|
List of World War II conferences of the Allied forces
Name(CODE NAME) | Location | Dates | Major participants | Major results |
Atlantic Conference (RIVIERA) | Argentia, Newfoundland
| August 9 – 12, 1941 | Churchill, Roosevelt | Atlantic Charter |
Moscow Conference | Moscow, USSR | September 29 – October 1, 1941 | Stalin, Harriman, Beaverbrook | Allied aid to Russia |
Arcadia Conference (ARCADIA)
| Washington, DC | December 22, 1941 – January 14, 1942
| Churchill, Roosevelt
| Europe first, Declaration by the United Nations |
Second Washington Conference | Washington, DC | June 20 – 25, 1942 | Churchill, Roosevelt | Make first priority opening a 2nd front in North African Campaign before cross-English channel invasion |
Second Moscow Conference | Moscow, USSR | August 12 – 17, 1942 | Churchill, Stalin, Harriman | Discuss reasons for North African Campaign over cross-channel invasion |
Cherchell Conference | Cherchell, Algeria | October 21 – 22, 1942 | American General Clark, and Vichy French officers including Charles Mast | A clandestine conference before the Operation Torch landings, in which some Vichy French comanders agreed not to resist the Allied landings in Morocco and Algeria |
Casablanca Conference (SYMBOL) | Casablanca | January 14 – 24, 1943 | Churchill, Roosevelt, de Gaulle, Giraud | Plan Italian Campaign, plan cross channel invasion in 1944, declaration of "unconditional surrender" of Axis, Incitement to unify French fighting authorities of London and Algiers |
Third Washington Conference (TRIDENT) | Washington DC | May 12 – 27, 1943 | Churchill, Roosevelt | Plan Italian Campaign, increase air attacks on Germany, increase war in Pacific |
Quebec Conference (QUADRANT) | Quebec, Canada | August 17 – 24, 1943 | Churchill, Roosevelt, King | D-Day set for 1944, reorganization of South East Asia Command, secret Quebec Agreement to limit sharing nuclear energy info |
Third Moscow Conference | Moscow, USSR | October 18 – November 1, 1943 | Foreign ministers Hull, Eden, Molotov | Joint Four Nation Declaration |
Cairo Conference (SEXTANT) | Cairo | November 23 – 26, 1943 | Churchill, Roosevelt, Chiang Kai-shek | Cairo Declaration for postwar Asia |
Tehran Conference (EUREKA) | Tehran, Iran | November 28 – December 1, 1943 | Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin | First meeting of the Big 3, plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies, set date for Operation Overlord |
Bretton Woods conference | Bretton Woods, USA | July 1 – 15, 1944 | Representatives of 44 nations | Establishes International Monetary Fund and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
Dumbarton Oaks Conference | Washington DC | August 21 – 29, 1944 | Delegates from 39 nations | Stettinius, Cadogan, Gromyko Agreement to established the United Nations |
Second Quebec Conference (OCTAGON) | Quebec, Canada | September 12 – 16, 1944 | Churchill, Roosevelt Morgenthau | Plan for postwar Germany, other war plans |
Fourth Moscow Conference | Moscow, USSR | October 9, 1944 | Churchill, Stalin, Molotov, Eden | Establishing post-war spheres of influence in Eastern Europe, Balkan peninsula |
Malta Conference (ARGONAUT &CRICKET) | Malta | January 30 – February 2, 1945 | Churchill, Roosevelt | preparation for Yalta |
Yalta Conference (ARGONAUT &MAGNETO) | Yalta | February 4 – 11, 1945 | Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin | final plans for defeat of Germany, postwar Europe plans, set date for United Nations Conference, conditions for Russia's entry in war against Japan |
United Nations Conference on International Organization | San Fransisco, USA | April 25 – June 26, 1945 | Representatives of 50 nations | United Nations Charter |
Potsdam Conference (TERMINAL)
| Potsdam, Germany | July 17 – August 2, 1945 | Churchill, Stalin, Truman, Attlee | Potsdam Declaration for unconditional surrender of Japan, Potsdam Agreement on policy for Germany |
Cario 회담
1943. 11 : 카이로 회담(Cairo Conference) - 한국 독립의 최초 약속
1943년 11월 23일에서 27일까지 루스벨트·처칠·장제스(蔣介石) 연합국 수뇌가 이집트의 카이로에서 열었던 회담.
정치문제로는 대일전(對日戰)의 협력에 대해 협의하고 일본의 영토문제에 대해서 연합국의 기본방침을 결정하였고 이러한 방침을 ‘카이로 선언(Cairo Declaration)’으로서 발표하였다. 군사문제에 있어서는 루스벨트와 장제스로부터 미국·영국·중국의 3개국 군에 의한 미얀마의 신작전에 관한 제안이 있었으나 처칠은 영국군 상륙용 주정(舟艇)의 앤다만 제도(諸島)에의 회송(回送)에 반대하여 결정을 보지 못하였다. 또한 북프랑스에 대한 반격을 절대적으로 우선하려 하였던 미국의 구상에 대해 처칠은 이탈리아와 동부 지중해에도 병력의 4할을 투입하자고 제안하였으나 이 역시 결론을 얻지 못하였다.
이 회담에 이어 테헤란회담이 열렸는데 테헤란으로부터의 귀로에 12월 4∼6일 루스벨트와 처칠은 또다시 카이로에서 터키 대통령 이노뉴와 함께 터키의 참전(參戰) 문제 등을 논의하였다. 이를 제2차 카이로회담이라고도 한다.
루스벨트의 신탁통치 구상은 카이로선언에서 한국의 독립에 관한 유보 단서를 통해 공식 표명됐다. 1943년 11월22일부터 26일까지 카이로에서 열린 루스벨트, 처칠, 장제스의 3거두(巨頭) 회담은 12월1일 한국의 독립을 지지한다는 내용이 포함된 공동선언을 발표하면서 ‘때가 오면’이라는 단서를 달았다. ‘전기 3대 동맹국은 한국인의 노예상태에 유의해, 때가 오면 한국을 자유 독립케 할 것을 결정한다.’
‘때가 오면’이라는 단서에 의한 한국독립의 유보는 곧 루스벨트의 신탁통치구상을 의미하는 것이었다. 스탈린도 루스벨트의 신탁통치 구상에 동의했다.
The Cairo Conference (codenamed "SEXTANT") of November 22-November 26, 1943, held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed the Allied position against Japan during World War II and made decisions about postwar Asia. The meeting was attended by President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China.
The Cairo Declaration was signed on 27 November 1943, and released in an Cairo Communiqué through radio on 1 December 1943, stating the Allies' intentions to continue deploying brutal military force until Japan's unconditional surrender. The three main clauses of the Cairo Declaration are that "Japan be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the First World War in 1914", "all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China", and that "in due course Korea shall become free and independent".
The legitimacy of the Cairo Declaration has been challenged by the movement of Taiwan independence in recent years. Some supporters of Taiwan independence claim that it is merely a trivial press release, holding no legal meaning. On another hand, supporters of Chinese reunification insists the Cairo Declaration is a legitimate historical document, given the fact that it was cited by clause eight of the Potsdam Declaration and referred to by the Japanese Instrument of Surrender.
The Cairo Declaration was signed at Cairo, Egypt on November 27, 1943 by President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China. The Cairo Communiqué was broadcasted through radio on December 1, 1943. The Cairo Declaration is cited in Clause Eight (8) of the Potsdam Declaration, which is referred by the Japanese Instrument of Surrender.
Summary
While proponents for Taiwan Independence argue that the document is simply a statement of intent and non-binding as it is not signed, the Cairo Declaration provides important insights into the intentions of the parties that signed the Potsdam Declaration, the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, and the Treaty of Peace between Japan and China. The main points of the document are:
The Allies insisted the deployment of brutal military force until unconditional surrender of Japan.
Japan should return all the territories stolen from the Chinese since the beginning of the first World War in 1914.
Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China.
Korea shall become free and independent.
Cairo Declaration
(Declaration of the Three Powers-Great Britain, the United States and China regarding Japan.)
Signed at Cairo, November 27, 1943
President Roosevelt, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Prime Minister Mr. Churchill, together with their respective military and diplomatic advisers, have completed a conference in North Africa.
The following general statement was issued :
"The several military missions have agreed upon future military operations against Japan. The Three Great Allies expressed their resolve to bring unrelenting pressure against their brutal enemies by sea, land, and air. This pressure is already rising.
"The Three Great Allies are fighting this war to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan. They covet no gain for themselves and have no thought of territorial expansion. It is their purpose that Japan shall be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the first World War in 1914, and that all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China. Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which she has taken by violence and greed. The aforesaid three great powers, mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, are determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent.
"With these objectives in view the three Allies, in harmony with those of the United Nations at war with Japan, will continue to persevere in the serious and prolonged operations necessary to procure the unconditional surrender of Japan."
포츠담선언 the Potsdam Declaration (of 1945)
1945년 7월 26일 독일 포츠담에서 미국 대통령 F.D. 루스벨트, 영국 총리 W.L.S. 처칠, 중화민국 총통 장제스[蔣介石(장개석)] 등이 모여 일본의 무조건 항복을 최종적으로 통첩한 선언. 즉 <포츠담항복권고최후통첩(Potsdam Surrender Ultimatum)>이다. 이 선언 후 1945년 8월 15일 일본은 무조건 항복하고 연합국은 승리를 거두었다.
<포츠담선언>은 1943년 11월 27일의 <카이로선언>을 재확인하면서 무조건 항복의 조건을 제시하였다. 주요 내용은 ① 무책임한 군국주의를 축출하고 ② 연합국은 일본령 내에 기본목적달성시까지 진주하며 ③ 일본의 주권은 혼슈[本州(본주)]·홋카이도[北海道(북해도)]·규슈[九州(구주)] 및 시코쿠[四國(사국)](기타 도시는 연합국이 별도로 결정)에만 국한시키고 ④ 일본군대는 완전 무장해제하며 ⑤ 일본정부는 민주주의적 경향을 강화하는 데에 일체의 장애를 제거하고 기본적인 인권을 존중, 확립해야 하며 ⑥ 일본 정부가 일본군의 무조건 항복을 선언하지 않으면 완전한 파멸이 있으며 ⑦ 한국의 독립 약속 등이다.
|