5. 부정사

[APLUS]

5. 부정사

품사적 이해    

󰋎 명사 (적 용법)

  󰊱 주어       

    1. 진주어           To make teacher crazy is 연우's hobby.

    2. 진, 가주어         It is 호석's hobby to make teacher crazy.

  󰊲 목적어 

    1. 진목적어         은희 wants to make his English teacher crazy.

    2. 진, 가목적어      도희 found to make his teacher happy good for his class.          ( X )

                    효신 found it good for his class to make his teacher happy.        ( O )

  󰊳 보어 (명사 보어)      대영‘s hobby is to make his teacher happy.

󰋏 형용사(적 용법)  

  󰊱 한정(직접)           

    1. 의미상 주술 관계   There is no one to love me anymore.

    2. 의미상 술목 관계   There was nothing special to read in this book.

    3. 전치사의 목적어   She said, " To marry me, you must have a house to live."  ( X )

                    She said, " To marry me, you must have a house to live in."

  󰊲 서술(보어)           

    1. seem 계열               He seems ( to be ) the happiest man in the world.

    2. be to R - 예정   The woman and I are to marry next year.

    3. be to R - 의무   We are to be polite to senior citizens.

    4. be to R - 운명   He was never to return home.

    5. be to R - 가능   Not a star was to be seen last night.

    6. be to R - 조건   If you are to succeed, you must work hard.

    vs. ( 명사 보어 )     My dream is to have a baby.

  󰊳 목적 보어 : 지각, 사역 동사 다음의 목적격 보어 자리에 to가 생략되고 동사 원형만이 오는데 이를 원형 부정사라 한다.

    1. 지각 동사 : see, behold, hear, feel, watch, observe, notice, look at, listen to, etc.

      2. 사역 동사 : make, let, have, bid, help, etc. - help는 to도 가능( 준 사역동사 )

            I saw him enter the room.

            I made him write a letter of apology.

  ※ 능동태에서의 원형부정사가 수동태에선 다시 to가 되살아난다.

        I made him write a letter of apology.       ➜      He was made to write a letter of apology by him.                           

󰋐 부사 (적 용법)

  󰊱 성분 수식   

    1. 수식 어구         We must go abroad to study a foreign language.

    2. 형용사 수식       The question was too difficult for me to solve. 

    3. 부사 수식         The car passed too fast for me to see the number.

    4. 문장 수식         To tell the truth, I saw the number.    

    = 독립 부정사       to do him justice, so to speak, to begin with, strange to say, to make a long story short,

                    to be sure, not to speak of, to make matters worse, etc.

  󰊲 문장 전환   

    1. too (ad) to R     The question was too difficult for me to solve. 

                    ➜ The question was so difficult that I couldn't solve it. ( 목적어 it에 유의!!! )

    2. a(ad) enough to R He is old enough to join the army.

                    ➜ He is so old that he can join the army.                                      

    3. so a(ad) as to R  He got up early so as to be in time for the train.

                    ➜ He got up early so that he might be in time for the train.

준동사  

󰋎 의미상 주어     : 부정사도 의미상의 동사이므로 주어가 있다.

  󰊱 for + 목적격 I want to travel around the world.

            Hard work can help you to make your dream come true.

            ( For us ) To travel around the world is impossible.

            It is not easy for you to solve the problem.

  󰊲 of + 목적격 It is nice of you to help the old.              ≒ You are nice.

            vs. It is not easy for you to solve the problem.  ≠ You are not easy.

󰋏 시제   : 부정사도 의미상의 동사이므로 시제를 가진다. 두 가지로 나뉜다.

  󰊱 단순 부정사 

    1. 사모님 seems to be a famous gag-woman.

      = It seems that 사모님 is a famous gag-woman.

  󰊲 완료 부정사 

    1. 조용필 seems to have been a famous singer.    ( 근디 느그들 조용필이 누군지 아나?? )

      = It seems that 조용필 was a famous singer.

  󰊳 과거에 이루지 못한 소망

      1. I hoped to see her yesterday.                 

      = I hoped that I should see her yesterday.

      2. I had hoped that I would see her yesterday.     = I had hoped to see her yesterday.

         = I hoped to have seen her yesterday.         = I had to see her yesterday, but I couldn't.

    3. Pusan[s.g] hoped to have passed the semi-final. ( 얜 또 뉘고? 진출했다는겨, 못했다는겨? )

󰋐 태   : 부정사도 의미상의 동사이므로 능동태와 수동태가 있다.    

  󰊱 능동태

    1. I don't like to ask someone to do me a favor.

  󰊲 수동태

    2. I don't like to be asked to sing a song.

기타 

󰋎 부정사의 부정                   

  󰊱 He did not try to smile.

  󰊲  He tried not to smile.

󰋏 분리 부정사             

  He entirely failed to understand it.  vs.     He failed to entirely understand it.

󰋐 부정사의 의미 : 부정사는 절로 바뀌면 조동사를 동반하고, 동명사는 명사적인 성질이 강하다. 이러한 의미적 성질을 중심으로 부정사나 동명사만을 목적어로 취할 수밖에 없는 동사들이 있다.

  󰊱 주로 부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사 :

    ➜ want, wish, hope, expect, choose, decide, determine, refuse, pretend, manage, offer, agree, promise, etc.

  󰊲 주로 동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사 :

        ➜ admit, consider, give up, deny, finish, mind, stop, quit, escape, postpone, practice, enjoy, avoid, put off, etc.

   󰊳 부정사와 동명사를 모두 목적어로 취하는 동사 :

        1. like, hate, love, dread, intend, etc.

           + 부정사 : 사실성의 언급이 없음.      ( I like her to sing. )

           + 동명사 : 사실성이 표현됨.          ( I like her singing. )

    2.  forget, remember, regret, report, recall, anticipate, acknowledge, emphasize, announce, suspect, admit, etc.

           + 부정사 : 미래성 ( I remember to post the letter ), 부칠 것

           + 동명사 : 과거성 ( I remember posting the letter ), 부친 것

       3. stop + 부정사

           + 동명사 : stop의 목적어                    ( I stoped smoking. )

      + 부정사의 부사적 용법             ( I stoped to smoke. )

       4. try 

      + 부정사 : 노력하다.                ( Mary tries to write a book. )

           + 동명사 : 시험삼아해보다           ( Mary tries writing a book. )