제3장 동명사(gerunds)

[류재수]

제3장 동명사(gerunds)

Seeing is believing.

= To see is to believe.

= The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 百聞不如一見(백문불여일견).

Saying is one thing and doing (is) another. 말과 행동은 별개의 것이다.

Being late for school is a failing of mine.

= Being tardy for school is a failing of mine.

= Lateness [Tardy, Tardiness] for school is a failing of mine. 학교에 지각하는 것이 나의 결점이다.

His only fault is sleeping late in the morning.

there is no ~ing = It is impossible to~, we cannot ~ ~할 수 없다.

He’s a strange person - there’s no knowing what he’ll do next. 그가 다음에 무엇을 할지 알 수 없다.

it is no use [good] ~ing ~해도 소용없다

It’s no use arguing with her, she won’t listen.

= It’s of no use to argue with her, she won’t listen.

= There is no use (in) arguing with her, she won’t listen.

It’s no good talking arguing with her, she never listen.

of one’s own ~ing 자신이 ~한, 스스로 ~한

This is a picture of her own painting.

= This is a picture (which was) painted by herself.

it goes without saying that ~= it is needless to say that ~ ~은 말할 나위도 없다.

It goes without saying that he’s an excellent musician. = It is needless to say that he’s an excellent musician. 그가 훌륭한 음악가라는 것은 말할 나위도 없다.

can not help ~ing = can not (help) but ~, have no choice [option, alternative] but to~ ~하지 않을 수 없다.

I can’t help thinking that we’ve made a big mistake. =I can’t (help) but think that we’ve made a big mistake.= I have no choice [option] but to think that we’ve made a big mistake.

We had no alternative but to fire him.

Mike couldn’t help letting his eyes linger on her face.

I could not but admire her.

One cannot but admire her determination.

We cannot but choose otherwise.

I couldn’t (help) but notice the bruise she had under her eye.

I was short of money and I had no choice but to go back.

be short of money 돈이 부족하다.

Teenage mothers often have no option but to live with their parents.

I had no alternative but to report him to the police.

report a person to the police ~를 경찰에 신고[고발]하다

on [upon] ~ing = as son as ~, the (very) moment ~, the minute (that) ~, the instant (that) ~, instantly ~` when ~ ~하자마자

On hearing the news of the air attack most foreigners headed for the border.

= As soon as most foreigners heard the news of the air attack, they headed for the border.

I came as soon as I heard the news.

I will tell him the (very) moment [as soon as] he comes in. 그가 들어오면 바로 말할 것이다.

I knew him the minute I saw him.

The instant I saw him, I knew he was the man the police were looking for.

feel like ~ing ~ = feel inclined to ~ ~하고 싶다

He didn't feel like going to work. = He didn’t feel inclined to go to work.

He has such a superior attitude. I feel like spitting at him.

spit at [on] ~ ① ~에게 침을 뱉다 ② ~을 멸시하다

Mom, Judy spit at me!

Kevin cleared his throat and spat on the path. Kevin은 기침을 하고 길에 침을 뱉었다.

need [want, require] ~ing ~할 필요가 있다

My camera needs repairing. = My camera needs to be repaired. 내 사진기는 수리할 필요가 있다.

My shoes need mending.= My shoes need to be mended.

= I need my shoes mended.

= My shoes need a mend. 내 구두는 수선할 필요가 있다.

That fence needs fixing.= That fence needs to be fixed.

= That fence needs a fix. 담은 수리할 필요가 있다.

This shirt needs washing.

= This shirt needs to be washed.

= This shirt needs a wash. 이 셔츠는 세탁할 필요가 있다.

The children need collecting at 4 o’clock.

I think these potatoes need to be cooked a little longer.

My shoes want mending. 내 구두는 수선할 필요가 있다.

He wants stirring up. 그는 활기를 불어넣어줄 필요가 있다.

It’s a matter that requires handling with great care.

= It’s a matter that requires very careful handling.

= It’s a matter that requires to be handled very carefully.

그것은 매우 신중하게 다룰 필요가 있는 문제이다.

bear ① <검사·시험에> 견디다 ② ~할 만하다

This cloth will bear washing. 이 천은 빨아도 괜찮다.

His language does not bear repeating. 그의 말은 되풀이할 가치 없다.

never [can not] ~without ~ing = never ~but ~ ~하면 반드시 ~하다

It never rains without pouring.

= It never rains but it pours.

= Whenever it rains, it pours. 비만 오면 퍼붓는다. 불행은 겹치는 법.

They cannot meet each other without quarrelling.

= They cannot meet each other but they quarrel. 그들은 만나면 서로 싸운다

be on the point [border, brink, edge, verge] of ~ing = be about to ~ 막 [바야흐로] ~ 하려하다

I was on [at] the point of leaving when the phone rang. = I was about to leave when the phone rang.

Karl is on the brink of a brilliant acting career.

He was on the brink of breathing his last (breath).

breathe one’s last (breath) = draw one’s last breath, give up [yield] one’s breath 숨을 거두다, 죽다

Jessica was on the verge of (bursting into) tears.

We’re about to eat dinner.

be not about to ~ ~할 생각은 전혀 없다

I’m not about to lend you money.

be worth ~ing = be worth (one’s) while ~ing [to~], be worthy of ~ing [to ~] [명사]

Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 적어도 할만한 일은 훌륭히 할 만한 가치가 있다.

It’s worth putting an advertisement in the local paper.

It’s worth taking your time when you visit the cathedral.

take one’s (own) time 천천히 하다, 서두르지 않다

It’s well worth getting there an hour early, if you want a good seat.

It would be worth your while to talk to the editor.

This book is worthwhile reading. = This book is worthwhile to read. = This book is worth reading.

The event is worthy of being remembered. 그 사건은 기억해 둘 만하다.

The plan is only worthy of our contempt [our contemning].

object to[against] ~ = make [have, find, raise] an objection to [against] ~에 반대하다, 이의를 제기하다

I object to being spoken to like that.

be [stand] opposed to = oppose, make [have] an objection to~ ~에 반대이다

Are you opposed to my taking a break?

= Do you oppose my taking a break?

with a view to ~ing = with the [a] view of ~ing ~할 목적으로

We bought the cottage with a view to moving there when we retired.

with the aim [end, objective, intention, purpose] of ~ing = for [with] the purpose of ~ ing, intent on ~ing, in order to ~, so as to ~ with intent to, on purpose to ~할 목적으로

Research is being done with the specific aim of monitoring customer trends.

with the aim [end, objective, intention, purpose] of ~= for [with] the purpose of ~, intent on ~ing, in order to ~, so as to ~ with intent to, on purpose to ~할 목적으로

Research is being done with the specific aim of monitoring customer trends.

The Israeli military launched it’s seige of Gaza with the stated aim of destroying Hamas after it led the October 7 terror attacks.

We start with the end of achieving it.

They went into town with the intention of visiting the library.

We all live with the objective of being happy.

Jefferson was charged with intent to damage property.

Peter seems intent on stirring up trouble.

stir up trouble 분란을 일으키다

The new leader was accused of stirring up trouble.

They’re all doing it for [with] the purpose of saving lives.

In order to understand how the human body works, you need to have some knowledge of chemistry.

I locked the door in order that we might continue our discussions undisturbed.

So as not to cause offense many of the mourners stood at the back of the church.

Credit has been arranged so as to spread the payments over a 10 month period. 신용대부가 10월 기간에 걸쳐 지급되도록 정리되었다.

devote [dedicate, apply, commit] oneself to ~ing = be committed to ~, make a commitment to ~ ~에 전념하다, 헌신하다

devote [dedicate, apply] one’s life [time, effort, money, energies] to ~일생[시간, 노력, 돈, 정력]을 바치다[쏟다]

They have dedicated themselves to enhancing customer satisfaction through personalized services. 그들은 개별 서비스를 통행 고객만족도를 높이는데 전념했다,

Mother Theresa has devoted herself to caring the poor.

Sheila dedicated herself to a life of religion.

He applied himself [his mind] to learning Spanish.

She’s devoting all her energies to the wedding preparations.

Sorry, I’ve already committing myself to working for Clive.

He committed himself to working for the poor people.

They are committed to providing quality education to children.

He is committed to becoming a better leader for his team.

In our busy world, we need to put our friendship on the calendar, and commit to recurring activities.

what do [would] you say to ~ing?

= what [how] about ~ing? ~하는 게 어때?

What do you say to us all going to a movie?

= What do you say we all go to a movie?

= What [How] about going to a movie?

= Let’s go to a movie, shall we?

= Why don’t we go to a movie?

What do you say to going for a row.

What would you say to a meal out?

look forward to ~ing ~= anticipate ~ing ~을 기대하다

My mother says she’s looking forward to meeting you.

I’m really looking forward to our vacation.

I didn’t anticipate having to do the cooking myself.

동사 ~ing ~ 하러가다

go (a) begging 구걸하며 다니다, 물건을 사는 사람이 없다

go birding 들새 관찰하러 가다

go boating = go for a row 뱃놀이가다

go camping 캠핑 가다

go campaigning 종군하다, 유세하다, 운동하다

We went camping in the mountains last weekend.

go dancing 춤추러 가다

go fishing 낙시하러 가다

go hunting 사냥하러 가다

go nesting = take a nest 새집을 찾으러 가다, 새집에서 알[새끼]를 훔치다

go shooting 사격하러 가다

Dinah’s gone skiing in Aspen.

go shopping 장보러 가다

go skiing 스키타러 가다

go for[have] a blow = air oneself, take an airing 바람 쐬러 가다

go for a drive 드라이브 가다

go for[take, have] a walk = go for[take, have] a stroll, go for a trot 산책하러 가다

go swimming = go for a swim 수영하러 가다

Let’s go swimming to beat the heat.

beat the heat = cool off

Let’s go for a swim before lunch.

We’d been in the sun all day long, so went for a swim to cool off.

in addition to ~ = besides ~ ~외에도

In addition to helping her continue to dedicate her life to helping her community, volunteering also helps keep her mind sharp, Barberena believes.

be busy ~ing ~= busy oneself [one’s hands] with ~. busy oneself (in) ~ing 하느라 바쁘다

Rachel’s is busy studying for her exams.

= Rachel busies herself with studying for her exams.

= Rachel busies herself (ib) studying for her exams.

spend [waste, expend] money [time] (on [in]) ~ing ~하는 데 시간 [돈]을 소비하다[낭비하다]

Much of my time is spent studying financial reports.

Sandy wasted no time (in) getting to know the boss’s daughter.

have difficulty [trouble. struggle, a difficult [hard] time] ~ing = have a job ~ing [to~], take a bit of ~ing ~하는데 어려움을 겪다, 애를 먹다.

We had enough difficulty paying the rent as it is.

I never had any trouble getting to sleep.

I had a job getting him to agree.

I had a job finding the building.

I had an awful job getting that stain out.

keep [stop, prevent, hinder, inhibit, restrain, impede, avert, avoid] a person from ~ing ~을 못하게 하다, 방해하다

Mulligan was the only person who kept us running amok completely.

run amok [amuck] ① (피에 굶주려) 날뛰다, 닥치는 대로 베다 ② 몹시 난폭하게 굴다

Lynn’s parents tried to stop her seeing him.

Lacey has a back injury that may prevent him from playing in tomorrow’s game.

hinder

Being too critical may inhibit a child from asking you things he needs to know.

I had to restrain her from runnig out into the street after him.

impede

avert

avoid

pohibit [ban] a person from ~ing 금하다

Nuclear powers are prohibited from selling this technology.

High costs had prohibited the building work from being completed.

Charlie’s been banned from driving for a year.

far from ~ing ~이기는커녕

Far from studying hard, he did not even open the book. 그는 열심히 공부하기는커녕 책도 펴보지 않았다.

Far from helping the situation, you’ve just made it worse.

be uses to ~ing = be accustomed to ~ing, be habituated to ~ing, be inured to ~ing, be [become] wont to ~에 익숙해 있다

He is used to driving a car. 그는 차 운전에 익숙해 있다.

He’s accustomed to getting up so early. 그는 아주 빨리 일어나는데 익숙해 있다.

Israel has become accustomed to killing.

Over the centuries, these animals have become habituated to living in such a dry environment.

He was wont to read a mystery in bed. 그는 잠자리에서 추리소설을 읽는 버릇이 있었다.

Soaring high into the sky, paragliders are used to enjoying fascinating aerial views of some of the world’s most famous ancient landmarks.

contribute to [toward] = make a contribution to [toward] ~, conduce to ~ ①~ 기부하다 (donate to. make a donation to) ② ~에 기고하다 ③ ~에 이바지 [기여, 공헌]하다

After contributing to a charity, review your bank account and credit card statements to ensure you’ve only been charged the agreed-upon amount.

Ryan Reynolds and Blake Lively, Matt Damon, Hugh Jackman, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Nicole Kidman have also each contributed to the fund with donations of $1 million or more.

Texas Oil tycoons Tim Dunn and Farris Wilks have donated to state politicians and political action committees for decades.

UAM(urban air mobility) core motor drive technology will contribute to solving future urban traffic problems.

A positive attitude can contribute to overcoming life’s challenges.

긍적적 태도는 인생의 난제를 극복하는데 기여할 수 있다.

They will contribute to making the drama.

Day centers for the elderly make a valuable contribution to the overall service

.Would you like to make a contribution to the hospital rebuilding fund?

Last year he donated 10,000 dollars to cancer research.

George Clooney and Meryl Streep have made significant donations to the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) emergency fund as the actors’ strike continues.

forbid a person from ~ ing ~에게 ~을 못하게 하다

Women are forbidden from going out without a veil.

= Women are forbidden to go out without a veil.

He was forbidden from leaving the base as a punishment.

= He was forbidden to leave the base as a punishment.

discharge [deter] a person from ~ing (누구에게) ~을 단념시키다

We ought to be focusing on discouraging kids from smoking.

We developed a new program designed to deter kids from experimenting with drugs.

dissuade a person from ~ing = persuade [talk, argue, reason] a person out of ~ing 설득하여 ~을 못하게 하다

The proper authorities decided to initiate a campaign to dissuade young people from drinking.

Can’t you talk them out of selling the house?

persuade [talk, argue, reason] a person into ~ing = talk a person around to ~ing 설득하여 ~을 하게 하다

Don’t let yourself be persuaded into buying things you don’t really want.

Try to talk Liz into buying a ticket.

She didn’t want to come, but I talked her into it.

Joyce argued me into buying a new jacket.

keen on ~ing ~= keen to ~에 열중하여, ~에 여념이 없는, ~을 아주 좋아하여

I was keen on going swimming.

=I was keen to go swimming. 나는 수영에 열중하였다.

Daniel’s keen on tennis. Daniel은 테니스를 아주 좋아한다.

She’s out of hospital and keen to get back to work. 그녀는 퇴원하여서 복직하려고 여념이 없다.

resign oneself [one’s mind] to ~ing 체념하고 ~하기로 하다.

You must resign yourself to waiting a bit longer.

break [burst] out ~ing = break [burst] into~ 갑자기 ~하기 시작하다

break into tears [laughter, cheers, applause]

The audience burst into applause.

= The audience burst out applauding.

Everyone on the bus burst into song as we got closer to home.

= Everyone on the bus burst out singing as we got closer to home.

Benny suddenly burst into (a rage of) tears.

= Benny suddenly burst out crying tears (ragingly).

They all burst laughing at the expression‎ on her face.

= They all burst into laughter at the expression‎ on her face.

stop short of ~ing ~까지는 않다

Paula stopped just short of accusing me of lying.

be at [go to] the pains of ~ing = be at pains to ~ ~하려고 애쓰다

be at [go to] the trouble of ~ing 일부러 ~하다

go (to) the length of ~ing ~까지도 하다

come close [near] to~ing = come [go] near ~ ing, come within an ace of ~ing 하

마터면 ~할뻔하다

She came close to being run over.

I tell you I was so angry I came close to hitting her.

She came [went] near being run over.그녀는 하마터면 차에 치일뻔 했다.

Samuel came very near (to) rejecting the award before accepting graciously.

She came within an ace of getting the job as Export Manager.

be above ~ing ~하지 않는, ~을 부끄럽게 여기는

She seems to think she’s above doing any homework.

He is above telling lies. 그는 거짓말 하지 않는다.

I'm not above asking questions. 나는 질문하는 것을 부끄럽게 여기지 않는다.

instead of = in place of, in lieu of ~하는 대신에

We should do something instead of just talking about it.

Instead of trying to untangle grief from injustice, I’ve started the practice of radical acceptance.

take time in ~ ing = take time to ~ 시간을 들여 ~ 하다

Don’t let anyone rush you into donating on the phone on the spot; take time to do the proper research.

be bent on ~ing ~하기를 결심하고 있다, ~에 열심이다

We will stand strong together against these powerful corporations who are bent on taking the humanity, the human dignity, even the human out of our profession.

make a point of ~ing ① 반드시 ~ 하다 (make a religion of ~ing, make a practice of ~, make it a point to ~, make it a rule to~, make it religion to~) ② ~을 주장 [강조, 중시]하다

I always make a point of introducing new members to the chairman.

I generally make it a rule to be up by 7.

make a habit of ~ing = make it a habit to ~ ~하는 습관이 있다

I don’t make a habit of letting people into my home, but I know I can count on you.

have a habit of ~ing = be int habit of ~ ~하는 버릇이 있다

Glenna has an annoying habit of talking to herself while she’s working.

talk to oneself

Jeff was in the habit of taking a walk after dinner.

I’m not in the habit of lying to my friends.

form [get, fall into, get into] the habit of ~ing ~하는 버릇이 생기다

She got in the habit of having a drink with us on Fridays.

there is no point in ~ing ~해도 의미[소용] 없다 = what’s the point of ~ing? ~한들 무슨 의미[소용]가 있냐?

There is no point in lying, I’ll find out anyway.

= What’s the point of lying? I’ll find out anyway.

in ~ing ~함에 있어, ~하자마자

In raising money to support her work, Backer made contact with many organizations that were sympathetic to her ideas.

He has no equal in cooking.

No man is a match for him in cooking. 요리에 있어서는 아무도 그를 당할 사람이 없다.

take the liberty of ~ing 실례를 무릅쓰고 ~ 하다

I took the liberty of cancelling the reservation for you.

attend to = pay [give] attention to, pay [give] heed to ~에 주의하다

We paid special attention to harmonizing, listening to each other's voices and focusing on really nailing our harmonies.

take to ~ing ① ~하는 습관이 생기다 ② ~에 정들다, ~이 마음에 들다

Dee’s taken to getting up at 6 and going jogging.

All this bad news is enough to make you take to drink.

I took to Paul as soon as I met him.

be addicted to ~ing ~에 중독되다

Teenagers are addicted to using their smartphones.

He is seriously addicted to these tranqillizers.

They’re kids addicted to computer games.

be equal to ~ing ~을 감당할 수 있다

She’s very weak and not equal to [to making] a long journey.

그녀는 몸이 약해서 장기 여행을 감당할 수 없다.

I’m sure Barbara’s quite equal to the task.

fall to ~ing ~하기 시작하다

When things really started to go wrong, they fell to arguing among themselves.

They fell to work with a will.

admit to ~ ing = confess to ~ing ~, own up to ~ing ~을 고백하다

Shiue admitted to not eating perfectly all the time and having a sweet tooth.

Edwards confessed to being a spy for the KGB.

He confessed to having a secret admiration for his opponent.

No one owned up to breaking the window.

see to ~ing 꼭 ~하게 하다

be related to ~ing = have relevance to ~, have a connection with~, bear [have] relation to ~, bear on ~, have bearing on ~, be connected with ~, be linked to ~, have respect to ~, be concerned with ~과 관계가 있다

according to ~ing ~에 따르면

But no amount of alcohol is safe when it comes to heart health, according to the World Heart Federation.

with relation [respect, regard, reference] to ~ing = in regard of ~, in reference to ~, in relation to ~, relating to ~, relative to ~, about, concerning, as regards, regarding, respecting, (as) touching ~에 관하여

With respect to your other proposals, I am not yet able to give you our decision.

With reference to your recent advertisement, I am writing to request further details.

With [In] regard to future oil supplies, the situation is uncertain.

when it comes to ~ing ~에 대해서 말하자면, ~에 관한 한

She saw that red coloration gives males an advantage when it comes to mating.

prior to = previous to ~ ~에 앞서

Guests can relax in the lounge prior to entering the theater.

All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure.

There was no woman MPs previous to 1945.

superior to ~보다 우수한

The new mark IV engine is superior to its rivals.

inferior to ~보다 열등한

This machine is technically inferior to Western models.

부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사

decide, desire, hope, learn, manage, promise, refuse, wish

I finally managed to persuade her to go out for a drink with me.

동명사를 목적어로 취하는 동사

avoid, carry on, commence, consider, deny, enjoy, finish, give up, go on, keep. keep on, mind, postpone, practice, put off, resist, stand, stop

Organic gardeners try to avoid using pesticides.

This leaflet tells you how to avoid getting ill while travelling.

fall [get, become] ill = be taken ill, fall [get] sick, make oneself ill, catch [suffer from] a disease, come down with a disease 병에 걸리다

Avoid sending funds from payment apps like Venmo or Zelle.

We all carried on singing as if nothing odd was happening.

After we moved I kept driving to the old house out of habit.

out of habit = from habit, habitually 습관적으로

Since I stop taking lessons, I’ve gotten out of the habit of practicing my saxophone.

We won’t let you out unless you stop crying.

As the girl stopped crying, the womanfilming the video picked her up and told her: “If you make any noise again, we’ll come back (to the bathroom).”

He practices running 5 kilo meters every morning. 그는 매일 아침 5킬로 미터 달리기를 한다.

You may commence reading.

bar 금하다

She bars smoking in the room. 그녀는 방에서 담배를 못 피우게 한다.

stop

I wish you two would stop quarrelling.

save

This shirt saves ironing. 이 셔츠는 다림질을 안해도 된다.

grudge ~하기 싫어하다

I grudge going. 나는 가고 싶지 않다.

own to (결점·죄 등을) 인정하다, 자백하다

He owned to having known about it. 그는 그것을 알고 있었다고 자백했다.

I own to being at fault. = I acknowledge my fault. 나는 내가 잘못했다는 것을 인정한다.

at fault ① (사냥개가) 냄새 자취를 잃어((of hounds) unable find the scent) ② 어찌할 바를 모르고, 얼떨떨하여(at a loss, on the horns of a dilemma, in a dilemma, puzzled) ③ 틀려, 잘못하여, 죄가 있어(in fault, open to censure, blameworthy)

acknowledge one’s fault 자기 잘못을 시인하다

동명사 부정사 둘 다를 취하는 동사

1. 의미에 차이가 없는 경우

bear begin, cease, continue, deserve, hate, like, love, neglect, prefer, require ~할 가치가 있다

I cannot bear to see it.

= I cannot bear seeing it. 차마 눈뜨고 볼 수 없다.

The problem deserve solving.

= The problem deserve to be solved. 그 문제는 풀 가치가 있다.

His conduct deserves praising.

= His conduct deserves to be praised.

= His conduct is worthy of praise.

require ~할 필요가 있다

We require to know it.

= We require knowing it. 우리는 그것을 알 필요가 있다.

2. 의미에 차이가 있는 경우

forget

go on

regret

remember

stop

try

So instead of putting our feelings in an unimaginable silo, try relating to us.

.Try to accept life on its own terms and deal with the hand you’re dealt.