The Grammar Book _Relative Clause

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<교과교재연구 및 지도법 발표> 영어학과 2007112036 조선영 2009.11.19

Chapter 28. Introduction To Relative Clauses

The Form of Relative Clauses

The Diversity of Relative Clause Types ☞ Page. 579

The Relativization of the Object of the Preposition in the Embedded Sentence

I know the place which you spoke about.

I know the place about which you spoke.

Stauble(1978) found that the preposition is almost always fronted along with the relative pronoun.

One final point in keeping with this is that the relative pronoun that cannot be used to replace the relativized object of a preposition, if the preposition is fronted with the pronoun; that is, who(m) and which are obligatory in this environment. The relative pronoun that can be used, however, if the preposition is not fronted along with the relative pronoun.

Relative pronoun that replaces an object can be deleted. Deletion is possible only if the preposition has not been fronted along with the relativized object NP and deletion of the relative pronoun was more frequent than retention, the head noun was almost nonhuman.

The Relativization of the Object of the Possessive Determiner

in the Embedded Sentence

The man whose wife you are admiring is a wrestler.

Since the relative determiner is replacing the possessive determiner, when the relative determiner is fronted, the noun it modifies must also be fronted.

The Meaning of Relativized Noun Phrases

Relative Pronoun Features

who + subject NP which ± subject NP

+ human - human

whom + object NP that ± subject NP

+ human ± human

whose + human

+ possessive

+ determiner

The Use of Relative Pronoun and Relative Clauses

Relative Pronoun Use

▷ who/ whom

I spoke with the student who(m) I loaned the book to.

I know the student to who(m)/ ?who you loaned the book.

If the who(m) is replacing the object of the preposition and the preposition is fronted with the relative pronoun, whom will occur much more frequently.

▷ that/ who or which

In informal conversational discourse, that is often preferred over either which or who(m). In written discourse, who(m) is preferred for human antecedents; which and that are both used to indicate a nonhuman head noun. (Stauble, 1978)

▷ whose

I found an old coin whose data has become worn and illegible.

Whose generally refers to a human head noun, but sometimes sentences like the following occur where whose refers to an inanimate noun. This use of whose helps the speaker/writer avoid using a more awkward paraphrase.

The Use of Relative Clauses

- Summary of Earlier Points

The relative pronouns that replace relativized objects are optionally deletable; however, retention of the relative pronoun is preferred over deletion in writing, with a higher frequency of deletion occurring in informal speech.

Stauble(1978) found that deletion was preferred when the relative pronoun had a nonhuman antecedent.

When prepositional objects are relativized, the relative pronoun is either deleted or fronted and the preposition is left behind in speech, whereas in writing the preposition is fronted along with the relative pronoun and must be which.

- Use of Relative Clauses in Conversation

· Grounding

· Characterizing

· Giving new information

· Ordering

- Use of Relative Clauses in Writing

Which is explanatory and fact-finding, while that signals something the speaker/ writer regards as preestablished. (Lapaire and Rotge, 1996)

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