결합조직, 결합조직, 결합조직에 대한 상상력

[문형철]

정말 중요한 상상력이다.

우리가 음식으로 섭취하는 포도당의 20%는 점액다당류를 만드는데 사용함. 

Connective tissue consists of a number of cells enclosed in an extracellular matrix (ECM) that contains a major portion of proteoglycans and collagen fibrils in addition to ground substance, tissue fluid, and noncollagen glycoprotein (a protein carbohydrate macromolecule (Kjaer, 2004). Connective tissue provides structural support to organs and other tissues in the body in addition to being specialized structures of blood vessels, bone, and cartilage. Together with the ECM, connective tissue forms a vast and continuous compartment throughout the body, bounded by the basal lamina of the various epithelia and by the basal or external lamina of muscle, nerve, or vascular endothelium.

결합조직

1.  젤과 같이 형태가 없는 기저물질(gel like amorphos ground substance) 

    = 점액다당류(mucopolysaccharide), 글리코스아미노글리칸(glycosaminoglycans, GAGs)

1) 종류 

 가장 흔한 기저물질이 황산염(chondrotin sulfate)

 기타 히알루론산(hyaluronic acid), 케라틴 황산(keratin sulfate), 황산헤파린(heparin sulfate) 등이 있음. 

Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid). It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan. A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities. Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and provides much of its resistance to compression.^[1] Along with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis.

Members of the glycosaminoglycan family vary in the type of hexosamine, hexose or hexuronic acid unit they contain (e.g. glucuronic acid, iduronic acid, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine).

They also vary in the geometry of the glycosidic linkage.

Examples of GAGs include:

Name	Hexuronic acid / Hexose	Hexosamine	Linkage geometry between predominant monomeric units	Unique features
Chondroitin sulfate	GlcUA or GlcUA(2S)	GalNAc or GalNAc(4S) or GalNAc(6S) or GalNAc(4S,6S)	'GlcUAβ1-3'GalNAcβ1-4	Most preval‎ent GAG
Dermatan sulfate	GlcUA or IdoUA or IdoUA(2S)	GalNAc or GalNAc(4S) or GalNAc(6S) or GalNAc(4S,6S)	'IdoUAβ1-3'GalNAcβ1-4	Distinguished from chondroitin sulfate by the presence of iduronic acid, although some hexuronic acid monosaccharides may be glucuronic acid.[15]
Keratan sulfate	Gal or Gal(6S)	GlcNAc or GlcNAc(6S)	-Gal(6S)β1-4GlcNAc(6S)β1-3	Keratan sulfate type II may be fucosylated.[19]
Heparin	GlcUA or IdoUA(2S)	GlcNAc or GlcNS or GlcNAc(6S) or GlcNS(6S)	-IdoUA(2S)α1-4GlcNS(6S)α1-4	Highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule
Heparan sulfate	GlcUA or IdoUA or IdoUA(2S)	GlcNAc or GlcNS or GlcNAc(6S) or GlcNS(6S)	-GlcUAβ1-4GlcNAcα1-4	Highly similar in structure to heparin, however heparan sulfate's disaccharide units are organised into distinct sulfated and non-sulfated domains.[20]
Hyaluronan	GlcUA	GlcNAc	-GlcUAβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-4	The only GAG that is exclusively non-sulfated

Abbreviations [edit]

• GlcUA = β-D-glucuronic acid
• GlcUA(2S) = 2-O-sulfo-β-D-glucuronic acid
• IdoUA = α-L-iduronic acid
• IdoUA(2S) = 2-O-sulfo-α-L-iduronic acid
• Gal = β-D-galactose
• Gal(6S) = 6-O-sulfo-β-D-galactose
• GalNAc = β-D-N-acetylgalactosamine
• GalNAc(4S) = β-D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfate
• GalNAc(6S) = β-D-N-acetylgalactosamine-6-O-sulfate
• GalNAc(4S,6S) = β-D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O, 6-O-sulfate
• GlcNAc = α-D-N-acetylglucosamine
• GlcNS = α-D-N-sulfoglucosamine
• GlcNS(6S) = α-D-N-sulfoglucosamine-6-O-sulfate

Glycosaminoglycans^[1] (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides^[2] are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating unit (except for keratan) consists of an amino sugar (N-acetylglucose amine or N-acetylgalactose amine) along with a uronic sugar (glucuronic acid or iduronic acid) or galactose.^[3]

- 글리코스아미노글리칸은 긴 unbranched 다당체(polysaccharide)로 disaccharide unit의 반복된 연결임. 

Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds. They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure, these macromolecules can have distinct properties from their monosaccharide building blocks. They may be amorphous or even insoluble in water.^[1][2]

- 다당체는 긴 탄수화물 분자

- 다당체는 흔히 단당체의 반복연결이 수정된 heterogeneous한 형태를 가짐. 

- 이러한 구조에 의해서 거대분자는 단당체 빌딩 블록으로 독특한 특성을 가짐. 

- 다당체는 형태가 없고 심지어 물에 녹지 않으면서 물을 함유하는 구조임. 

A carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula C_m(H₂O)_n (where m could be different from n). Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a component of DNA, has the empirical formula C₅H₁₀O₄. Carbohydrates are not technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.

- 탄수화물은 탄소, 수소, 산소로 구성된 단일 결합물

The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of saccharide. The carbohydrates (saccharides) are divided into four chemical groupings: monosaccharides,disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. 

- 생화학용어에서 탄수화물은 saccharide와 동의어로 사용

- 탄수화물은 monosaccharides,disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides 네가지 그룹으로 나눔.

In general, the monosaccharides and disaccharides, which are smaller (lower molecular weight) carbohydrates, are commonly referred to as sugars.^[1] The word saccharide comes from the Greek word σάκχαρον (sakkharon), meaning "sugar." While the scientific nomenclature of carbohydrates is complex, the names of the monosaccharides and disaccharides very often end in the suffix -ose. For example, grape sugar is the monosaccharide glucose, cane sugar is the disaccharide sucrose, and milk sugar is the disaccharide lactose (see illustration).

- sugar라는 표현은 당의 단일 결합체를 의미

- glucose, sucrose, lactose, galsctose등 --tose라는 표현은 복잡한 결합체에 사용함.

Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in living organisms. Polysaccharides serve for the storage of energy (e.g., starch and glycogen), and as structural components (e.g.,cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods). The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component of coenzymes (e.g., ATP, FAD, and NAD) and the backbone of the genetic molecule known as RNA. The related deoxyribose is a component of DNA. Saccharides and their derivatives include many other important biomolecules that play key roles in the immune system, fertilization, preventing pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development.^[2]

- 탄수화물은 에너지 저장으로, 구조를 만들고,  RNA로 알려진 유전자 coenzyme.....

2. 단백질 섬유

1) 콜라겐

2) 엘라스틴

3) 레티큘린

3. 각종 세포

1) 면역세포, 분비세포

2) 섬유아세포

4.