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○Histories (Herodotus)
1) The Histories (Greek: Ἱστορίαι; Ancient Greek: [historíai̯]; also known as The History[1]) of Herodotus is considered the founding work of history in Western literature.[2] Written in 430 BC in the Ionic dialect of classical Greek, The Histories serves as a record of the ancient traditions, politics, geography, and clashes of various cultures that were known in Greece, Western Asia and Northern Africa at that time.[citation needed] Although not a fully impartial record, it remains one of the West's most important sources regarding these affairs. Moreover, it established the genre and study of history in the Western world (despite the existence of historical records and chronicles beforehand).
The Histories also stands as one of the earliest accounts of the rise of the Persian Empire, as well as the events and causes of the Greco-Persian Wars between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states in the 5th century BC. Herodotus portrays the conflict as one between the forces of slavery (the Persians) on the one hand, and freedom (the Athenians and the confederacy of Greek city-states which united against the invaders) on the other. The Histories was at some point divided into the nine books that appear in modern editions, conventionally named after the nine Muses.
On the legacy of The Histories by Herodotus, historian Barry S. Strauss writes:
He is simply one of the greatest storytellers who ever wrote. His narrative ability is one of the reasons...those who call Herodotus the father of history. Now that title is one that he richly deserves. A Greek who lived in the fifth century BC, Herodotus was a pathfinder. He traveled the eastern Mediterranean and beyond to do research into human affairs: from Greece to Persia, from the sands of Egypt to the Scythian steppes, and from the rivers of Lydia to the dry hills of Sparta. The Greek for “research” is historia, where our word “history” comes from ... Herodotus is a great historian. His work holds up very well when judged by the yardstick of modern scholarship. But he is more than a historian. He is a philosopher with three great themes: the struggle between East and West, the power of liberty, and the rise and fall of empires. Herodotus takes the reader from the rise of the Persian Empire to its crusade against Greek independence, and from the stirrings of Hellenic self-defense to the beginnings of the overreach that would turn Athens into a new empire of its own. He goes from the cosmos to the atom, ranging between fate and the gods, on the one hand, and the ability of the individual to make a difference, on the other. And then there is the sheer narrative power of his writing...The old master keeps calling us back.[3]
2) == Summary ==
[[File:Etty-Candaules King of Lydia Shews his Wife to Gyges.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Candaules, King of Lydia, Shews his Wife by Stealth to Gyges, One of his Ministers, as She Goes to Bed|Candaules, King of Lydia, shews his wife by stealth to Gyges…]]'', by [[William Etty]] (1830)]]
=== Book I (Clio) ===
*The rapes of [[Io (mythology)|Io]], [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]], and [[Medea]], which motivated [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]] to abduct [[Helen of Troy|Helen]]. The subsequent [[Trojan War]] is marked as a precursor to later conflicts between peoples of Asia and Europe. ({{Herodotus|en|1|1}}–5)Fehling, Detlev (1989). "Some demonstrably false source citations". ''Herodotus and His 'Sources' ''. Francis Cairns, Ltd. 50–57. {{ISBN|0-905205-70-7}}.
Lindsay, Jack (1974). "Helen in the Fifth Century". ''Helen of Troy'' Rowman and Littlefield. 133–134. {{ISBN|0-87471-581-4}}
*[[Colchis]], [[Colchians]] and [[Medea]]. ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D2 1.2.2]–[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1.2.3])
* The rulers of [[Lydia]] (on the west coast of [[Asia Minor]], today modern [[Turkey]]): [[Candaules]], [[Gyges of Lydia|Gyges]], [[Ardys of Lydia|Ardys]], [[Sadyattes]], [[Alyattes of Lydia|Alyattes]], [[Croesus]] ({{Herodotus|en|1|6}}–7)
*How [[Candaules]] made his bodyguard, [[Gyges of Lydia|Gyges]], view the naked body of his wife. Upon discovery, she ordered Gyges to murder Candaules or face death himself
* How Gyges took the kingdom from [[Candaules]] ({{Herodotus|en|1|8}}–13)
* The singer [[Arion]]'s ride on the [[dolphin]] ({{Herodotus|en|1|23}}–24)
* [[Solon]]'s answer to Croesus's question that [[Tellus (Ancient Athens)|Tellus]] was the happiest person in the world ({{Herodotus|en|1|29}}–33)
* Croesus's efforts to protect his son [[Atys son of Croesus|Atys]], his son's accidental death by [[Adrastus (son of Gordias)|Adrastus]] ({{Herodotus|en|1|34}}–44)
* Croesus's test of the oracles ({{Herodotus|en|1|46}}–54)
* The answer from the [[Oracle of Delphi]] concerning whether Croesus should attack the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] (famous for its ambiguity): ''If you attack, a great empire will fall''.
* [[Peisistratos]]' rises and falls from power as tyrant of Athens ({{Herodotus|en|1|59}}–64)
* The rise of [[Sparta]] ({{Herodotus|en|1|65}}–68)
[[File:Edwin Long 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Edwin Long's 1875 interpretation of ''[[The Babylonian Marriage Market]]'' as described by Herodotus in Book 1 of the ''Histories'']]
* A description the geographic location of several [[Anatolia]]n tribes, including the [[Cappadocians]], [[Matieni]], [[Phrygians]], and [[Paphlagonians]]. ({{Herodotus|en|1|72}})
* The [[Battle of the Eclipse|Battle of Halys]]; [[Thales]] predicts the [[Eclipse of Thales|solar eclipse of May 28, 585 BC]] ({{Herodotus|en|1|74}})
* Croesus's defeat by [[Cyrus II of Persia]], and how he later became Cyrus's advisor ({{Herodotus|en|1|70}}–92)
* The Tyrrhenian's descent from the Lydians: "Then the one group, having drawn the lot, left the country and came down to Smyrna and built ships, in which they loaded all their goods that could be transported aboard ship, and sailed away to seek a livelihood and a country; until at last, after sojourning with one people after another, they came to the Ombrici, where they founded cities and have lived ever since. They no longer called themselves Lydians, but Tyrrhenians, after the name of the king's son who had led them there,”. ({{Herodotus|en|1|94}})Herodotus. The Histories. Translated by A. D. Godley, Harvard University Press, 1920, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1:chapter=94.
* The rulers of the [[Medes]]: [[Deioces]], [[Phraortes]], [[Cyaxares]], [[Astyages]], [[Cyrus II of Persia]] ({{Herodotus|en|1|95}}–144)
* The rise of Deioces over the Medes
*[[Astyages]]'s attempt to destroy Cyrus, and Cyrus's rise to power
*[[Harpagus]] tricked into eating his son, his revenge against Astyages by assisting Cyrus
* The [[Culture of Iran|culture of the Persians]]
* The history and geography of the [[Ionia]]ns, and the attacks on it by Harpagus
*[[Pactyes]]' convinces the Lydians to revolt. Rebellion fails and he seeks refuge from Mazares in [[Cyme (Aeolis)]]
* The culture of [[Assyria]], especially the design and improvement of the city of [[Babylon]] and the ways of its people
* Cyrus's attack on Babylon, including his revenge on the river [[Gyndes]] and his famous method for entering the city
* Cyrus's ill-fated attack on the [[Massagetæ]], leading to his death
=== Book II (Euterpe) ===
[[File:PloverCrocodileSymbiosis.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nile crocodile]] allowing the ''[[Sandpiper|trochilus]]'' [[cleaning symbiosis|to eat leeches in its mouth]].{{efn|Herodotus (Book II, 68) claimed that the ''trochilus'' bird visited the crocodile, which opened its mouth in what would now be called a [[cleaning symbiosis]] to eat leeches. A modern survey of the evidence finds only occasional reports of [[sandpiper]]s "removing leeches from the mouth and gular scutes and snapping at insects along the reptile's body."{{cite journal | title=Cleaning symbiosis involving Galapagos tortoises and two species of Darwin's finches |author1=Macfarland, Craig G. |author2=Reeder, W. G. | journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie | year=1974 | volume=34 |issue=5 | pages=464–483 | doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01816.x|pmid=4454774 }}}} Drawing by [[Henry Scherren]], 1906]]
* The proof of the antiquity of the [[Phrygians]] by the use of children unexposed to language
* The geography, customs, and history of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] (Sections 2-182)
* Speculations on the [[Nile]] river (Sections 2-34)
* The religious practices of Egypt, especially as they differ from the Greeks (sections 35-64)
* The animals of Egypt: cats, dogs, [[crocodile]]s, [[hippopotamus]]es, [[otter]]s, [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenixes]], sacred [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpents]], winged [[snake]]s, [[ibis]]es
* The culture of Egypt: medicine, funeral rites, food, boats{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/65028-herodotus-ship-discovered.html|title=2,500 Years Ago, Herodotus Described a Weird Ship. Now, Archaeologists Have Found it.|last=Geggel|first=Laura|date=March 19, 2019|website=Live Science|access-date=2019-03-19}}
* The kings of Egypt: [[Menes]], [[Nitocris]], Mœris, [[Sesostris]], [[Pheron]], [[Proteus of Egypt|Proteus]]
* [[Helen of Sparta|Helen]] and Paris's stay in Egypt, just before the [[Trojan War]] ({{Herodotus|en|2|112}}–120) Kim, Lawrence (2010). "Homer, poet and historian". ''Homer Between History and Fiction in Imperial Greek Literature.'' Cambridge University Press. 30-35 {{ISBN|978-0-521-19449-5}}.
Allan, Williams (2008). "Introduction". ''Helen''. Cambridge University Press. 22-24 {{ISBN|0-521-83690-5}}.
Lindsay, Jack (1974). "Helen in the Fifth Century". ''Helen of Troy''. Rowman and Littlefield. 135-138. {{ISBN|0-87471-581-4}}
* More kings of Egypt: [[Rhampsinit]] (and the story of the clever thief), [[Khufu|Cheops]] (and the building of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] using [[The Herodotus Machine|machines]]), [[Khafre|Chephren]], [[Menkaura|Mycerinus]], Asychis, [[Anysis]], [[Seti I|Sethôs]]
* The line of priests
* The [[Labyrinth#The Egyptian labyrinth|Labyrinth]]
* More kings of Egypt: the twelve, [[Psammetichus I|Psammetichus]] (and his rise to power), [[Necho II|Necôs]], [[Psamtik II|Psammis]], [[Apries]], [[Amasis II]] (and his rise to power)
=== Book III (Thalia) ===
* [[Cambyses II of Persia]]'s (son of Cyrus II and king of Persia) attack on Egypt, and the defeat of the Egyptian king [[Psammetichus III]].
* Cambyses's abortive attack on [[Kingdom of Kush|Ethiopia]]
* The madness of Cambyses
* The good fortune of [[Polycrates]], king of [[Samos]]
* [[Periander]], the king of [[Corinth]] and [[Corcyra]], and his obstinate son
* The revolt of the two [[Magi]] in [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]] and the death of Cambyses
* The conspiracy of the seven to remove the Magi
* The rise of [[Darius I of Persia]].
* The twenty [[satrap]]ies
* The culture of [[India]] and their method of collecting gold
* The culture of [[Arabia]] and their method of collecting spices
* The flooded valley with five gates
* Orœtes's (governor of [[Sardis]]) scheme against Polycrates
* The physician [[Democedes|Democêdes]]
* The rise of [[Syloson]] governor of Samos
* The revolt of [[Babylon]] and its defeat by the scheme of [[Zopyrus]]
=== Book IV (Melpomene) ===
[[File:Scythian Warriors.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Scythian warriors, drawn after figures on an [[electrum]] cup from the Kul'Oba kurgan burial near [[Kerch]] ([[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg)]]
* The history of the [[Scythia]]ns (from the land north of the [[Black Sea]])
* The miraculous poet [[Aristeas]]
* The geography of Scythia
* The inhabitants of regions beyond Scythia: [[Sauromatae]], [[Budini]], [[Thyssagetae]], [[Argippaeans]], [[Issedones]], [[Arimaspi]], [[Hyperboreans]]
* A comparison of Libya (Africa), Asia, and Europe
* The rivers of Scythia: the [[Danube|Ister]], the [[Dniester|Tyras]], the [[Bug (southern)|Hypanis]], the [[Dnieper River|Borysthenes]], the [[Inhul|Panticapes]], the Hypacyris, the [[Molochna River|Gerrhus]], and the [[Tanais]]
* The culture of the Scythians: religion, burial rites, [[xenophobia]] (the stories of [[Anacharsis]] and Scylas), population (sections 59-81)
[[File:Darius In Parse.JPG|thumb|upright|Relief of [[Darius I]], Persepolis]]
* The beginning of [[Scythian campaign of Darius I|Darius's attack on Scythia]], including the [[pontoon bridge]] over the [[Bosporus|Bosphorus]]
* The brutal worship of [[Zalmoxis]] by the [[Getae]]
* The customs of the surrounding peoples: [[Tauri]], [[Agathyrsi]], [[Neuri]], [[Androphagi]] (man-eaters), [[Melanchlaeni]], [[Geloni]], [[Budini]], [[Sauromatae]]
* The wooing of the [[Amazons]] by the Scyths, forming the Sauromatae
* Darius's failed attack on Scythia and consequent retreat
* The story of the Minyæ (descendants of the [[Argonauts]]) and the founding of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]]
* The [[List of Kings of Cyrene|kings of Cyrene]]: [[Battus I of Cyrene|Battus I]], [[Arcesilaus I of Cyrene|Arcesilaus I]], [[Battus II of Cyrene|Battus II]], [[Arcesilaus II of Cyrene|Arcesilaus II]], [[Battus III of Cyrene|Battus III]] (and the reforms of [[Demonax (lawgiver)|Demonax]]), [[Arcesilaus III of Cyrene|Arcesilaus III]] (and his flight, restoration, and assassination), [[Battus IV of Cyrene|Battus IV]], and [[Arcesilaus IV of Cyrene|Arcesilaus IV]] (his revolt and death)
* The peoples of Libya from east to west
* The revenge of Arcesilaus' mother [[Pheretima (Cyrenaean Queen)|Pheretima]]
[[File:Athena type Velletri.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Athena]], the patron goddess of Athens]]
=== Book V (Terpsichore) ===
* The attack on the [[Thracians]] by [[Megabazus]]
* The removal of the [[Paeonians]] to Asia
* The slaughter of the Persian envoys by [[Alexander I of Macedon]]
* The failed attack on the [[Naxos (island)|Naxians]] by [[Aristagoras]], tyrant of [[Miletus]]
* The revolt of Miletus against Persia
* The background of [[Cleomenes I]], king of Sparta, and his half brother [[Dorieus]]
* The description of the Persian [[Royal Road]] from [[Sardis]] to [[Susa]]
* The introduction of [[writing]] to Greece by the [[Phoenicians]]
* The freeing of [[Athens]] by [[Sparta]], and its subsequent attacks on Athens
* The reorganizing of the Athenian tribes by [[Cleisthenes]]
* The attack on Athens by the [[Thebans]] and [[Aegina|Eginetans]]
* The backgrounds of the tyrants of [[Corinth]] [[Cypselus]] and his son [[Periander]]
* Aristagoras's failed request for help from Sparta, and successful attempt with Athens
* The burning of Sardis, and Darius's vow for revenge against the Athenians
* Persia's attempts to quell the [[Ionian revolt]]
=== Book VI (Erato) ===
[[File:Trireme.jpg|right|thumb|A Greek [[trireme]]]]
* The fleeing of [[Histiaeus]] to [[Chios]]
* The training of the [[Ionia]]n fleet by [[Dionysius of Phocaea]]
* The abandonment of the Ionian fleet by the [[Samians]] during battle
* The defeat of the Ionian fleet by the Persians
* The capture and death of Histiaeus by [[Harpagus]]
* The invasion of [[Ancient Greece|Greek lands]] under [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]] and enslavement of [[Macedon]]
* The destruction of 300 ships in Mardonius's fleet near [[Mount Athos|Athos]]
[[File:Miltiades.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Miltiades]]]]
* The order of Darius that the Greeks provide him [[earth and water]], in which most consent, including [[Aegina]]
* The Athenian request for assistance of [[Cleomenes I|Cleomenes]] of Sparta in dealing with the traitors
* The history behind Sparta having two kings and their powers
* The dethronement of [[Demaratus]], the other king of Sparta, due to his supposed false lineage
* The arrest of the traitors in Aegina by Cleomenes and the new king [[Leotychides]]
* The suicide of Cleomenes in a fit of madness, possibly caused by his war with [[Ancient Argos|Argos]], drinking unmixed wine, or his involvement in dethroning Demaratus
* The battle between Aegina and Athens
* The taking of [[Eretria]] by the Persians after the Eretrians sent away Athenian help
* [[Pheidippides]]'s encounter with the god [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]] on a journey to Sparta to request aid
* The assistance of the [[Plataeans]], and the history behind their alliance with Athens
* The Athenian win at the [[Battle of Marathon]], led by [[Miltiades]] and other ''[[strategoi]]'' ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D100%3Asection%3D1 This section starts roughly around 6.100]){{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=6:chapter=100:section=1|title=Herodotus, The Histories, Book 6, chapter 100, section 1|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|access-date=2017-10-03}}
* The Spartans late arrival to assist Athens
* The history of the [[Alcmaeonidae]] and how they came about their wealth and status
* The death of Miltiades after a failed attack on [[Paros]] and the successful taking of [[Lemnos]]
[[File:Ac.marathon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The plain of Marathon today]]
=== Book VII (Polymnia) ===
* The amassing of an army by [[Darius I of Persia|Darius]] after learning about the defeat at [[Battle of Marathon|Marathon]] ({{Herodotus|en|7|1|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1}})
* The quarrel between [[Ariabignes]] and [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]] over which son should succeed Darius in which Xerxes is chosen ({{Herodotus|en|7|2|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D1}}-3)
* The death of Darius in 486 BC ({{Herodotus|en|7|4|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D1}})
* The defeat of the Egyptian rebels by Xerxes
* The advice given to Xerxes on invading Greece: [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]] for invasion, [[Artabanus (son of Hystaspes)|Artabanus]] against ({{Herodotus|en|7|9|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1}}-10)
[[File:Leónidas en las Termópilas, por Jacques-Louis David.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|''[[Leonidas I|Leonidas]] at [[Thermopylae]]'', by [[Jacques-Louis David]] (1814)]]
* The dreams of Xerxes in which a phantom frightens him and Artabanus into choosing invasion
* The preparations for war, including building the [[Xerxes Canal]] and [[Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges]] across the [[Hellespont]]
* The offer by [[Pythius]] to give Xerxes all his money, in which Xerxes rewards him
* The request by Pythius to allow one son to stay at home, Xerxes's anger, and the march out between the butchered halves of Pythius's sons
* The destruction and rebuilding of the bridges built by the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] and [[Phoenicia]]ns at [[Abydos, Hellespont|Abydos]]
* The siding with Persia of many Greek states, including [[Thessaly]], [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], [[Melia, Greece|Melia]], and [[Ancient Argos|Argos]]
* The refusal of aid after negotiations by [[Gelo]] of [[Syracuse, Italy|Syracuse]], and the refusal from [[Crete]]
* The destruction of 400 Persian ships due to a storm
* The small Greek force (approx. 7,000) led by [[Leonidas I]], sent to [[Thermopylae]] to delay the Persian army (~5,283,220 (Herodotus) )
* The [[Battle of Thermopylae]] in which the Greeks hold the pass for 3 days
* The secret pass divulged by [[Ephialtes of Trachis]], which [[Hydarnes II|Hydarnes]] uses to lead forces around the mountains to encircle the Greeks
* The retreat of all but the Spartans, [[Thespiae|Thespians]], and Thebans (forced to stay by the Spartans).
* The Greek defeat and order by Xerxes to remove Leonidas's head and attach his torso to a cross
[[File:Kaulbach, Wilhelm von - Die Seeschlacht bei Salamis - 1868.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|''[[Battle of Salamis|The Battle of Salamis]]'', by [[Wilhelm von Kaulbach]] (1868)]]
=== Book VIII (Urania) ===
* Greek fleet is led by [[Eurybiades]], a Spartan commander who led the Greek fleet after the meeting at the Isthmus 481 BC,
* The destruction by storm of two hundred ships sent to block the Greeks from escaping
* The retreat of the Greek fleet after word of a defeat at [[Battle of Thermopylae|Thermopylae]]
* The supernatural rescue of [[Delphi]] from a Persian attack
* The evacuation of [[Athens]] assisted by the fleet
* The reinforcement of the Greek fleet at [[Salamis Island]], bringing the total ships to 378
* The destruction of Athens by the Persian land force after difficulties with those who remained
* The [[Battle of Salamis]], the Greeks have the advantage due to better organization, and fewer losses due to ability to swim
* The description of the [[Angarum]], the Persian riding post
* The rise in favor of [[Artemisia I of Caria|Artemisia]], the Persian woman commander, and her council to Xerxes in favor of returning to Persia
[[File:Snake column Hippodrome Constantinople 2007.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Serpent Column]] dedicated by the victorious Greeks in [[Delphi]], later transferred to [[Constantinople]]]]
* The vengeance of [[Hermotimus of Pedasa|Hermotimus]], Xerxes' chief [[eunuch]], against [[Panionius]]
* The attack on [[Andros]] by [[Themistocles]], the Athenian fleet commander and most valiant Greek at Salamis
* The escape of Xerxes and leaving behind of 300,000 picked troops under [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]] in [[Thessaly]]
* The ancestry of [[Alexander I of Macedon]], including [[Perdiccas I of Macedon|Perdiccas]]
* The refusal of an attempt by Alexander to seek a Persian alliance with Athens
=== Book IX (Calliope) ===
* The second taking of an evacuated [[Athens]]
* The evacuation to [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] by [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]] after the sending of [[Lacedaemonian]] troops
* The slaying of [[Masistius]], leader of the Persian cavalry, by the Athenians
* The warning from [[Alexander I of Macedon|Alexander]] to the Greeks of an impending attack
* The death of Mardonius by [[Aeimnestus]]
* The Persian retreat to Thebes where they are afterwards slaughtered ([[Battle of Plataea]])
* The description and dividing of the spoils
* The speedy escape of [[Artabazos I of Phrygia|Artabazus]] into Asia.
* The Persian defeat in [[Ionia]] by the Greek fleet ([[Battle of Mycale]]), and the Ionian revolt
* The mutilation of the wife of [[Masistes]] ordered by [[Amestris]], wife of Xerxes
* The death of Masistes after his intent to rebel
* The Athenian blockade of [[Sestos]] and the capture of [[Artayctes]]
* The Persians' abortive suggestion to Cyrus to migrate from rocky Persis
○헤로도토스의 역사(historiae)
제1부 - 페르시아 제국, 서막을 열다
1. 동서분쟁의 발단
2. 칸다울레스의 왕비와 기게스
3. 크로이소스의 영광과 쇠락
4. 페르시아의 융성
5. 바빌론의 함락
6. 세소스트리스에서 아마시스 왕까지
7. 캄비세스의 광란
8. 행운의 폴리크라테스
9. 다레이오스의 즉위
10. 아시아, 리비아, 유럽
제2부 - 유목 민족의 역사와 그리스 도시의 반란
1. 스키타이 원정
2. 밀레토스의 반란
3. 스파르타와 아테네
4. 마라톤 전투
5. 크세르크세스의 꿈
제3부 - 자유를 향한 피의 전쟁, 페르시아 vs 그리스
1. 테르모필라이 전투
2. 살라미 해전
3. 페르시아군의 패주
○ 헤로도토스(Herodotos)의 『 歷史(Historia)』에서 본 現代人의 삶 要約
1) 낯선 곳을 가는 冒險精神
• 『히스토리아』 執筆前에 地中海 世界의 多樣性과 個別性을 直接 經驗
2) 새로운 敍述方式의 實驗精神
• 主流였던 韻文體 形式을 果敢히 버리고, 散文體 形式의 글쓰기를 받아들이고 實行
3) 戰爭의 原因을 把握하기 爲한 探究精神
• 당시 가장 큰 戰爭이었던 그리스-페르시아 戰爭의 原因을 찾고자 勞力
4) 多文化를 넘어 超境界精神
• 헬라스인, 페르시아인 이외에 多樣한 種族과 慣習, 地理, 宗敎, 歷史와 文化에 對한 關心과 認定