina(진아)]

ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ

[Joe(조형섭)]

너무 빠른데.. 다들 MR. highspeed..

[김민준]

크리스트 수고 수고 ^^

[김민준]

나 이제 크리스틴 이름 다 외우고 있다머 ㅋㅋ

[Timothy(연호)]

수고하셨습니다~저는 아쉽게도 친구결혼식땜에 서울갑니다...아무튼 즐거운 시간 보내세요~^^

[액션가면]

난 수술이 ㅋㅋㅋ 가 아니라 이날 점순이 점 빼러 가지 싶어요~~~~ 안빼면 참석, 빼면 불참 ㅋㅋ

[김민준]

나도 빼야 되는데 같이 갈깜?

[Timothy(연호)]

혹시 저렴하고 잘 하는 피부과 있나요?ㅎㅎ전..주근깨를 언젠간 빼러 가야하는데...ㅎㅎ;

[술마신토끼]

벌써 크리스마스 얘기를 ㅎㅎㅎ;;;;;;;;;;

[Clark]

정시참석 하께요~!

[Stylish(진화)]

므찐 타픽올려주신 빈센트 & 크리스티님 감사드리구욤~ 저는 이번주는 불참입니다~ 셤이 담날이라 ^^;;;;지송~~

[김민준]

모야 클럽 가는거 아니야? ㅋㅋ 송혜교랑? ㅋㅋ 열공 하시고 A받으삼

[술마신토끼]

켁; 형 안오나요... 보고싶운디 ㅜ

[Timothy(연호)]

형~홧팅!!대신 셤, 화끈하게 열심히 치르기!!!^^*

[Stylish(진화)]

모두들 감사합니당 사랑해효~^ㅇ^~

[kirk]

와우~~ 아쉽아쉽~~ 아~~ 그럼 저도 도서관에서 짱 박혀서 공부나~~ ㅜㅜ 형 어디서 공부하세요? 중앙도서관에서 같이 공부할까요? ㅋㅋ

[설공☆]

머지 머지..스타일..어색해..어색해..
액션누님이랑...짬뽕먹으러 가는거?ㅋㅋ

[Stylish(진화)]

짬뽕뉴님이랑 액션쟙슈러 간다 ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ 스타일은 열공중 ㅋㅋㅋㅋ

[김민준]

ㅋㅋㅋ 괜찮아 크리스티 열공하고 있잖아 ㅋㅋ 화이팅~

[설공☆]

크리스티님..너무좋아요.ㅠㅠ
짧고 간단 명로..흑..게다가 아는단어.ㅠㅠ 머지심.!! 감동..백퍼///ㅋ

[Teddy~*]

대학교 동문회가 있는데... 참석여부 미정입니다... 뒷풀이만 참석할수도... ^=^

[설공☆]

형님.ㅋㅋ 오십시오.ㅋㅋ
기다리겠습니다.^^

[kuks]

정참하도록 하겠습니다. 테디형 뒷풀이만이라도 오삼 ㅋㅋ

[설공☆]

쿡스...칼들고와서 마술하는거?ㅋ

[kuks]

칼로 찔러드리면 되는거?? ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ
칼은 안갔고 갑니다 ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ

[kai(동규)]

참석토록 하겠습니다 ^-^ ㅎㅎㅎ

[kai(동규)]

참석토록 하겠습니다 ^-^ ㅎㅎㅎ