남미 학살, 제국주의의 뿌리-교황 알렉산더 6세의＜발견 닥트린＞

[하토브.]

남미 학살, 제국주의의 뿌리- 교황 알렉산더 6세의 <발견 닥트린>

교황 알렉산더 6세는 1493년 5월 4일 "Inter Caetera, 라는 교서를 발령했는데 그것은 1492년 10월 12일 컬럼버스가 서인도 제도를 발견한지 7개월이 못된 시점으로, 유럽인들이 카톨릭이든 기독교이든 비기독교인들이 거주하는 땅은 발견되는대로 카톨릭 신앙과 기독교가 고취될수 있도록, 그리고 확대될 수 있도록 영혼의 건강이 돌보아 지고, 야만 민족이 전복되고 그것의 신앙에 돌아가게 해야 한다는 것이었습니다. 이 발견의 교리( Doctrine of Discovery 1493) 은 스페인 포르투갈등의 유럽 뿐만 아니라 미국에서도 기초가 되어 1823년 대법원장 존 마샬이 < 유럽민족들은 신세계에서 절대적 권리를 갖는다> 하여 아메리카 인디언들은 점유할 권리만 갖지만 그것도 폐지될수 있다는 것이었습니다.

이 문제는 1990년대와 2000년 경에 많은 카톨릭 신자들이 요한 바오로 2세에게 청원하여 그것의 폐기를 요구했고, 교황청은 2023년 그것을 폐기했습니다.

이 교서는 북대서양의 아조레스( Azores) 섬과 남쪽의 케이프 베르데( Cape Verde)섬( 지난 월드컵으로 유명)의 서쪽의 땅은 모두 스페인 령으로 하며, 예외로 브라질을 포르투갈 영토로 하였는데 그 지역에서 땅을 개척하려면 스페인의 승인이 필요했습니다. 즉 영국 프랑스도 그 승인이 필요했는데, 프랑스는 스페인과 가까이서 합의했지만 영국은 그것들을 무시한 것입니다. 아마도 무적함대를 일으킨 것은 이러한 스페인의 우위를 영국이 인정하지 않았기 때문에 1588년에 일어났던 것으로 보입니다.

이 교서에서 포르투갈 보다도 스페인에 우선권이 주어진 이유는 알렉산더 6세 자신이 스페인 출신이었기 때문이라는 것이 중론입니다. 알렉산더 6세는 방탕하고 음탕하기로 유명하여 평소에 로마시내의 창녀들을 불러다가 집단으로 파티를 열고 벌거벗은 그들에게 금화를 던져주면 그것을 줍기 위해 뒹구는 여자들을 보고 즐긴 것으로 유명합니다.

딸과 성관계를 가졌다는 설, 조카 세자르를 17세에 추기경으로 임명하였는데 잘 생겨서 그의 초상이 오늘날 흔한 예수님의 초상화( 머리긴 초상)의 바탕이 되었다는 설 등이 있고 마지막에는 매독에 걸려서 죽은 다음에 아무도 그의 발에 키스하지 않았다는 말등이 있습니다. 하나님의 심판대 앞에 서게될 날이 올 것입니다( 히 9장 27) 조카로 알려졌던 세자르가 교황 알렉산더 6세의 친자식이라는 설도 유력합니다. 그의 정부였던 기울라 Giula의 남동생 알레산드로가 1534년 교황이 되어 1549년까지 파울 3세  교황으로 있었습니다.

교황 무오류설을 교황 피오 9세는 1870년 제1차 바티칸 공의회에서 주장하였는데 교황이 베드로 의자 Cathedra에 앉아서 발령한 교서는 오류가 있을 수 없다는 것이었습니다.

그런데 제가 카톨릭 신자들에게 < 너희 교황들이 베드로 의자위에서 발령한 교서들이 몇가지이며 그것들중에 오류가 전혀 없는 것이 어느 것이냐? 한번 따져보자> 하였더니 아무도 가져온 사람이 없었습니다. 그런데, 이 발견 교리는 교황의 정식 교서로서 베드로 의자위에서 발령한 것으로 보이는데, 그것을 2023년에야 폐기 처분하였습니다. 오류가 없다면 왜 폐기합니까? 1493년도에는 옳았습니까? 그외에도 교황들이 발령한 교서들은 어렵지 않게 오류들을 발견할 수 있습니다.

하나님은 비기독교인이라 하여 살육하거나 노예로 삼는 것을 원하지도 가르치지도 않았습니다. 카톨릭은 251년 10월에 코르넬리우스와 배도자 일당들이 건설한 잡신교를 성경 페인트로 칠해놓은 것에 불과합니다. 그것에서 벗어나는 것이 영원한 생명에 이르는 길입니다.

2026 9. 23 하토브

교황 로드리고 보르기아= 알렉산더 6세

The Papal Bull "Inter Caetera," issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493, played a central role in the Spanish conquest of the New World. The document supported Spain’s strategy to ensure its exclusive right to the lands discovered by Columbus the previous year. It established a demarcation line one hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands and assigned Spain the exclusive right to acquire territorial possessions and to trade in all lands west of that line. All others were forbidden to approach the lands west of the line without special license from the rulers of Spain. This effectively gave Spain a monopoly on the lands in the New World.

The Bull stated that any land not inhabited by Christians was available to be "discovered," claimed, and exploited by Christian rulers and declared that "the Catholic faith and the Christian religion be exalted and be everywhere increased and spread, that the health of souls be cared for and that barbarous nations be overthrown and brought to the faith itself." This "Doctrine of Discovery" became the basis of all European claims in the Americas as well as the foundation for the United States’ western expansion. In the US Supreme Court in the 1823 case Johnson v. McIntosh, Chief Justice John Marshall’s opinion in the unanimous decision held "that the principle of discovery gave European nations an absolute right to New World lands." In essence, American Indians had only a right of occupancy, which could be abolished.

The Bull Inter Caetera made headlines again throughout the 1990s and in 2000, when many Catholics petitioned Pope John Paul II to formally revoke it and recognize the human rights of indigenous "non-Christian peoples."

An English translation is available.

Excerpt

Hence you proposed, after careful consideration of all things and in particular with regard to the exaltation and dissemination of the Catholic faith, as is befitting Catholic kings and princes, in the tradition of your ancestors, kings of illustrious memory, to subject said mainlands and islands and their local population and inhabitants with the help of divine grace and to bring them back to the Catholic faith.

In our strongest support in the Lord of this sacred and commendable plan of yours and wishing that it shall be carried to its rightful end and that the name of our Savior shall be brought into those regions, we urge you, therefore, most strongly in the Lord and by the reception of the holy baptism, through which you owe obedience to our apostolic mandates, and by the bowels of our Lord Jesus Christ’s mercy, we order you sternly, if you, in your dedication to the true faith, devoutly intend to rigorously pursue such an expedition, that it be and has to be your intention to induce the populations living in those islands and lands to accept the Christian religion, and neither danger nor hardship should ever deter you in your steadfast hope and confidence that God Almighty will ensure the good outcome of your endeavors.

And, in order to take up more freely and courageously a task of such magnitude, given to you out of the generosity of the apostolic grace, by our own impulse, not at your or someone else’s request on your behest in this matter but out of our pure magnanimity and a certain knowledge and full apostolic power, we draw and establish a line from the Arctic Pole, or north, to the Antarctic Pole, or south, irrespective of whether the mainlands and islands were found or are to be found towards India or any other region—a line that shall be distant one hundred leagues to the west and south of any of the islands that are usually called the Azores and Cape Verde, so that all islands and mainlands discovered and to be discovered, detected and to be detected, from said line towards the west and south, as long as they were not in fact in the possession of another Christian king or prince up to the day of the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ that just passed and from where begins our current one thousand fourteen hundred ninety-third year,

when some of the aforementioned islands were found by your envoys and captains—, and with the authority of the Almighty God bestowed on us in our [succession of] St. Peter and of the Vicariate of Jesus Christ that we execute on earth and with the consent of the people present, we give, grant and assign in perpetuity to you and your heirs and successors, the kings of Castile and Leon, all the islands and mainlands found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered, in the west and south, with all of their dominions, cities, castles, towns and villages, and all rights, jurisdictions and domains, and make, appoint and regard you and said heirs and successors as their lords with full, free and all—encompassing power, authority and jurisdiction;

we decree likewise that no right of any Christian prince who in fact owned said islands or mainlands by the said day of the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ can be challenged or invalidated by this gift, grant and assignment of ours.

And in addition, we order you by the virtue of holy obedience—as you also promised and we have no doubt you will do in your most profound devotion and royal magnanimity—to assign qualified and God-fearing, learned, experienced, and knowledgeable men to said mainlands and islands in order to instruct the aforementioned local populations and inhabitants in the Catholic faith and to imbue them with good morals, while you exhibit all necessary diligence in the aforementioned matters; and we strictly forbid any person of whatever dignity—even imperial and royal—, status, standing, rank or position, under immediate penalty of excommunication, which they would incur should they disobey, to undertake journeys for commercial or any other reasons to the islands and mainlands found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered, in the west and south without your and your aforementioned heirs’ and successors’ explicit permission, unless there are any conflicting apostolic regulations and decrees or any other obstacles, by drawing and establishing a line from the Arctic Pole to the Antarctic Pole irrespective of whether the mainlands and islands were found or are to be found towards India or towards any other region; a line that shall be distant one hundred leagues to the west and south from any of the islands that are usually called the Azores and Cape Verde, as stated above:

We trust in him from whom empires and dominions and all good things originate that, with the Lord’s guidance, should you pursue such a sacred and laudable plan, your struggles and efforts will shortly lead to a most happy outcome, to the delight and glory of all Christendom.

Questions for Discussion

Read the introduction and the document transcript in order to answer these questions.

1.     By what authority did Pope Alexander VI claim the power to give Spain nearly exclusive possession of the New World?

2.     Why do you think Spain wanted exclusive rights to the New World?

3.     Along with the right to possess the land, the Papal Bull also indicated that Spain had specific responsibilities. List and explain these duties.

4.     Why was it impossible for Spain, or indeed any other European nation, to realize the extent of the territory Spain controlled after May 1493?

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The Puppet Strings

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Ludovico Einaudi · Einaudi: Experience

THE ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE — 1209

In 1209, Pope Innocent III called a crusade against the Cathars, a Christian movement that the Catholic Church condemned as heretical.

The campaign began in southern France.

When crusader forces captured Béziers on July 22, 1209, thousands of inhabitants were killed. The exact death toll remains disputed, with later medieval accounts giving extraordinarily high figures that modern historians treat cautiously.

A famous account says crusaders asked how they could distinguish Catholics from Cathars.

The papal legate Arnaud-Amaury is traditionally reported to have replied:

«“Kill them all; God will know his own.”»

The words became legendary.

But historians debate whether the statement was actually spoken—the earliest surviving source recording it was written decades after the massacre.

What isn't seriously disputed is the brutality.

The crusade continued for years through sieges, massacres, dispossession, and the destruction of Cathar communities across Languedoc. Lands belonging to defeated nobles were seized and redistributed among crusader lords, while the Church pursued the systematic suppression of Cathar belief.

🔥 Religious conviction did not make the violence less political.

Faith, territory, wealth, and power became intertwined—and once an entire community could be branded heretical, violence against it could be presented as a sacred duty.

The most frightening lesson isn't that medieval people were uniquely cruel.

It's that dehumanization becomes extraordinarily powerful when violence is given a holy justification.

«“Men never do evil so completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction.” — Blaise Pascal»

THE PUPPET STRINGS

#AlbigensianCrusade #Cathars #MedievalHistory #ReligiousViolence #ThePuppetStrings

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조회 10만회 · 공감 2.9천개 | THE ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE — 1209 In 1209, Pope Innocent III called a crusade against the

[하토브.]

발견교리라는 말보다는 발견 닥트린이 더 적합한 번역으로 분별되어 바꾸었습니다. Doctrines 은 통상 교리 교훈 등으로 번역되지만, 이 경우에는 닥트린이 선언 원칙 등의 의미가 있다고 보여집니다.

[하토브.]

1519년 부터 1521년까지 동안에 수만의 인디언 들을 학살하고 멕시코를 정복한 스페인의 정복전쟁도 교황 알렉산더 6세의 선승인을 받은 발견 닥트린에 의한 것이었습니다.
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