the English equivalents of pastor : pastor의 영어 대응어

[이창복]

(질문) What are the English equivalents of pastor and how do they differ from each other?

          pastor의 영어 대응어는 무엇이며 서로 어떻게 다른가요?

(답변) The English word pastor comes from the Latin word for shepherd, and it is used to refer to a religious leader who guides and cares for a congregation of believers1 There are some other English words that have a similar meaning, but they may have different nuances or connotations depending on the context and the denomination. Here are some examples:

영어 단어 목사는 목자를 뜻하는 라틴어에서 유래되었으며, 신도들을 인도하고 돌보는 종교 지도자를 지칭하는 데 사용됩니다1 비슷한 의미를 가진 다른 영어 단어가 있지만 문맥과 교파에 따라 뉘앙스나 의미가 다를 수 있습니다. 다음은 몇 가지 예입니다:

minister: This word means someone who serves, and it can be used to describe any clergy member who performs religious duties, such as preaching, teaching, or administering sacraments2. It can also be used as a title, such as Minister John Smith or The Reverend Minister3

목사: 이 단어는 봉사하는 사람을 의미하며 설교, 가르침, 성례 집행 등 종교적 의무를 수행하는 모든 성직자를 지칭하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다2. 또한 존 스미스 목사 또는 목사3와 같은 호칭으로 사용할 수도 있습니다.

reverend: This word means someone who is worthy of respect or reverence, and it is used as a title of honor for clergy members, especially in Protestant churches. It can be abbreviated as Rev. or Revd., and it is usually followed by the person’s name, such as The Reverend John Smith or Rev. Smith.

목사: 이 단어는 존경이나 경외심을 가질 만한 사람을 의미하며, 특히 개신교 교회에서 성직자에게 경의를 표하는 호칭으로 사용됩니다. Rev. 또는 Revd.로 축약할 수 있으며, 일반적으로 존 스미스 목사 또는 스미스 목사처럼 그 사람의 이름이 뒤에 붙습니다.

priest: This word means someone who mediates between God and people, and it is used to describe clergy members who have the authority to perform certain sacred rites, such as offering sacrifices, blessing, or absolving sins. It is mainly used in Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican churches, and it can also be used as a title, such as Father John Smith or Fr. Smith.

사제: 신과 사람 사이를 중개하는 사람을 뜻하는 단어로, 제사를 드리거나 축복을 내리거나 죄를 사하는 등 특정 성스러운 의식을 수행할 수 있는 권한을 가진 성직자를 가리키는 데 사용됩니다. 주로 가톨릭, 정교회, 성공회 교회에서 사용되며 존 스미스 신부 또는 스미스 신부와 같은 직함으로도 사용할 수 있습니다.

These words are not always interchangeable, and they may imply different roles, responsibilities, or beliefs depending on the situation. For example, a minister may not be a pastor, but a pastor is usually a minister. A reverend may not be a priest, but a priest is usually a reverend. A priest may not be a pastor, but a pastor may be a priest. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the context and the denomination when using these words. 

이러한 단어가 항상 같은 의미로 쓰이는 것은 아니며 상황에 따라 다른 역할, 책임 또는 신념을 의미할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, minister는 pastor가 아닐 수 있지만 일반적으로 pastor는  minister입니다.  reverend는  priest가 아닐 수 있지만  priest는 일반적으로 reverend입니다.  priest는 pastor가 아닐 수 있지만 pastor는  priest일 수 있습니다. 따라서 이러한 단어를 사용할 때는 문맥과 교단을 인식하는 것이 중요합니다.

1: PASTOR | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary    2: Minister (Christianity) - Wikipedia    3: List of religious titles and styles - Wikipedia : Reverend - Wikipedia : How to Address Church Officials, Bishops, Priests - The Spruce : Priest - Wikipedia : How to Address Clergy and Religious Officials - Forms of Address : What is the difference between a pastor, a priest, and a minister? - Quora

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1 en.wikipedia.org

2 en.wikipedia.org

3 dictionary.cambridge.org

What is the difference between a pastor and a bishop?

How do you address a pastor in English?

Are there any other religious titles in English?

Christianity

Main page:Religion:Ecclesiastical titles and styles

Eastern Orthodox

Main page:Religion:Eastern Orthodox Church

Eastern Orthodox honorifics and titles
Role	Description
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople	Ecumenical Patriarch [insert name], His All-Holiness, Your All-Holiness. Successor of Saint Andrew the Apostle, one of the 12 Apostles of Jesus Christ
Patriarch	Patriarch [insert name] of [place], Patriarch, His Beatitude, Your Beatitude. The Patriarch of Alexandria is successor of Mark the Evangelist, author of the Gospel of Mark. The Patriarch of Antioch is one of the successors of Saint Peter, one of the Apostle of Jesus Christ. The Patriarch of Jerusalem is successor of Saint James the Just, one of Apostles of Jesus Christ.
Archbishopof an independent Church	The Most Reverend Archbishop [insert name] of [place], Archbishop John, His Beatitude, Your Beatitude.
Archbishop of a sub-national Church	The Most Reverend Archbishop [insert name] of [place], Archbishop John, His Eminence, Your Eminence.
Metropolitan	The Most Reverend Metropolitan [insert name] of [place], Metropolitan John, His Eminence, Your Eminence.
Titular Metropolitan	The Most Reverend Metropolitan [insert name] of [place], His Excellency, Your Excellency. Some Metropolitans use the style "The Very Most Reverend", and a Metropolitan who is the head of an independent Church is addressed as "Beatitude" rather than "Excellency".
Bishop	The Most Reverend Bishop [insert name] of [place], Bishop [insert name], His Grace, Your Grace.
Titular/Auxiliary Bishop	Same as for Bishops, above, and in other languages Sayedna (Arabic), Despota (Greek), Vladika (Russian).
Priest(Presbyter)	The Reverend Father or Father.
Protopriest	The Very Reverend Protopriest or Father.
Archpriest	The Very Reverend Archpriest [insert name] or Father.
Archimandrite	The Very Reverend Archimandrite [insert name], or The Right Reverend Archimandrite, or Father.
Hieromonk(Priest-monk)	The Reverend Hieromonk or Father. In other languages Abouna (Arabic), Pappas (Greek), Batushka (Russian)
Priest's Wife	Presbytera Mary (Greek), Khouria Mary (Arabic), Matushka Mary (Russian), Popadiya Mary (Serbian), Panimatushka (Ukrainian)
Deacon	The Reverend Father [insert name], Deacon [insert name], Father [insert name], Deacon Father [insert name], Deacon [insert name]
Protodeacon	The Reverend Protodeacon [insert name], Father [insert name], Deacon Father [insert name], Deacon [insert name]
Archdeacon	The Reverend Archdeacon [insert name], Father [insert name], Deacon Father [insert name], Deacon [insert name].
Hierodeacon (Deacon-monk)	The Reverend Hierodeacon [insert name], Father [insert name]
Deacon's Wife	Diakonissa Mary (Greek), or the same titles as a priest's wife
Abbot	The Right Reverend Abbot [insert name], Abbot [insert name], Father [insert name]
Abbess	The Reverend Mother Superior [insert name], The Very Reverend Abbess [insert name], Reverend Mother [insert name], Mother [insert name]
Monk	Monk [insert name], Father [insert name]
Rassophore Monk	Rassophore Monk [insert name], Father [insert name]
Stavrophore Monk	Stavrophore Monk [insert name], Father [insert name]
Schemamonk	Schemamonk [insert name], Father [insert name]
Novice	Novice [insert name]; or Brother [insert name]. The title "Brother" is a result of Latin influence; the title is only given to some novices with a special blessing.
Nun	Nun [insert name], Mother [insert name]
Rassophore Nun	Rassophore Nun [insert name], Sister [insert name]
Novice	Sister [insert name]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Latter Day Saints honorifics and titles
Role	Description
Apostle	"Elder [surname]"
President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (or Acting President)	"President [surname]"
Bishop	"Bishop [surname]" (the title is often retained as a courtesy after the individual is released from the calling)
Counselors in aBishopric	"Brother [surname]"
Presiding Bishop and counselors in the Presiding Bishopric	"Bishop [surname]" (the title is often retained as a courtesy after the individual is released from the calling)
Branch president	"President [surname]"
Counselors in a branch presidency	"Brother [surname]"
Deacon	"Brother [surname]"
District President and counselors in a district presidency	"President [surname]"
Elder	"Brother [surname]" (except for full-time missionaries, in which case it is "Elder [surname]")
High priest	"Brother [surname]" (except for full-time missionaries, in which case it is "Elder [surname]")
Full-time missionaries (female)	"Sister [surname]"
Full-time missionaries (male)	"Elder [surname]"
Mission president	"President [surname]"
Counselors in a mission presidency	"President [surname]"
Mission president's wife	"Sister [surname]"
Patriarch	"Brother [surname]" or "Patriarch [surname]"
Presiding Patriarch	"Elder [surname]" or "Patriarch [surname]"
Priest	"Brother [surname]"
President of the Churchand counselors in theFirst Presidency	"President [surname]"
Presidents of the Seventy	"Elder [surname]"
Seventy	"Elder [surname]"
Local and general Relief Society, Young Women, Young Men, Sunday School, and Primary presidents	"President [surname]"
Stake President and counselors in a stake presidency	"President [surname]"
Teacher	"Brother [surname]"
Temple president	"President [surname]"
Counselors in a temple presidency	"President [surname]"
Matron (temple president's wife)	"Sister [surname]"
Assistant to the Matron (wife of a temple presidency counselor)	"Sister [surname]"
President (LDS Church honorific)	"President [surname]" is used for most positions that use the word "President" in the title (including all quorum presidents), with the following exceptions: "Elder [surname]" is used for members of the Presidency of the Seventy People in positions that use the word "Presiding" in the formal name are never called "President [surname]"

Protestantism

Protestant Christian honorifics and titles
Role	Description
Preacher	Some churches in the United States
Pastor
Reverend
Elder	Some Presbyterian denominations distinguish between Teaching Elder (aka Minister of Word and Sacrament or Pastor) and Ruling Elder. Teaching Elders are ordained by the Presbytery and fill the role of pastor. Ruling Elders are ordained by the local church and serve on a board that leads the church.
Deacon
Priestess	A sect called Church of Christian Spiritualism & Lifestyle *Exclusive to Women (transinclusive)
Bishop	See also Bishop (Catholic Church)
Archbishop
Resident Bishop	This title is exclusive to the United Methodist Church.
Doctor	Most common in non-mainline churches (Doctor ofMetaphysics(D.o.M. orLatinDr. mph.) and Doctor ofDivinity(D.o.D., alternative: D.D.). High ranking teachers in certain evangelical institutions bear the title "Scolasticus Theologicae" or “Professor” (ecclesiastical) (Pundit/Clerical professor of Theology). These areclericaltitles, not academic.

Catholicism

Catholicism titles
Role	Description
Pope	Successor of Saint Peter, one of the 12 Apostles of Jesus. Bishop of Rome and ultimate head of the Roman Catholic Church.
Presbyter	In the Latin Rite, this is a rarely-used synonym for priest.
Chaplain	A cleric (usually a bishop or priest) who has been entrusted with the spiritual care of some specific organization.
Chancellor
Bishop	Most bishops are the head of adiocesewith geographical boundaries, having authority over all of the priests and parishes within that diocese.
Abbot	The monk in charge of a monastery.
Patriarch	The head of an autocephalous,sui iuris, or autonomous church. Not frequently used in the Latin Rite.
Primate	A primate is a bishop to whom the title has been officially granted, usually the bishop of the oldest church of a nation. In the past the title carried jurisdiction over metropolitan bishops, but today usually it is purely honorific.
Major archbishop	Major archbishops are the heads of some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Their authority within theirsui jurischurch is equal to that of a patriarch, but they receive fewer ceremonial honors.
Metropolitan bishop	Ametropolitan bishopis an archbishop in charge of an ecclesiastical province, or group of dioceses, and in addition to having immediate jurisdiction over his own archdiocese, also exercises some oversight over the other dioceses within that province. Sometimes a metropolitan may also be the head of an autocephalous,sui iuris, or autonomous church when the number of adherents of that tradition are small. In the Latin Rite, metropolitans are always archbishops; in many Eastern churches, the title is "metropolitan," with some of these churches using "archbishop" as a separate office.
Archbishop	An archbishop is the bishop of an archdiocese. This is usually a prestigious diocese with an important place in local church history. In the Roman Catholic Church, the title is purely honorific and carries no extra jurisdiction, though most archbishops are alsometropolitan bishops, as above.
Suffragan bishop	Asuffragan bishopis a bishop subordinate to a Metropolitan. He has direct authority within his own diocese but is subject to some oversight by a Metropolitan.
Titular bishop	Atitular bishopis a bishop appointed to anepiscopal seethat is not governed by a residential (a titular see). He may serve as anauxiliary bishopof a diocese or as an official of the Roman Curia.
Auxiliary bishop	Anauxiliary bishopis atitular bishopwho is an assistant to a diocesan bishop. He is to be appointed as avicar generalor at least as anepiscopal vicarof the diocese in which he serves.[1]
Coadjutor bishop	Acoadjutor bishopis an assistant bishop who has the automatic right to succeed the incumbent diocesan bishop. The appointment of coadjutors is often seen as a means of providing for continuity of church leadership.
Chorbishop	A chorbishop is an official of a diocese in some Eastern Christian churches. Chorbishops are not generally ordained bishops – they are not given the sacrament of Holy Orders in that degree – but function as assistants to the diocesan bishop with certain honorary privileges.
Priest	The priest is the one who runs the services and is in charge of the church.
Cardinal	Referred to asHis Eminence; Your Eminence
Cardinal who is also anarchbishop	His Eminence; Your Eminence
Abbot	Referred to as The Right Reverend; Father Abbot, others depending on personal and abbey custom.
Abbess,Prioress, superior of a religious order of women or a province	Referred to as Reverend Mother or Mother Abbess
Protonotary Apostolic,Honorary Prelate,Chaplain of His Holiness	Referred to as The ReverendMonsignor. Postnominals are rarely used for Honorary Prelates or Chaplains of His Holiness.
Vicar General	Referred to as The Very Reverend or Father
Judicial Vicar, Ecclesiastical Judge, Episcopal Vicar, Vicar Forane, Dean, Provincial Superior,Rector	Referred to as The Very Reverend or Father.
Monsignor	Referred to as Monsignor or The Reverend Monsignor. Generally no longer bestowed.
Canon	Referred to as The Very Reverend Canon[2]
Prior	Referred to as The Very Reverend or Father.
Pastorof a Catholic parish	The priest in charge of a parish. Referred to as The Reverend or Father.
Parochial Vicar	A priest assigned to assist at a parish, under the authority of the pastor.
Permanent Deacon	Referred to as or Reverend Mr. or Deacon.
Lay Ecclesial Ministers	Referred to by appropriate civil titles (Dr., Mr., Ms., etc.)
Religious Brothers, including monks	Referred to as Brother.
Religious Sister, includingnuns	Referred to as Sister. they are also one of god, they give their clothes to ones who need it more than they do.
TransitionalDeacon	Referred to as Reverend Mister or Deacon.
Seminarian, deacon candidate, other theology students	Referred to by appropriate civil titles (Dr., Mr., Ms., etc.)