[성균관대]
제 목 : [2005대입] 성균관대 논술고사 문제
(유의사항)
1. 각 문제별로 답안을 구분하여 순서대로 작성할 것(문제당 배점은 동일함).
2. 자신의 인적사항에 관련된 표현을 일절 쓰지 말 것.
3. 연필을 사용하지 말고 흑색이나 청색 필기구를 사용할 것.
※ 위의 유의사항을 어길 경우 감점됨.
1. [제시문 1]은 한 학자가 문화와 관련하여 음악에 대해 쓴 글이다. 이 글의 논지를 자세히 기술하시오.
[제시문 1]
As Horkheimer and Adorno stressed, the essential characteristic of the culture industry is repetition. Adorno illustrates this by contrasting 'popular' and 'serious' music. As early as his 1936 essay 'On Jazz', Adorno had argued that an essential characteristic of popular music was its standardization. 'On Popular Music', written in 1941, repeats this point. "The whole structure of popular music is standardized, even where the attempt is made to circumvent standardization. Standardization extends from the most general features to the most specific ones." Standardization implies the interchangeability, the substitutability of parts.
By contrast, 'serious music' is a 'concrete totality' for Adorno, whereby "every detail derives its musical sense from the concrete totality of the piece." This is a dialectical relationship, whereby the totality is constituted of the organic interrelation of the particulars. In the case of serious music, interchangeability is not possible; if a detail is omitted, "all is lost."
Other illustrations could be given, such as the soap operas with their substitutable episodes, horror films with their formulas, etc. This repetition is due to the reflection in the sphere of cultural production of the standardized and repetitive processes of monopoly capitalist industry. Under late capitalism, what happens at work in the factory or in the office can only be escaped by approximating it in one's leisure time. This sets the terms for cultural products: "no independent thinking must be expected from the audiences" instead, "the product prescribes every reaction." The standardization of the cultural product leads to the standardization of the audience. "Man as a member of a species has been made a reality by the culture industry. Now any person signifies only those attributes by which he can replace everybody else; he is interchangeable." Standardization, says Adorno, "divests the listener of his spontaneity and promotes conditioned reflexes." To this point, the argument suggests that both popular culture and its audience suffer a radical loss of significance under late capitalism.
circumvent: 회피하다; substitutability: 대체가능성; dialectical: 변증법적;
soap operas: 연속 멜로드라마; monopoly: 독점; divest: 박탈하다; spontaneity: 자발성
2. [제시문 2]는 다른 학자가 문화와 관련하여 음악에 대해 쓴 글이다. 이 글의 논지를 자세히 기술하시오.
[제시문 2]
Hall and Whannel argue that popular music, and its associated commodities (such as magazines, concerts, posters and films), are selected in order to explore and establish a sense of identity. Commercial popular music therefore provides the teenager with resources ('guiding fictions') that are valuable in dealing with the difficulties of emotional and sexual transition. The teenager does not therefore simply buy what the record industry provides. Indeed, only 10 per cent of all records released actually make a profit for the industry (suggesting large-scale rejection of what is offered).
This approach was developed within the study of subcultures. The emphasis here rests upon the use of popular music in a subordinate or minority group's resistance to the values and attitudes of a 'parent' culture. A specific form of popular music will be chosen as one of the elements that reflects a set of central values with which the subcultural group identifies. The choice is not then made arbitrarily or casually. The music is meaningful. Willis's analysis of the culture of bikers illustrates this. Classic 1950s rock music is significant, for as a historically unified corpus of music, it is readily opposed to the temporary popular music, and thus the biker is separated from the consumer of pop music. Classic rock'n'roll (for example by Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly) is expressive of masculine values. Finally, the driving rhythms are expressive of a life of movement (and thus the music provides an imaginary soundtrack to bike-riding itself).
subculture: 하위문화; bikers: 오토바이족; masculine: 남성적
3. 아래 표는 어떤 국가에서 지난 일 년 동안 고전음악과 대중음악 연주회에 참석한 사람들의 특성을 비교한 자료이다. 위의 [제시문 1]과 [제시문 2]의 입장 중 하나를 선택하여 이 자료를 해석하시오. (표에 나타난 특성 중 논의 전개에 적합한 일부만을 사용해도 무방함)