비복근과 가자미근

[문형철]

아킬레스건의 모든 것(클릭클릭)

1. 발목 ROM검사시(족배굴 검사) 비복근검사와 가자미근 검사는 구분해서 해야

2. 아킬레스 건파열은 종골 2-6cm위

3. 가자미근 TrP3는 동측의 SI joint, 심지어 동측 턱관절 부위로 연관통

- 가자미근은 서있을때 항상 긴장하는 근육으로 Trp가 너무도 흔하게 있기 때문에 꼭 외워두자.

4. 비복근은 내측두와 외측두 긴장이 다름. 내측두 근육이 짧아질때 종골의 내측으로 편위

5. popliteal artery entrapment syndrome를 알아두어야

6. 아킬레스 건파열 재활운동은 반드시 원심성수축까지 시행해야

7. 비복근은 방추상 근육, 이중관절근육, fast twitch type 2 muscle fiber 

8. 가자미근은 multi-pennate 단관절 근육, slow twitch type 1 muscle fiber. postural muscle

9. 족척근은 족척근은 후두하근, 측두근, 교근 등과 함께 "고유수용감각 수용기"가 많은 특이한 근육

panic bird..

1. 비복근(gastrconemius muscle)

In humans, the gastrocnemius muscle (/ˌɡæstrɒkˈniːmiəs/ or /ˌɡæstrəkˈniːmiəs/; Latin, from Greek γαστήρ "stomach" and κνήμη (knēmē) "leg"; meaning "stomach of leg", referring to the bulging shape of the calf) is a very powerful superficial bipennate muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel.

Structure[edit]

The gastrocnemius is located with the soleus in the posterior (back) compartment of the leg. The lateral head originates from the lateral condyle of the femur, while the medial head originates from the medial condyle of the femur. Its other end forms a common tendon with the soleus muscle; this tendon is known as the calcaneal tendon or Achilles Tendon and inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus, or heel bone.

Deep to the gastrocnemius (farther from the skin) is the soleus muscle. Some anatomists consider both to be a single muscle, the triceps surae or "calf muscle", since they share a common insertion via the Achilles tendon. The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles, which is involved in "locking" the knee from the standing position. Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is actually the posterior compartment. The soleus is superficial to the mid-shaft of the tibia.

Variation[edit]

Frequently there is a sesamoid bone called the "fabella" in the lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle.

Function[edit]

The gastrocnemius is involved in standing, walking, running and jumping. Along with the soleus muscle it forms the calf muscle. Its function is plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint.

Clinical significance[edit]

The gastrocnemius muscle is prone to spasms, which are painful, involuntary, contractions of the muscle that may last several minutes.^[1]

A severe ankle dorsiflexion force may result in an injury of the muscle, commonly referred to as a "torn" or "strained" calf muscle, which is acutely painful and disabling. The gastrocnemius muscle may also become inflamed due to overuse. Anti-inflammatory medications and physical therapy (heat, massage, and stretching) may be useful. 

Anatomical abnormalities involving the medial head of gastrocnemius muscle result in popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

popliteal artery entrapment syndrome 

비복근 Trp 탐구

2. 가자미근(soleus muscle)

In humans and some other mammals, the soleus is a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the Latin word, "solea," as in a "sole fish."

Structure[edit]

The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one familiar species that lacks the soleus is the dog. Soleus is vestigial in the horse.^[1]

The soleus exhibits significant morphological differences across species. It is unipennate in many species. In some animals, such as the rabbit, it is fused for much of its length with the gastrocnemius muscle. In the human, soleus is a complex multi-pennate muscle, usually having a separate (posterior) aponeurosis from the gastrocnemius muscle. A majority of soleus muscle fibers originate from each side of the anterior aponeurosis, attached to the tibia and fibula.[2][3] Other fibers originate from the posterior (back) surfaces of the head of the fibula and its upper quarter, as well as the middle third of the medial border of the tibia.

The fibers originating from the anterior surface of the anterior aponeurosis insert onto the median septum and the fibers originating from the posterior surface of the anterior aponeurosis insert onto the posterior aponeurosis.[2][3] The posterior aponeurosis and median septum join in the lower quarter of the muscle and then join with the anterior aponeuroses of the gastrocnemius muscles to form the calcaneal tendon or Achilles tendon and inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus, or heel bone.

In contrast to some animals, the human soleus and gastrocnemius muscles are relatively separate, such that shear can be detected between the soleus and gastrocnemius aponeuroses. [4]

Relations[edit]

Superficial to the soleus (closer to the skin) is the gastrocnemius muscle.

The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles. Deep to it (farther from the skin) is the transverse intermuscular septum, which separates the superficial posterior compartment of the leg from the deep posterior compartment.

On the other side of the fascia are the tibialis posterior muscle, the flexor digitorum longus muscle, and the flexor hallucis longus muscle, along with the posterior tibial arteryand posterior tibial vein and the tibial nerve.

Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is actually the posterior compartment. The soleus is superficial middle of the tibia.

Function[edit]

The action of the calf muscles, including the soleus, is plantarflexion of the foot (that is, they increase the angle between the foot and the leg). They are powerful muscles and are vital in walking, running, and dancing. The soleus specifically plays an important role in maintaining standing posture; if not for its constant pull, the body would fall forward.

Also, in upright posture, it is responsible for pumping venous blood back into the heart from the periphery, and is often called the skeletal-muscle pump, peripheral heart or thesural (tricipital) pump.^[2]

Soleus muscles have a higher proportion of slow muscle fibers than many other muscles. In some animals, such as the guinea pig and cat, soleus consists of 100% slow muscle fibers.^[3][4] Human soleus fiber composition is quite variable, containing between 60 and 100% slow fibers.^[5]

The Soleus is the most effective muscle for plantarflexion in a bent knee position. This is due to the fact that the gastrocnemius originates at on the femur, so bending the leg limits its effective tension. During regular movement (ie walking) the soleus is the primary muscle utilized for plantarflexion due to the slowtwitch fibers resisting fatigue. ^[6]

Clinical significance[edit]

Disease[edit]

Due to the thick fascia covering the muscles of the leg, they are prone to compartmentalization. This pathology relates to the inflammation of tissue effecting blood flow and compressing nerves. If left untreated compartmentalization can lead to atrophy of muscles, blood clots, and neuropathy. ^[7]

가자미근 Trp 탐구

- 가자미근 TrP3는 동측의 SI joint, 심지어 동측 턱관절 부위로 연관통

아킬레스건 원심성 수축운동법

 

에반스의 종아리 근육 isolated stretching