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○ GEORGE ORWELL 1984
* Nineteen Eighty-Four, often referred to as 1984, is a dystopian social science fiction novel by the English novelist George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair). It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime. Thematically, Nineteen Eighty-Four centres on the consequences of totalitarianism, mass surveillance, and repressive regimentation of persons and behaviours within society. Orwell, himself a democratic socialist, modelled the totalitarian government in the novel after Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany. More broadly, the novel examines the role of truth and facts within politics and the ways in which they are manipulated.
The story takes place in an imagined future, the year 1984, when much of the world has fallen victim to perpetual war, omnipresent government surveillance, historical negationism, and propaganda. Great Britain, known as Airstrip One, has become a province of a totalitarian superstate named Oceania that is ruled by the Party who employ the Thought Police to persecute individuality and independent thinking. Big Brother, the leader of the Party, enjoys an intense cult of personality despite the fact that he may not even exist. The protagonist, Winston Smith, is a diligent and skillful rank-and-file worker and Outer Party member who secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion. He enters into a forbidden relationship with a colleague, Julia, and starts to remember what life was like before the Party came to power.
Nineteen Eighty-Four has become a classic literary example of political and dystopian fiction. It also popularised the term "Orwellian" as an adjective, with many terms used in the novel entering common usage, including "Big Brother", "doublethink", "Thought Police", "thoughtcrime", "Newspeak", "memory hole", "2 + 2 = 5", and "proles". Time included it on its 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005. It was placed on the Modern Library's 100 Best Novels, reaching No. 13 on the editors' list and No. 6 on the readers' list. In 2003, the novel was listed at No. 8 on The Big Read survey by the BBC. Parallels have been drawn between the novel's subject matter and real life instances of totalitarianism, mass surveillance, and violations of freedom of expression among other themes.
* ==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=August 2021}}
In the year 1984, civilization has been damaged by world war, civil conflict, and revolution. Airstrip One (formerly known as Great Britain) is a province of [[Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four|Oceania]], one of the three [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] super-states that rule the world. It is ruled by the "Party" under the ideology of "[[Ingsoc]]" (a Newspeak shortening of "English Socialism") and the mysterious leader [[Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Big Brother]], who has an intense [[cult of personality]]. The Party brutally purges out anyone who does not fully conform to their regime using the [[Thought Police]] and constant surveillance through telescreens (two-way televisions), cameras, and hidden microphones. Those who fall out of favour with the Party become "unpersons", disappearing with all evidence of their existence destroyed.
In [[London]], Winston Smith is a member of the Outer Party, working at the [[Ministry of Truth]], where he [[historical negationism|rewrites historical records]] to conform to the state's ever-changing version of history. Winston revises past editions of ''[[The Times]]'', while the original documents are destroyed after being dropped into ducts leading to the [[memory hole]]. He secretly opposes the Party's rule and dreams of rebellion, despite knowing that he is already a "[[Thoughtcrime|thoughtcriminal]]" and is likely to be caught one day.
While in a prole ([[Proletariat]]) neighbourhood, he meets Mr. Charrington, the owner of an antiques shop, and buys a diary where he writes thoughts criticising the Party and Big Brother, and also writes that "if there is hope, it lies in the proles". To his dismay, when he visits a prole quarter he discovers they have no political consciousness. As he works in the Ministry of Truth, he observes [[Julia (1984)|Julia]], a young woman maintaining the novel-writing machines at the ministry, whom Winston suspects of being a spy against him, and develops an intense hatred of her. He vaguely suspects that his superior, an Inner Party official [[O'Brien (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|O'Brien]], is part of an enigmatic underground [[resistance movement]] known as the Brotherhood, formed by Big Brother's reviled political rival [[Emmanuel Goldstein]].
One day, Julia secretly hands Winston a love note, and the two begin a secret affair. Julia explains that she also loathes the Party, but Winston observes that she is politically apathetic and uninterested in overthrowing the regime, thinking it impossible. Initially meeting in the country, they later meet in a rented room above Mr. Charrington's shop. During the affair, Winston remembers the disappearance of his family during the civil war of the 1950s and his tense relationship with his estranged wife Katharine. Weeks later, O'Brien invites Winston to his flat, where he introduces himself as a member of the Brotherhood and sends Winston a copy of ''[[The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism]]'' by Goldstein. Meanwhile, during the nation's Hate Week, Oceania's enemy suddenly changes from [[Eurasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Eurasia]] to [[Eastasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Eastasia]], which goes mostly unnoticed. Winston is recalled to the Ministry to help make the major necessary revisions of the records. Winston and Julia read parts of Goldstein's book, which explains how the Party maintains power, the true meanings of its slogans, and the concept of [[perpetual war]]. It argues that the Party can be overthrown if proles rise up against it. However, Winston feels that it does not answer 'why' the Party is motivated to maintain power.
Winston and Julia are captured when Mr. Charrington is revealed to be a Thought Police agent, and imprisoned at the [[Ministry of Love]]. O'Brien arrives, also revealing himself as a Thought Police agent. O'Brien tells Winston that he will never know whether the Brotherhood actually exists and that Emmanuel Goldstein's book was written collaboratively by O'Brien and other Party members. Over several months, Winston is starved and tortured to "cure" himself of his "insanity" by changing his own perception to fit in line with the Party. O'Brien reveals that the Party "seeks power for its own sake." When he taunts Winston by asking if there is any humiliation he has not been made to suffer, Winston points out that the Party has not managed to make him betray Julia, even after he accepted the party's invincibility and its principles. Winston accepts internally that he really means he has not rescinded his feelings toward Julia; he betrays her by revealing her crimes many times. He fantasizes that moments before his execution his heretic side will emerge, which, as long as he is killed while unrepentant, will be his great victory over the Party.
O'Brien takes Winston to [[Room 101]] for the final stage of re-education, which contains each prisoner's worst fear. When confronted with a wire cage holding frenzied rats, Winston willingly betrays Julia by wishing the suffering upon her instead. Winston is released back into public life and continues to frequent the Chestnut Tree Café. One day, Winston encounters Julia, who was also tortured. Both reveal that they have betrayed the other and no longer have feelings for each other. Back in the café, a news alert sounds and celebrates Oceania's supposed massive victory over Eurasian armies in [[Africa]]. Winston finally accepts that he loves Big Brother.
※ ===Main characters===
* [[Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Winston Smith]] – the protagonist who is a phlegmatic [[everyman]] and is curious about the past before the Revolution.
*[[Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Julia]] – Winston's lover who is a covert "[[Insurrectionist|rebel]] from the waist downwards" who publicly espouses Party doctrine as a member of the fanatical Junior Anti-Sex League.
* [[O'Brien (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|O'Brien]] – a member of the Inner Party who poses as a member of The Brotherhood, the counter-revolutionary resistance, to deceive, trap, and capture Winston and Julia. O'Brien has a servant named Martin.
※ ===Secondary characters===
* Aaronson, Jones, and Rutherford – former members of the Inner Party whom Winston vaguely remembers as among the original leaders of the Revolution, long before he had heard of Big Brother. They confessed to treasonable conspiracies with foreign powers and were then executed in the political purges of the 1960s. In between their confessions and executions, Winston saw them drinking in the Chestnut Tree Café—with broken noses, suggesting that their confessions had been obtained by torture. Later, in the course of his editorial work, Winston sees newspaper evidence contradicting their confessions, but drops it into a [[memory hole]]. Eleven years later, he is confronted with the same photograph during his interrogation.
* Ample forth – Winston's one-time Records Department colleague who was imprisoned for leaving the word "God" in a Kipling poem as he could not find another rhyme for "rod";{{refn|This may be a reference to "[[McAndrew's Hymn]]", which includes the lines "From coupler-flange to spindle-guide I see Thy Hand, O God— / Predestination in the stride o' yon connectin'-rod".{{cite magazine |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/george-orwell-weighs-scottish-independence/#! |title=George Orwell Weighs in on Scottish Independence |magazine=[[LA Review of Books]] |first=Nina |last=Martyris |date=18 September 2014 |access-date=20 October 2017}} }} Winston encounters him at the [[Ministry of Love|Miniluv]]. Ampleforth is a dreamer and intellectual who takes pleasure in his work, and respects poetry and language, traits which cause him disfavour with the Party.
* Charrington – an officer of the [[Thought Police]] posing as a sympathetic antiques dealer amongst the Proles.
* Katharine Smith – the emotionally indifferent wife whom Winston "can't get rid of". Despite disliking sexual intercourse, Katharine married Winston because it was their "duty to the Party". Although she was a "goodthinkful" ideologue, they separated because the couple could not conceive children. Divorce is not permitted, but couples who cannot have children may live separately. For much of the story Winston lives in vague hope that Katharine may die or could be "got rid of" so that he may marry Julia. He regrets not having killed her by pushing her over the edge of a quarry when he had the chance many years previously.
* Tom Parsons – Winston's naïve neighbour, and an ideal member of the Outer Party: an uneducated, suggestible man who is utterly loyal to the Party, and fully believes in its perfect image. He is socially active and participates in the Party activities for his social class. He is friendly towards Smith, and despite his political conformity punishes his bullying son for firing a [[slingshot|catapult]] at Winston. Later, as a prisoner, Winston sees Parsons is in the Ministry of Love, as his daughter had reported him to the Thought Police, saying she heard him speak against Big Brother in his sleep. Even this does not dampen his belief in the Party, and he states he could do "good work" in the hard labour camps.
* Mrs. Parsons – Parsons's wife is a wan and hapless woman who is intimidated by her own children.
** The Parsons children – a nine-year-old son and seven-year-old daughter. Both are members of the Spies, a youth organization that focuses on indoctrinating children with Party ideals and training them to report any suspected incidents of unorthodoxy. They represent the new generation of Oceanian citizens, without memory of life before Big Brother, and without family ties or emotional sentiment; the model society envisioned by the Inner Party.
* Syme – Winston's colleague at the Ministry of Truth, a [[lexicography|lexicographer]] involved in compiling a new edition of the [[Newspeak]] dictionary. Although he is enthusiastic about his work and support for the Party, Winston notes, "He is too intelligent. He sees too clearly and speaks too plainly." Winston predicts, correctly, that Syme will become an unperson.
Additionally, the following characters, mentioned in the novel, play a significant role in the world-building of 1984. Whether these characters are real or fabrications of Party propaganda is something that neither Winston nor the reader is permitted to know:
* [[Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Big Brother]] – the leader and figurehead of the Party that rules Oceania.
* [[Emmanuel Goldstein]] – ostensibly a former leading figure in the Party who became the counter-revolutionary leader of the Brotherhood, and author of the book ''[[The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism]]''. Goldstein is the symbolic [[enemy of the state]]—the national [[Archenemy|nemesis]] who ideologically unites the people of Oceania with the Party, especially during the [[Two Minutes Hate]] and other fearmongering.
● 1984 (소설)
《1984》(영어: Nineteen Eighty-Four)는 1949년 출판된 조지 오웰의 디스토피아 소설이다. 1984년을 전체주의가 극도화된 사회로 상정하고 쓴 미래 소설인 작품 속에서 세계는 거대한 초국가들로 분화되어 있고 이들은 영구적인 전쟁 상태이다. 작품의 배경이 되는 곳은 영국으로 소설 속에선 "제1공대"(第一空帶, Airstrip One)로 불리며 오세아니아에 포함되어 있다. 오세아니아는 전체주의 정치 이데올로기인 영사(英社, Ingsoc)의 지배를 받으며 최고위 지배자는 대형(大兄, Big Brother)이다. 소설 속 국가는 기록을 조작하고, 개인의 일거수 일투족을 감시하며, 언어와 사고를 통제하여 영구적인 집권을 기획한다. 소설은 이러한 세계관을 바탕으로 기록조작을 담당하던 주인공이 전체주의와 갈등하는 이야기를 다룬다.
《1984》는 올더스 헉슬리의 《멋진 신세계》, 예브게니 이바노비치 자먀찐의 《우리들》과 더불어 디스토피아를 다룬 소설 가운데 대표작으로 꼽히며, 이후 많은 예술작품에 영향을 주었다.소설의 영향으로 사회나 국가 시스템에 의문을 제기하고 전체주의, 권위주의와 같은 비민주적 정치체제에 반기를 드는 사람을 오웰족(Orwellian)이라고 부른는 경우도 있다. 1989년 집계 당시 《1984》는 65개 언어로 번역되었다. 이는 조사 당시 다른 어떤 영국 소설 보다 많은 숫자이다.
작품의 제목인 1984는 작가가 작품을 탈고한 1948년의 뒷자리 년도를 뒤집은 것이다.
● 저술 배경
조지 오웰은 1943년 12월에 있었던 테헤란 회담의 경과를 보면서 세계가 초강대국과 그들의 영향권으로 재편되는 것을 직감했다. 로저 센하우스는 1948년 조지 오웰이 보낸 편지를 통해 그가 이 장면을 "잊히지 않을 소설의 핵심에 각인"하였다고 회상하였다. 조지 오웰은 1947년에서 1948년 사이 스코틀랜드의 주라 섬에서 소설을 집필하였고, 마지막 원고는 1948년 12월 4일에 출판사로 송고되었다. 당시 오웰은 아내를 잃고 주라 섬에서 폐결핵으로 요양중인 가운데 집필에 몰두하였다. 세커 앤드 와버그 출판사는 1949년 6월 8일 《1984년》의 초판을 출판하였다.
러시아의 작가 자먀찐의 1921년 작품 《우리들》은 《1984》에 많은 영향을 주었다. 《우리들》은 학문과 종교, 예술이 도그마가 될 때 개개인의 사유가 제약당하는 "사고의 엔트로피화"를 겪게 될 것이라는 주제를 다루었다. 1946년 오웰은 《우리들》의 프랑스어 번역서를 읽고 짧은 서평을 남겼다.
오웰은 《동물 농장》처럼 이 소설의 배경 역시 스탈린 시대의 소련에서 차용했다. 빅 브라더는 스탈린이고 임마누엘 골드슈타인(Goldstein)은 트로츠키를 묘사한 것으로 이해된다. 그러나, 아나키스트였던 조지 오웰이 특별히 공산주의만을 반대한 것은 아니며 나치, 파시즘과 함께 전체주의 전체를 비판한 것으로 평가된다. 조지 오웰은 스페인내전 당시 참전 경험에서 코민테른의 공산주의자들의 교조적 행동이 오히려 프란시스코 프랑코의 파시즘과 같은 전체주의적이란 것을 발견하고 《카탈로니아 찬가》를 저술한 바 있다. 오웰은 자신이 겪었던 참호전, 식량배급에 대한 경험과 스탈린의 강제노동수용소, 미국의 핵폭탄 투하 등을 보면서 냉전 세계에 대한 비관적 전망을 책에 담았다.
● 세계관
《1984》에 등장하는 오세아니아의 사회 계급 구조
초국가 사이의 영구 전쟁[편집]
소설 속에 등장하는 1984년의 세계는 오세아니아, 동아시아, 유라시아의 세 초국가로 나뉘어 있다. 이 세 국가는 끊임없는 전쟁을 벌이고 있으며 때에 따라 서로 동맹을 맺기도 하고 전쟁을 벌이기도 한다.
소설 속에서 임마누엘 골드스타인이 지은 것으로 등장하는 가상의 책 《과두정치적 집단주의의 이론과 실제》에서는 《1984》의 세계관을 자세히 설명하고 있다. 소련이 유럽을 병합하여 유라시아가 되고 미국이 영국을 병합하여 오세아니아가 된 뒤 동아시아는 10년간의 복잡한 내전 끝에 등장한다고 설명하고 있다. 이들 초국가는 유라시아의 광대한 토지, 오세아니아의 대서양과 태평양을 근거로한 이점, 동아시아의 다산과 근면성과 같은 이유로 어느 한 쪽이 다른 쪽을 굴복시킬 수 없는 평형상태에 있어 끊임없는 전쟁을 계속한다. 오세아니아는 1950년대 이전 어느 시점에 혁명이 일어나 영사를 지배 이념으로 하는 일당 독재가 시작되었다. 유라시아는 신볼세비즘을 지배 이념으로 하고, 동아시아는 죽음 숭배를 지배 이념으로 하지만, 세 초국가들은 내세우는 이념의 차이와 달리 너나 할것 없이 극단적 전체주의 국가이다. 이들의 전쟁은 오히려 자원의 독점, 노동의 소비, 내부 통제 이데올로기의 지속과 같은 것에 목적이 있다. 이러한 초국가간의 전쟁은 결국 국가의 지속을 위해 언제나 적을 필요로 하는 적대적 공생이라고 할 수 있다. 조지 오웰은 《1984》를 통해 냉전을 예견하였다는 평가를 받는다.
* 오세아니아
1984의 무대이자, 주요 국가이다. 자세한 것은 오세아니아 (1984년) 문서를 참조하라.
* 오세아니아와 북한의 공통점
1. Big Brother와 김일성 3대 독재 체제의 주민감시망
2. 오세아니아에서는 하루 2분간 다른 사람을 미워하는 시간을 갖는다. 북한도 자아비판이 있다.
3. 둘 다 역사를 조작했다.
4. 둘 다 언어 조작으로 인간을 세뇌했다.
ONE
Ⅰ
It was a bright cold day in April, and the lcocks were striking thirteen.
Ⅱ
As he put his hand to the doorknob Winston saw that he had left the diary open on the table.
Ⅲ
Winston was dreaming of his mother.
Ⅳ
With the deep, unconscious sigh which not even the nearness of the telescreen could prevent him from uttering when his day's work started.
Ⅴ
In the low-ceilinged canteen, deep under ground, the lunch queue jerked slowly forward.
Ⅵ
Winston was writing in his diary: It was three years ago.
Ⅶ
If there is hope it lies in the proles.
Ⅷ
From somewhere at the bottom of a passage the smell of roasting coffee―real coffee, not Victory Coffee―came floating out into the street.
TWO
Ⅰ
It was the middle of the morning, and Winston had left his cubicle to go to the lavatory.
Ⅱ
Wnston picked his way up the lane through dappled light and shade, stepping out into pools of gold wherever the boughs parted.
Ⅲ
“We can come here once again,” said Julia.
Ⅳ
Winston looked around the shabby little room above Mr.Charrington's shop.
Ⅴ
Syme had vanished.
Ⅵ
It had happened at last.
Ⅶ
Winston had woken up with his eyes full of tears.
Ⅷ
They had done it, they had done it at last!
Ⅸ
Winston was gelatinous with fatigue.
Ⅹ
When he wike it was with the sensation of having slept for a long time, but a glance at the old-fashioned clock told him that it was only twenty-thirty.
THREE
Ⅰ
He did not know where he was.
Ⅱ
He was lying on something that felt like a camp bed, except that it was higher off the ground and that he was fixed down in some way so that he could not move.
Ⅲ
“There are three stages in your reintegration,” said O'Brien.
Ⅳ
He was much better.
Ⅴ
At each stage of his imprisonment he had known, or seemed to know, whereabouts he was in the windowless building.
Ⅵ The Chestnut tree was almost empty.
APPENDIX
THE PRINCIPLES OF NEWSPEAK
Nwespeak was the official language of Oceania and had been devised to meet the idelogical needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism.
AFTERWARD
George Owell's 1984 is the expression of a mood, and it is a warning.
- Erich Fromm
※ READ THE TOP 20 SIGNET CLASSICS
① 1984 BY GEORGE OWELL
② ANIMAL FARM BY GEORGE ORWELL
③ NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS BY FREDERICK DOUGLASS
④ THE INFERNO BY DANTE
⑤ ROMEO AND JULIET BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
⑥ WHY WE CAN'T WAIT BY DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
⑦ NECTAR IN A SIEVE BY KAMALA MARKANDAYA
⑧ FRANKENSTEIN BY MARY SHELLEY
⑨ BEOWULF TRANSLATED BY BURTON RAFFEL
⑩ HAMLET BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
⑪ THE FEDERALIST PAPERS BY ALEXANDER HAMILTON
⑫ THE ODYSSEY BY HOMER
⑬ MACBETH BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
⑭ CRIME AND PUNISHMENT BY FYODOR DOSTOYEVSKY
⑮ THE HOUND OF THE BASKERVILLES BY SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
⑯ THE SCARLET LETTER BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
⑰ DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE BY ROBERT L. STEVENSON
⑱ A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
⑲ THE CLASSIC SLAVE NARRATIVES BY HENRY L. GATES
⑳ A TALE OF TWO CITIES BY CHARLES DICKENS BY CHARLES DICKENS