동명사구 예문

[soso]

동명사구 예문

동사에서 파생된 준동사인 동명사/구는 자체의 성격은 동사성격이지만

문장 구조상의 역할은 명사이고

구조상 명사만이 쓰이는 자리인 주어, 보어, 목적, 목보 및 전목으로 쓰인다

동사성격 특성상

준동사의 자동/타동 성격에 따라 자체의 술부를 포함하여 주어만 빠진 5개 형식으로 구성되고

명사역할 특성상

준동사구 성격상 이 동명사구 전체가 명사 역할을 하므로 '~이기/하기'로 해석된다

같은 준동사인 부정사는 잠정/미래/추측 특성이 있지만

동명사는 실재적인 일에나 과거일에 쓰이는 것이 부정사와는 다른 특성이고

We stopped to eat. 먹기위해 멈추다

We stopped eating. 먹는것을 멈추다

같은 v-ing 형태인 현분사/구는 명사수식인 형용사 역할이므로 명사와 수식관련을 지어야 하는 수식어지만

동명사는 명사 대용으로 쓰이므로 구조상 명사 역할로 명사자리에 쓰이는 역할상의 차이가 있다

[A man wearing a mask walks on the street.

Wearing a mask in public is not good.

주어를 수식하는 보어로 v-ing 가 쓰인 경우는

분사나 동명사 둘 다 똑같은 구조에 쓰이므로

의미상 주어 + be + v-ing 구조에서 v-ing 는 현분사의 형역이나 진행형 아니면 동명사 셋중 하나다

동명사는 명사라 주어를 다른 명사로 재 설명하는 경우에 쓰이고

현분사는 진행동작 아니면 주어의 능동적인 상태를 설명하는 형용사적인 역할이라

서로 의미상의 차이가 있다

His hobby is collecting stamps.

He is collecting stamps.

He is interesting.

하여 먼저 동명사인지 현분사인지 구별을 확실히 이해한 후에 해석으로 가야 한다

필수요소로 쓰인 동명사/구

가. 주어 Subject;

Censoring rap lyrics is not the answer to our moral problems.

It’s just that answering email is so darn attractive. It offers a satisfying double hit of blazing through my to-do list and fulfilling my need to be nice and please you.

I realize that letting four or five days go by before responding to you is actually not a big deal.

Answering these questions honestly will be worth your time, truth and tears /for an encounter /with true love and new life found in Christ alone.

For many Christians, “devotional” and “theology” are two incompatible words,

as if [diving deep into theological truth] is the stuff of the “head,”

while [walking with God] is more a matter of the “heart.

I was also reminded and convicted that looking at and longing for what other people have, are, and do is NOT God’s best for me.

나. 주격보어 Subject  complement  ;

진행형 같지만 주어가 진행할 수 있는 동작이 아니므로 보어/동명사

My hobby is collecting stamps.

My job is pumping gas at the gas station.

***진행형은 현제형 동사로 고쳐도 의미가 통하나

    동명사는 의미불통이 되는 것으로 구별된다

My hobby is collecting stamps.

My hobby collects stamps. (X) 취미가 우표를 수집한다

He is collecting stamps.

He collects stamps. (O) 그가 우표를 수집한다

Our favorite mountain activity was tubing.

  Ricardo’s mistake was considering Ann trustworthy. (5형식 동명사구) 

The goal in life is putting in enough time to retire and relax.

 
Perhaps the best news for you and your family is simply knowing that you are never alone:

Yet [all I could think of] was [being somewhere else].

What are you connected to /right now //that could be disconnecting you from God?

[The “reward” for this obsessiveness] was being among the first people /to make a living and a career /out of what has been called “Web 2.0.” He turned [being a blogger] /into a being a “brand.”

다. 직목 Direct object;

The law forbids putting hazardous materials in the garbage.

I want to stop feeling guilty for needing time to reply. I want to stop apologizing for the delay.

I don't call [being left behind] [living alone].

To be honest, I was contemplating taking my life.

Preschool children enjoy winning stickers for their achievements

[The “reward” for this obsessiveness] was being among the first people /to make a living and a career /out of what has been called “Web 2.0.” He turned [being a blogger] /into a being a “brand.”

라. 4형식의 간목 Indirect object;   드물게 쓰임

You might give regular studying  [a try].

마. 5형식의 목적; 드물게 쓰임

I don't call [being left behind] [living alone].

바. 목보 ; 드믈게 쓰임

I don't call [being left behind] [living alone].

We have done this through the poets and novelists /by persuading the humans //that a curious, and usually short-lived, experience //which they call ‘being in love’ is the only respectable ground for marriage

Ms. Jones considers [tardiness] being more than five minutes late for class.

How can you call [this nonsense] writing creatively?

you may work round-the-clock /at your own creative endeavor and love it, which would be ideal.
[Some] may even call [it] [living the dream].

They call [working round-the-clock /at your own creative endeavor and loving it] [living the dream].


* 실제일 표현에 쓰이는 동명사

실제적인 일에 잠재성의 부정사 보다는 동명사를 쓰는게 자연스러운건

부정사의 동작은 잠재나 미래 특성상 당장에 하는 일이 아닌 추론적 혹은 앞으로 '할' 일에 쓰이나

동명사는 진행동작에서 유추된 준동작이라 실제일이나 이미한 과거일에 쓰인다

    Learning is important. normal subject

    To learn is important. abstract subject - less common

    The most important thing is learning. normal complement

사. 전목 Object of   preposition; 

But by doing so, I’m making their time more important than my time.

It’s just that answering email is so darn attractive. It offers a satisfying double hit of blazing through my to-do list and fulfilling my need to be nice and please you.

I realize that letting four or five days go by before responding to you is actually not a big deal.

 The boss raised morale 사기진작 by working alongside the employees.

But money itself—perhaps one valued it /chiefly /as a defence against chance,

a security /for being able to have things over again, a means of arresting the unrolling of the film.

For a checklist-loving girl, there’s nothing quite /as frustrating /as feeling (that) you’re getting nothing accomplished.

                                        분사구     전구/부

처음 as 는 부사 다음 as 는 전치사 ; /as frustrating 은 분사구 /as feeling 은 전치사구

Now, imagine if he’d discussed the chilling effect around questioning evolution.

아. 동격구 Appositive;

Dale’s hobby, restoring old clocks, became a nice little business.

(Dale’s hobby = restoring old clocks)

He gave them work to do: cultivating and caring for the earth.

(work to do = cultivating and caring for the earth)

예문

   Reading should not be a substitution for action.  (Subject)

    No one appreciates his cursing.  (Direct object)

   Simon’s favorite pastime is driving. (Subject complement)

    He was fired for sleeping on the job. (Object of the preposition)

   Dieting makes me irritable.

   Monte recommends practicing English every day.

    Our worst mistake was trusting the used-car salesman. 

   Bettina scolded Beverly for fearing the dark.

   Cooking in the wilderness can be a challenge.

   Brian’s worst fear is losing his hair.

   Stephen says ballroom dancing is for sissies.

   Some students fail courses because of studying too little. 

1. Declaring war has always been a prerogative of Congress.주어

   전쟁선포하는것은 항상 상원의 권한이었다

2. Some experts advocate letting forest fires burn unchecked unless they

pose a direct danger to human life and property. 목적

3. Don’s favorite activities are reaching for potato chips and pressing the

remote. 보어

4. My most stressful memory is of having been chased by a Rottweiler. 전목

5. My job, parking cars at the Sheraton, gives me a chance to drive many

fancy models. 동격구

6. Some people credit Edward de Vere with having written the plays attributed

to William Shakespeare.

7. “Even voting for the right is doing nothing for it. It is merely expressing

to men feebly your desire that it should prevail.”Henry

    I admit losing the combination to the safe.

    I advise finding a good lawyer.

    I don't anticipate waiting very much longer.

    I appreciate hearing a good joke.

    I avoid flying as much as I can.

    Would you consider selling your share of the company?

    We will delay signing an agreement.

    I deny saying that.

    We must discuss hiring more people.

    I dislike eating alone.

    I enjoy talking with new people.

    I fear losing his confidence.

    When I finish typing this, I'll help you.

    I gave up explaining my position to them.

    I often go dancing.

    I can't help thinking that we could have done better.

    I can't imagine spending that much money.

    Business trips involve waiting in airports and staying in hotels.

    They keep saying that, but they don't do anything about it.

    Did I mention seeing him yesterday?

    I don't mind working on the weekend.

    I will miss seeing you around.

    They postponed starting construction until next year.

    You should practice using set phrases.

    I quit smoking six years ago.

    I recall meeting him a long time ago.

    I don't recollect being there.

    I recommend having the New York steak.

    I resent having to sign in each morning.

    I couldn't resist telling them.

    We should not risk losing their trust.

    I hope they stop making so much noise so I can get some sleep.

    He suggested starting my own agency.

    They won't tolerate trading insider information.

Gerunds ; word having the characteristics of both verb and noun

A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.
Gerund as subject:

    * Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)
    * The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The gerund has been removed.)

        being annoying or rude is often what most gets on their nerves about their brothers or sisters.
        hitting and hurting is never OK.

Gerund as direct object:

    * They do not appreciate my singing. (The gerund is singing.)
    * They do not appreciate my assistance. (The gerund has been removed)

Gerund as subject complement:

    * My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (The gerund is sleeping.)
    * My cat's favorite food is salmon. (The gerund has been removed.)

Gerund as object of preposition:

      Alaina, 9, wishes she could stop screaming and crying when she gets angry with her older brother.

    * The police arrested him for speeding. (The gerund is speeding.)
    * The police arrested him for criminal activity. (The gerund has been removed.)

A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the gerund, such as:

The gerund phrase functions as the subject of the sentence.
Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do.

Finding (gerund)
a needle (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
in a haystack (prepositional phrase as adverb)

The gerund phrase functions as the direct object of the verb appreciate.
I hope that you appreciate my offering you this opportunity.

my (possessive pronoun adjective form, modifying the gerund)
offering (gerund)
you (indirect object of action expressed in gerund)
this opportunity (direct object of action expressed in gerund)

The gerund phrase functions as the subject complement.
Newt's favorite tactic has been lying to his constituents.
**주어가 사람이 아니니 진행형으로 보이나 아님

lying to (gerund)
his constituents (direct object of action expressed in gerund)

The gerund phrase functions as the object of the preposition for.
You might get in trouble for faking an illness to avoid work.

faking (gerund)
an illness (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
to avoid work (infinitive phrase as adverb)

The gerund phrase functions as the subject of the sentence.
Being the boss made Jeff feel uneasy.

Being (gerund)
the boss (subject complement for Jeff, via state of being expressed in gerund)

GERUND PHRASE

Gerunds, verbals that end in -ing and that act as nouns, frequently are associated with modifiers and complements in a gerund phrase. These phrases function as units and can do anything that a noun can do. Notice that other phrases, especially prepositional phrases, are frequently part of the gerund phrase.

    * Cramming for tests is not a good study strategy. [gerund phrase as subject]
    * John enjoyed swimming in the lake after dark. [gerund phrase as object]
    * I'm really not interested in studying biochemistry for the rest of my life. [gerund phrase as object of the preposition in ]


동명사

Getting teased is never fun
Noticing your first crush is an exciting time in life because you're beginning to understand how it feels to like another personmostly it was about just being active and having fun because I loved it.
they feel confident about doing so.”
Single gender programs are about maximizing the learning. 남녀분리 학습 실험
never remove a DVD from its package simply by prying up the outer edge of the disc.

Decreasing the recording speed ensures a more exact burn with better laser response.

Repairing and maintaining your stove can seem intimidating,
A 51-year-old man in northern Wisconsin died from exposure after wandering from his Hayward home early Tuesday,

the weather service lifted blizzard warnings early Tuesday as the snow moved eastward.

angry investors who accuse him of stealing potentially millions in savings they entrusted to him.


Have you ever considered becoming a Police Officer?
. At some point of your studying, you should really consider picking up something
Criminal convictions will prevent you from becoming a police officer


And there are the guardians of Las Vegas' image, the ad execs tasked with making sure tourists still want to come here.
Pulling that handle starts a reaction so violent and dangerous that pilots do it only when they are certain the alternative is much worse.
Misha Marshall finished loading her pickup
 Don't bother putting sunscreen on Randy
swimming with a dolphin was my best shot
But there's no dancing around the fact that Daddy's going.
Pausch acknowledged his disease but refused to dwell on it. Instead, he delivered a stunningly upbeat, joke-filled lecture about the importance of achieving your childhood dreams, managing time, and, above all, loving every minute of life.

Endris took to focusing on the positive from that August day.
so his mother, who retired from nursing in 2001, could care for him.
"There's no other feeling that even comes close."
Endris lived for the adrenaline rush that came with outracing a roaring wave, the cold salty spray stinging his face as he barreled underneath the curving white water.
He enjoyed keeping his own hours -- leaving time for daily surf runs and for hanging out with friends on weekends.
It was tedious work, like doing a jigsaw puzzle."
a 66-year-old man died after being attacked by a great white while swimming far south of the Red Triangle, in waters north of San Diego.
But that didn't stop the thief from opening more accounts in Karen's name.
Fog started to roll in as Pugh headed for the final marker,

She berated for missing possible warning signs.
She knew nothing about fund-rasing or writing grant applications.

We are so used to getting what we want online.
Expressing anger doesn't usually change people's behavior.

If you start screaming and yelling, they write you off as someone who would never be pleased anyway.
Walking has to do with exploration, a way of accommodating myself, of feeling at home.

setting foot in a street makes it yours in a way that driving down it never does.

There is a big difference between waiting on the side of highway for an ambulance and shivering on the side of a remote river.

Filling out online forms will usually get you the by-the-book reply.
Our tellers routinely press you into opening new accounts because their jobs depend on it.

you can't control your spending.
Postdating a check rarely work.

Assisting you has been my pleasure.
I prefer looking things up in books.
Pretending to be someone else is a big part of his job.
Keeping clean is FBI-speak for making sure an agent has not been tailed.
Writing every day is a small proce

Some experts suggest sipping water (or iced tea) just before you sit down to a meal. Continue drinking as you eat to add volume and weight to your meal.
Top weight-loss programs advocate stopping after the first 10 pounds and maintaining that loss for about six months before trying to lose any more.
Saving these things brings us closer together as human beings," says Wittman, explaining why he goes to work every day.
People who start by focusing on achieving just 10% of their long-range weight-loss goal may have the best chance of ultimate success.
So if you crave something sweet, you're better off chewing it than gulping it.
Eating on the run or in front of the tube invites mindless munching.

Placing a portion of chips on your best china helps focus your attention so you don't eat the whole bag.
Tell yourself you can succeed in losing weight by taking things one step at a time and starting fresh whenever you slip up.
But training in a pool and slogging up and down blue-tiled lanes quickly bored him.
I like looking over my shoulder and feeling a bit scared,"
"It was like diving into the water and coming up into a whole new world,"
His techniques include blocking negative thoughts with powerful music
The sea temperature was 29 degrees, a fraction above the freezing point of salt water.
Pulling the handle fired initiation cartridges that sent gas spewing through a system of tubing in the seat. In turn, that released a high-tension spring, tightening the harness and leg straps, yanking the flier into position.

Doing your own faucet repair may seem daunting
In fact, the hardest step is usually finding the right replacement parts.
  I know. But I regret doing that.

 Why don't we try quitting together?

Question
the marketers keep adjusting their pitch:


Is this worth doing?
And the ground kept coming.
Once Endris was back in his Marina apartment, he began having a recurring nightmare:

***Some verbs can be followed by the -ing form or the infinitive without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start.

    * It started to rain.
    * It started raining.
    * I like to play tennis.
    * I like playing tennis.

test;

1. Dan enjoys reading science fiction.

2. Cheryl suggested a movie after work.

3. I miss working in the travel industry. Maybe I can get my old job back.

4. Where did you learn to speak Spanish? Was it in Spain or in Latin America?

5. Do you mind helping me translate this letter?

6. He asked to talk to the store manager.

7. You've never mentioned living in Japan before. How long did you live there?

8. If he keeps coming to work late, he's going to get fired!

9. Debbie plans to study abroad next year.

10. I agreed to help Jack wash his car.


1. I hope to graduate from college next June.

2. The models practiced walking with a book balanced on their heads.

3. Mandy has promised to take care of our dog while we are on vacation.

4. Mr. Edwards chose to accept the management position in Chicago rather than the position in Miami.

5. I don't know what she wants to do tonight. Why don't you ask her?

6. Frank offered to help us paint the house.

7. Sandra decided to study economics in London.

8. Witnesses reported seeing the bank robber as he was climbing out of the second-story window.

9. Stephanie dislikes working in front of a computer all day.

10. Mrs. Naidoo appears to be the most qualified person for the job.

1. Eliza recommended eating in a dim sum restaurant while we're in Hong Kong.

2. I demand to talk to the manager of the hotel immediately.

3. My grandmother recalled seeing a plane for the very first time when she was six.

4. She claims to be related to George Washington, but I don't believe her.

5. This broken bicycle needs fixing before someone can ride it.

6. I can't understand driving such a big car when gas prices are so high, not to mention what it does to the environment.

7. She refused to speak to me after our fight.

8. The wilderness adventure course lasts ten days and involves hiking more than fifty miles through rugged mountainous terrain.

9. Don't hesitate to ask for help if you don't understand the directions.

10. She managed to communicate with them, even though she didn't speak their language.


1. She pretended to be a student in order to get a student discount.

2. She waited to see what would happen next.

3. The child denied stealing the piece of candy.

4. We fully intend to pay you for all the work you have done for us.

5. You seem to be a little distracted. Is everything alright?

6. Laura and Ed discussed moving to the city to find work; however, in the end, they decided against relocating.

7. She refused to admit that she had made a mistake.

8. After his accident last year, he would never consider buying another motorcycle.

9. Margaret just happened to find the lost car keys while she was looking for something else.

10. He never admitted having the wild party while his parents were out of town.

 1. Jackie tends to arrive late on Mondays, but our boss doesn't seem to care about that very much.

2. She imagined lying on a tropical beach under a palm tree.

3. The winner of the local competition gets to participate in a national competition in Washington D.C.

4. We don't anticipate having any more technical problems during the concert tour.

5. Debbie failed to notice her credit card lying on the ground.

6. The politician swore to serve the people honestly and with pride, but the scandal revealed that the promise was little more than a lie.

7. Mr. Shinohara recollected working with his father on his family's fishing boat when he was a young child.

8. The medical team deserves to receive the award for their volunteer work in sub-Saharan Africa.

9. I really appreciate having the opportunity to take part in this project and to work with such an excellent team.

10. She delayed submitting her application until just one week before the deadline.


1. Everybody arranged to meet at the train station 30 minutes before the train departed.

2. Simona resisted speaking Italian during her English training program in London. She wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to improve her English.

3. Do you care to join us later for dinner? We are meeting at Tony's Italian Restaurant downtown.

4. We waited to see what would happen next, but nothing happened.

5. Julius vowed to return to his home country once again to see the village where he and his family had lived before the war.

6. Diana yearns to travel to far off, exotic destinations.


7. When she got through reading her book, she laid it on the table next to the bed and went to sleep.


8. They expected to arrive much earlier, but their plane was delayed in Paris.

9. Michael postponed cleaning the bathroom as long as possible. He hates cleaning!

10. How can you defend saying such terrible things to him?


1. Bill agreed to meet us at the restaurant at 8:30, but he never showed up.

2. Jennifer practiced pronouncing the word until she sounded just like a native speaker.

3. Our art teacher encouraged experimenting with different colors.

4. Dana hopes to save enough money to travel around Europe for three months. It's her dream.

5. Dancing is her life. That is why Susan moved to New York to study dancing professionally.

6. Constance plans to take part in the marathon next spring.

7. I can't help wondering how my grandmother's life would have been different if she had been able to go to college.

8. The doctor advised seeing a specialist about the problem.

9. Swimming helped me strengthen my injured leg.

10. After the tsunami, Bette chose to stay in Indonesia and work with a relief organization.


1. Reading is a great way to relax. I love to sit back and enjoy a good book.

2. Why do you always get to be first? I want to go first this time!

3. When you're in Prague, I recommend walking from the Charles Bridge to the castle at night.

4. Susanne just happened to be in the restaurant when Julia Roberts walked in! Can you believe that?

5. Eye specialists urge taking frequent breaks while using the computer for extended periods of time.

6. I thought you knew nothing about cars. Where did you learn to change a flat tire?

7. My favorite thing is floating on my back in the sea.

8. The Egyptology course requires participating in six months of field studies near Luxor, Egypt.

9. The nurse risked getting the disease from her patient, but she continued to treat him until he had fully recovered.

10. Dad, you promised to take us to the beach today. When are we going to go to the beach?


 1. He expects to finish his studies next summer.

2. National park officials do not permit entering the park without an official guide. You can hire one at the park office.

3. He offered to carry her books on the way home.

4. The archaeologist reported finding a large, previously unknown pyramid deep in the jungle.

5. Samantha keeps forgetting to send us the documents. We need to have them by next week!

6. Felix decided not to accept the position in Miami because he wanted to stay in New York.

7. Exercising and eating right can help you live a long and healthy life.

8. The refugees risked being captured as they tried to escape through the mountains.

9. You have to wait forever at the doctor's office. I suggest taking a good book to help kill time.

10. Mr. Miller asked to be included in the meeting with the new clients.


1. After his insulting comments, I thought Jack deserved to be fired.

2. Max avoided using his cell phone when other people were in the room.

3. We arranged to have a taxi pick us up and take us to the airport.

4. I resent being treated like a servant in my own home!

5. Frank completed building the new barn last week. Next, he is going to paint it red.

6. Don't worry, I don't mind making dinner. I think I'll make fish with steamed vegetables, and a big salad on the side!

7. Crying, the mother looked into the television camera and said, "Society will no longer tolerate drinking and driving."

8. Karen and Neil would like to try that new dance club downtown. It's supposed to have one of the largest dance floors in the world.

9. I can't see buying a car when you don't even have a driver's license. That doesn't make any sense!

10. When do you wish to begin, now or later?



1. I can't stand her complaining all the time.

2. Our teacher won't allow us to use dictionaries during the test.

3. We advised him to take a taxi instead of walking to the restaurant.

4. The city doesn't allow parking along curbs painted red.

5. She prefers my making dinner because she doesn't like to cook.

6. I hope you don't mind my smoking while you eat.

7. John is never on time to work! I hate his arriving late every day.

8. Sarah urged me to vote in the next election.

9. He needs to get a visa extension immediately. The authorities won't permit him to stay in the country without a visa.

10. Travel agents usually advise reconfirm‎ing flight bookings three days before departure.


1. I enjoy not having to get up so early in the morning. Sleeping in is great!

2. Nancy proposed our having a picnic at the beach.

3. Do you wish to continue, or would you like to stop now?

4. His car needs washing. It looks like it hasn't been washed in years.

5. Smokers risk getting several smoking related illnesses.

6. The astronomer told us not to look into the sun during the eclipse.

7. I wish she would just quit complaining all the time.

8. Leslie hired someone to repair her fence.

9. She resisted taking advice from her coworkers.

10. Linda regretted not going to her high school reunion.


1. They urged the hikers to watch out for bears.

2. Denise resented not having the opportunity to work and advance her career.

3. The policeman ordered the driver to stop his car.

4. He threatened to leave forever.

5. After he finished watching the show, he turned off the TV and went to bed.

6. The banker advised his clients to invest for retirement.

7. Mr. Johnson won't tolerate our being late to class.

8. Do you prefer Ester's helping you or my helping you?

9. I go snowboarding every year. I love winter sports.

10. Frederick and I discussed the computer's costing more than we can afford.



1. She promised to go / him to go to the doctor as soon as she returned home.

2. Franne encouraged me to apply for the job.

3. She wants to study / her daughter to study more.

4. She neglected to mention all the facts.

5. The food caused her to get sick.

6. We expect to start / her to start soon.

7. Sam chose to begin / me to begin the meeting.

8. I tried to email the picture, but it didn't work.

9. Laurelle reminded me to lock the door.

10. I would like to take / the group to take the train.


동명사 or 부정사

동명사
***진행 형태이므로 과거부터 현재까지 진행된것으로 보아 과거나 현재일에 쓰이나 미래일은 부정사로 쓰임

다움 forum; 여기서 중요한 것은, 동명사와 부정사의 차이 점이에요. 이것을 이해하시면 위의 딜레마를 이해하실 수 있으세요. 동명사란 과거에서 현재 지금까지의 행위를 표현하는, 즉 현재와 과거를 포함한 동작을 말하는 표현입니다. 현재 진행형에서도 ...ing 를 붙이는 이유가 여기 있더라구요. 반면에 부정사 (unique infinitive 와 to infinitive 모두를 통칭해서) 는 현재 싯점에서 아주 가까운 미래에서 먼 미래를 의미하는 표현입니다.

I forgot to do my homework. I forgot my homework. 둘 다 쓰이는걸 보았구요 해석은 숙제 하는걸 잊어버렸다. 숙제를 잊었다. I forgot doing my homework 는 숙제 했는데 그 했다는 사실을 잊었다는 말이라합니다.

I know (that) I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it. (= I locked it, and now I remember this)

why Hispanic adolescents tend to start using drugs earlier than non-Hispanic Whites or African
I am pretty excited to start going to the meetings.
more defense lawyers like Lopez will start blogging about their trials.
The United States of America also needs to start paying attention to the Americas.
We need to start showing, both through our words and through our deeds, that we are not...
We need to start taking human rights in Africa particularly seriously,
. if you start thinking negative before you even do anything, you're already half defeated.
The key question is whether Russia--when faced with a unified West--will start to look for common ground.
when I'm out in the street I just start walking and praying "
 Possibly the best thing social workers and educators can do with these findings is to start to think about practice as a lifetime journey of struggle against larger structures,
archaeologists first learn about the discovery of artifacts when they start flooding the black market.
AQI, meanwhile, became more brutal and indiscriminate, forcing the tribes to start defending themselves.
So that is a relief and from there you can start protecting yourself.
we'd raze the place and start growing corn.
Then they start crunching numbers.
Start buying eight-ounce filets from your supplier instead and you spend $2.50 less per dish.
we anticipate the checks they're going to start moving out of Washington.
The checks will start going out in the second week of May.
' Icouldn't wait to get out of those braces and start running.'
Texan who has bought the land next to Albert's and is looking to start drilling on it.
we start developing the desirable varieties through crosses and selection.

Ms. Wang said.' We have to start fixing dozens of buildings and then hundreds.
When such candidates finish college and start teaching, they will take their anxiety to their classrooms.
It is time to start listening to the growing chorus of activists and organizations in developing countries
when people without diagnosed disorders start using powerful psychoactive medications to help them focus
Yet, it is important to start considering the possible effects of climate change on current decisions
This would give Beijing an immediate incentive to start reducing emissions below current projections,
I need to start moving around randomly &; not be so stationed. "
and adopting a less confrontational approach might be the only way to persuade China to start cooperating.
So they'll have time to start scrambling around.
you pick a fight with that one over there and you start crying over there.
You start throwing things around and you start having fits.
we ought to start acting like the party of Lincoln,


부정사와 비교
One can start to identify headers, top plates, sole plates, cripple studs,
What is worse, boys somehow seem too notice that and start to assume a controlling attitude, interrupting girls and demanding more from teachers
It is when this happens that what we call insurrectional patterns of mobilization start to become distinguishable from other patterns.

When you move into middle management, people start to shut themselves down to you..
Move enough entrees, and even pennies start to matter.
They start to pay attention to the natural cycles that pattern their own experience.
Booties that start to slip or that develop holes are quickly adjusted or changed.

we only need to start to use our Indigenous languages to frame our thoughts,

동명사구 예문

주어
Talking is how you spread your thoughts, ideas, and experiences to people around you.
I think actually creating a brand new trick can come from anywhere.

Being part of a family means everyone pitches in and tries to make life better for each other.
A gentle brushing will do the job.
buying alcohol for underage drinkers is illegal and wrong.
And when we do that, winning and losing take care of themselves."

 Telling a grown-up who can help is not gossiping.
Talking to other relatives, a teacher, a school counselor, or any adult you trust about the fighting can be important.

Having arguments once in a while can be healthy if it helps people get feelings out in the open instead of bottling them up inside.

Seeing parents upset and out of control can make kids feel unprotected and scared.

보어
"What I hope we're doing is sending kids into life who know that every day means something."


목적
I started competing and winning competitions.
Try to avoid talking about stuff that would embarrass another person.
Having arguments once in a while can be healthy if it helps people get feelings out in the open instead of bottling them up inside.
We have casino executives that started working in their 20s and 30s that are now in their 40s and 50s

전치사의 목적

Having arguments once in a while can be healthy if it helps people get feelings out in the open instead of bottling them up inside.
Hey, thanks for letting me use the bathroom when I was working in your yard last week.
Sometimes parents' fighting may go too far, and include pushing and shoving, throwing things, or hitting.

The good news about disagreeing is that afterward people usually understand each other better and feel closer.
Access the condenser fan by rolling the fridge away from the wall and removing the lower back cover with a screwdriver.

We don't talk about winning and losing. We talk about getting a little better every day, about being the best we can be, about being a team.

http://www.iei.uiuc.edu/structure/structure1/gerinfvbs.html

VERBS THAT CAN HAVE INFINITIVE OR GERUND OBJECTS,
with little or no difference in meaning:
____ studying.
____ to study.
can afford
can't bear
begin     cease
commence
continue     dread
hate
like     loathe
love
neglect     prefer
propose
(can't) stand     start
undertake

VERBS THAT CAN HAVE GERUND OBJECTS, BUT NOT INFINITIVES:
(usually actual events, often past)
_____ (his) studying
gerund subjects (agents) are usually possessive (his , etc.)
admit
anticipate
appreciate
avoid
complete
consider
defend
delay     deny
detest
discuss
dislike
enjoy
escape
excuse his
finish     get through
give up
go on
can't help
imagine
involve
keep (on)
would like (him)     mention
(not) mind
miss
postpone
practice
put off
quit
recall     recollect
recommend
report
resent
resist
resume
risk
(can't) see     stop
suggest
take up
tolerate
understand

VERBS THAT CAN HAVE INFINITIVE OBJECTS, BUT NOT GERUNDS:
(often suggesting a potential or unreal event)
_______ to study
him = infinitive must have a subject (agent)
for him = infinitive must have a subject introduced by for
(him) or (for him) = subject (agent) of infinitive is optional
(none of the above = verb is followed directly by the infinitive)
agree
aim
appear
appoint him
arrange (for him)
authorize him
ask (him)
beg (him)
(not) care
cause him
challenge him
choose (him)
claim     command him
condescend
consent
convince him
dare (him)
decide
demand
deserve
desire
direct him
enable him
endeavor
expect (him)     fail
force him
get (him)
happen
hesitate
hire him
help him
hope
instruct him
intend
invite him
lead him
learn     long
manage
motivate him
need (him)
oblige him
offer
order him
pay him
persuade him
plan
prepare (him)
pretend
proceed     promise
refuse
remind him
resolve
seem
select him
send him
strive
struggle
swear
tell him
tend
threaten     train him
trust him
volunteer
vow
wait (for him)
want (him)
warn him
wish (him)
yearn

VERBS THAT CAN HAVE INFINITIVE OR GERUND OBJECTS,
but with a difference in meaning:

   
________ studying
actual:
first it happens; then there is mental activity)
   
________ to study.
potential:
first there is mental activity about a possible future event)
attempt
forget
mean
regret
remember
try
    do it, hoping for success
do it, then have a mental lapse
it exists, it has a significance
do it, then feel bad
do it, then be aware of it
do it, hoping for success     make an effort, hoping to do it
have a mental lapse, and therefore not do it
have an intention to do it
feel bad, but then do it
think about it, and then do it
make an effort, hoping to do it

VERBS THAT CAN HAVE INFINITIVE OBJECTS WITH AGENTS, OR GERUNDS :
_______ studying
___ him to study
advise
allow     encourage
forbid     permit     require     teach     urge

And then you can begin /by helping them to learn the form that each letter in their name has.

                            동명사구       v         o       oc/부정사구

You can also point out the usefulness of knowing how to write your name.

I really recommend taking some GRE example tests.

부정사 또는 동명사를 쓰면 의미가 달라지는 경우
또는 의미상 못쓰는 경우

    We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. 부정사 가능; 본동사가 현재이므로 그보다 미래시제인 부정사 OK
     They regretted ordering these books from abroad. 본동사가 과거니 과거일에 쓰이는 동명사만 가함

You should try to overcome your shortcomings. 부정사를 쓰면 단순한 시도
     Try working out the physics problem in another way. 동명사를 쓰면 이미 해본것과는  '다른방식의 시도'를 의미함

    I meant to catch up with the early bus. 과거 시점에서 의도했던것
     This means wasting a lot of money.    낭비의 의도보다는 낭비의 동작 얘기니 동명사

On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper. 신문사기위한 멈춤
     You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told. 앞으로 할 to argue 가 아닌 지금껏 해온 arguing이라야 그만둘 수 있다

They couldn't help jumping up at the news.
     Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.

  He went on to talk about world situation. He went on to talk about the world situation.
     We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.

infinitive and gerund as the difference between subject
     ① infinitive as subject often expressed a specific action, often associated with the implementation of specific actions were linked; while gerund as an abstract subject that moves frequently, often without the implementation of specific actions were linked. Such as:
     It's no good eating too much fat. 일반적인 먹기
     It's no good for you to eat so much fat. 특별히 그가 먹는것