양보/대비 부사절

[soso]

출처 http://suite101.com/article/clauses-of-concession-how-to-express-contrast-in-english-a403664

Clauses of Concession: How to Express Contrast in English 양보/대비 관련 부사절

Learn how to express contrast in the English language with clauses of concession.

Concession clauses are also called contrast clauses.

They usually denote some obstacle which does not prevent the realization of the action /expressed in the main clause. 

양보 관련 부사 접속사는 주절의 동작을 방해하는 요소가 있음에도 불구하고 동작을 현실화 했다는 표시이다

For example:

• Although it was very cold and rainy (contrast clause expressing an obstacle), we enjoyed our trip to New York (main clause).

In the above example, the idea expressed in the first clause contrasts with the idea expressed in the second clause.

종속절에 표현된 의미가 주절의 내용과 대비 상태에 있다; 비오고 춥지만 즐겼다

Subordinators in Contrast Clauses 양보의 부사절/종속절

부사절은 주절에 소속/예속/종속된 절이다

The first word that introduces the contrast clause in the above example is called a subordinator.

In this article, we are going to learn to use some concessive subordinators which you can confidently use in contrast clauses on a regular basis: although, even though, though, while, and whereas. 

위에 열거된 접속사는 주절에 대비/상반되는 내용을 이끄는 종속 접속사이다

The article will also show you how to use the prepositions in spite of and despite to express contrast,

and I shall explain how you can use the adverb however and the conjunction/adverb though to talk about contrast.

But first of all, let me quickly explain how subordinators function.

전치사 in spite of and despite 사용법과 however and  though 사용법을 설명하기 전에 종속절을 설명하자 한다

Subordinators are linking words that join clauses to make sentences. They have a big effect on words in sentences. A clause without a subordinator forms a complete statement and can stand alone, while a clause introduced by a subordinator cannot stand alone and therefore forms a statement that is incomplete.

접속사로 이끌리면 의미가 미완성된 문장이므로 독립문으로 쓸 수 없으나  접속사만 떼면 곧바로 독립문이 된다

For example:

• It was very cold and rainy. 완전한 의미의 문장
  

This sentence forms a complete thought because it is not introduced by a subordinator.

• Although it was cold and rainy. (the reader or listener wants to know what happens next because the thought is incomplete)
  
• 불완전 문장이므로 의미 완성을 위해서는 주절이 필요함
  

The above statement is incomplete because the first word in it is a subordinator.

If you remove this subordinator from the clause, your statement will become complete.

This subordinate clause is therefore dependent on the following main clause to complete its meaning:

접속사만 떼면 의미 완성이 되나 접속사가 있으면 의미 미완성이 되어 주절을 필요로 한다

• Although it was very cold and rainy (subordinate contrast clause), we enjoyed our trip to London (main clause).

Now the reader or listener is able to fully understand the statement.

종절만으로는 '춥고 비가 왔지만' 하므로 하다만 말이 되나

주절의 내용이 붙으면 '춥고 비가 왔지만' 런던 여행을 즐겼다로 의미 완성이 된다

A note to remember: Main clauses are never introduced by subordinators and can therefore always form a complete thought.

That's why they are also called independent clauses in English grammar.

주절은 완전한 의미의 문장이라 접속사로 이끌리지 않는다

Although, Though and Even Though

양보절/대비절을 이끄는 부사접속사는 주절의 내용과는 상반되는 내용의 문장을 이끈다

Although, though and even though are subordinators used in contrast clauses.

They are also called subordinating conjunctions.

They all introduce an idea which contrasts with the main clause. 

For example:

• Although Tanya was half asleep, she remembered to set the house alarm.
• Though Tanya was half asleep, she remembered to set the house alarm.
• Even though Tanya was half asleep, she remembered to set the house alarm.

The three subordinators have the same meaning; however, though is more common in informal speech than although.

Even though is a stronger form of although and though and is definitely more emphatic than although.

* 셋다 같은 의미이나 although 는 격식적  though 는 비격식이고 even though 는 강조에 쓰인다 

Let's sum it up:

If you want to sound very informal, use though instead of although.

If you want to sound very emphatic (concession is made more emphatic by using the modifier even),

then you can use even though instead of although and though.

The three subordinators always come before the subject and verb in a clause.

The although/though/even though clause can come before or after the main clause. One more example:

• I didn't get the job as an actor although I had all the necessary qualifications.

While and Whereas 동시의 때 얘기가 아닌 대비적인  경우에도 쓰는 while

We can use while or whereas, which are subordinating conjunctions, to say that something in the subordinate clause contrasts with something in the main clause. The two subordinators are interchangeable and show major contrast.

For example:

• I am quiet and shy (main clause), while my sister is lively and talkative.                                          
  
• 
  
• 대비로 쓰였기에 나는 수줍음 타는데 비하여  내 여동생/누나는 활달하고 말 잘한다 하고 이해한다
  
• 
  
• I am quiet and shy (main clause), whereas my sister is lively and talkative.

The above two sentences express a contrast between two ideas.

As you can see, while is not only used to express time; it can also express contrast.

The while/whereas clause can come before or after the main clause. One more example:

• While/Whereas my father is strong and tall, I am short and weak.
  
• 내 아비는 강하고 키큰데 비하여 난 작고 약하다
  

While/Whereas don't denote some obstacle which does not prevent the realization of the action in the main clause, but are used to show how one person, thing, or place is different from another.

방해가 있음에도 불구하고라는 의미가 아닌 단지 서로 다르다는 대비의 용법이다

In spite of and Despite 대비에 쓰이는 전치사

We can use the prepositions in spite of and despite to talk about contrast.

After them you always have to use a noun, a pronoun, or an –ing form of a verb (gerund).

For example:

비오는 상황과 야구하는 상황이 대비적으로 쓰였다

• In spite of the rain(noun), we started to play basketball.
• Despite the rain (noun), we started to play basketball.
• In spite of having (gerund) a migraine headache, I decided to go out on a date.
• Despite having (gerund) a migraine headache, I decided to go out on a date.

In spite of and despite are interchangeable. However, despite is slightly more formal than in spite of.

Here you can learn more about the two prepositions.

* In spite of  비격식 and despite 격식

Though (비격식) and However (격식) 접속부사;

절을 연결하는 접속사가 아니고 앞뒤 문장 의미만을 연결해주는 부사어이다

하여 부사 접속사라 하지않고 접속부사 conjunctive adverb 라 부른다

* 부사 접속사라는 말대신에 그냥 '접속사' 로 부르는 이유는

  종속절이 문장에서 명/형/부 3 역할이 있는데

  where 라는 접속사가 명절, 형절, 부절 다 할 수 있기에

  부사 접속사라 할 수가 없기 때문이다 

Though is not only a conjunction; if placed at the end of a sentence,

it functions as an adverb.

In spoken English, we can use though at the end of a sentence to show contrast.

though 는 접속사 역할뿐 아니라 부사 역할도 하여 문장 끝에 쓰일 수도 있고

 역시 대비적인 의미를 가진다

For example:

• The cottage isn't very nice. I like the garden though. (= but I like the garden)
• I see my neighbors every day. I've never spoken to them though. (= but I've never spoken to them)

In more formal English, the adverb however can be used instead. For example:

• The cottage isn't very nice. However, I like the garden.
• I see my neighbors every day. However, I've never spoken to them.

기왕 내친김에 더 자세히 보자

출처 http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/conjunctiveadverb.htm

The Conjunctive Adverb 접속부사

* 부사이나 먼저온 문장의 의미를 다음의 문장과 부드럽게 연결해주는 연결사 역할을 한다

Recognize a conjunctive adverb when you see one.

Conjunctions have one job, to connect. They join words, phrases, or clauses together to clarify what the writer is saying.

Their presence provides smooth transitions from one idea to another.

When the job of an adverb is to connect ideas, we call it a conjunctive adverb. Here is the list:

접속 부사는 문장을 연결하는게 아니고 앞문장의 의미를 뒷문장 의미와 연계해주는 역할을 한다

accordingly also besides consequently conversely finally furthermore hence

however indeed instead likewise meanwhile moreover nevertheless next

nonetheless otherwise similarly still subsequently then therefore thus

A conjunctive adverb can join two main clauses. In this situation, the conjunctive adverb behaves like a coordinating conjunction, connecting two complete ideas. Notice, however, that you need a semicolon, not a comma, to connect the two clauses:

접속 부사는 부사로써 접속사의 기능을 하나

부사 접속사처럼 종속절을 이끄는게 아니고

새미콜론을 사용하여 두 독립절은 대등하게 연결해주는 역할을 한다

main clause + ; + conjunctive adverb + , + main clause.

Read these examples:

The dark skies and distant thunder dissuaded Clarice from her afternoon run; moreover, she had thirty calculus problems to solve for her morning class.

Leon's apartment complex does not allow dogs over thirty pounds; otherwise, he would have bought the gangly Great Dane puppy playing in the pet store window.

The cat ate a bowlful of tuna; then, to the squirrels' delight, the fat feline fell asleep in the rocking chair.

A conjunctive adverb will also introduce, interrupt, or conclude a single main clause. In this situation, you will often need commas to separate the conjunctive adverb from the rest of the sentence.  

부사이기에 문장 앞뒤, 중간 어디나 쓸 수 있으나 콤마로 분리된다

Check out these examples:

At 10 a.m., Paul was supposed to be taking his biology midterm. Instead, he was flirting with the pretty waitress at the coffee house.

Maria declined Jeff's third invitation to go out. This young man is determined, nevertheless, to take her to dinner one night soon.

After mowing the yard in the hot sun, Pedro was too hungry to shower. He did wash his dusty hands, however.

If the break is weak, do not use comma(s). 약한 강조면 콤마를 쓰지 않는다

Anna called to say her car would not start. Rafael will therefore have to walk to school.

Weak interruption = no commas.

The long noodles splashed tomato sauce all over the front of Brenda's shirt. Ordering fettuccine was a mistake indeed.

Weak interruption = no comma.