모세발견-2002.3.2.-카이로타임즈 & Akhenaten-2002.4.5.내셔널지오그래픽

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The Mysteries of Akhenaten

Although we know a great deal about Akhenaten compared to some of the other Pharaohs, there are still some major mysteries concerning his reign. Various 'experts' have differing theories concerning this enigmatic ruler. On this page I will detail some of the various theories which have been presented, along with their relative pros and cons. Akhenaten's strange appearance in his statues and carvings Statues of Akhenaten in the so called Amarna style show the Pharaoh as a gaunt figure with a narrow chest and wide hips. The following reasons for this have been given Akhenaten was a woman One interpretation of Akhenaten's strange physique was that 'he' was actually 'she' He suffered from a disease It has been suggested that Akhenaten suffered from Frohlich's Syndrome. This may explain his strange appearance, but one side effect of that disease is impotence. Akhenaten is reported to have had six daughters by Nefertiti alone which makes this explanation unlikely, although it is possible that the disease struck in later life It was the unique style of Amarna art The artistic styles of the Amarna period has no comparison to any other period in Ancient Egypt. For the first time royalty were shown in more natural, less formal poses. In addition the freakish statues at Karnak could have been deliberately exaggerated to set the kings appearance apart from 'mortal' men

Akhenaten's Monotheism He was Moses When study of Akhenaten's life became more popular in the late 18th century many attempts were made to equate the Pharaoh with the biblical Moses. It has also been suggested that Moses was actually a High official in the court of Amenhotep III He was a religious visionary Atenism can be interpreted as the first step in a logical evolution of religion from many minor gods to one major one. If this is the case then Akhenaten could well be viewed as the forefather of most modern beliefs. He was a political opportunist When Akhenaten ascended to the throne the priests of Amun controlled much of Egypt. The temples were wealthy and powerful and Akhenaten may have seen their destruction as the way to further his own ambitions. Effectively in Atenism the Pharaoh was the only person who could make offerings directly to the God, which would have given him power as both religious and political leader. He was a loony One other possible explanation was that Akhenaten was mad. In many of the Aten texts the god is addressed as 'Father', and it is possible that Akhenaten actually believed the sun disk to be the physical incarnation of Amenhotep III.

His lack of foreign campaigns Much is made of Akhenaten's lack of action in outlying areas of the Egyptian Empire. Much of this blame arises from the so called Amarna Letters, diplomatic correspondence from outlying governors to the Pharaoh. The evidence of these every day communications should, however, be taken in context. They provide a 'warts and all' look at diplomacy in the age unlike the glorifying tomb writings of other periods. The basic theories about this are as follows. It is likely that Akhenaten's control over the outlying stated was so solid that no major intervention was required. Interestingly there is no evidence that any of the cities pleading for help in the Amarna Letters were lost to Egyptian control at that time. He allowed Egyptian influence to crumble There is a lack of evidence of any foreign campaigns during the reign of Akhenaten. It has been suggested that the king was so involved with his new religion, and his new city, that much needed resources were diverted from the rest of the empire. He has been misrepresented The artistic style of the Amarna period differed from earlier styles in that the images were much more lifelike, and conquest played a smaller part. Images of the Pharaoh Smiting Asiatics would not have been in the spirit of Atenism. Akhenaten may have wished to be remembered as a family man rather than a warrior. Interestingly a block from the Aten temple used as filling in a pylon at Karnak contains the unusual image of Queen Nefertiti 'smiting' unfortunate foes. He was unaware of the situation Akhenaten may not have been fully aware of the situation. The priests of the old temples may have deliberately withheld information from him to try to weaken his rule to an extent where the old order could be reestablished

What happened after his death There is also uncertainty about events after Akhenaten's death. Evidence indicates that he was originally interred in the royal tomb at Akhetaten, along with his daughter Meritaten, and that he was later moved (by Tutankhamun ?) to another location, probably the Valley of the Kings. It is possible that after his original burial the Mummy was moved to tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings to protect it from the anti-Atenist backlash. It is also possible that his tomb in the Valley of the Kings is yet to be discovered. What happened to the Mummy Akhenaten's mummy has never been positively identified. The most likely candidate was thought to be the mummy found in the tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings but it is very unlikely that this body is Akhenaten's. Research has shown it to be that of a young man. It is more likely that this body is of Smenkhkare. A piece of gold foil bearing Smenkhkare's cartouche, stolen when the tomb was opened, has recently surfaced in Germany which would seem to confirm‎ the identity of the occupant. The burial seems to have been hastily arranged using a coffin originally intended for a woman. The length of Smenkhkare's reign probably means that there was little time to make arrangements.

		Hatchepsut Joyce A. Tyldesley
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Who was Akhenaten ?

Akhenaten was a Ruler of Egypt during the period known as the 18th Dynasty. He ascended to the throne as Amenhotep IV, succeeding his father Amenhotep III. Akhenaten's brief reign, only about 16 years, happened at a difficult time in Egyptian history and many scholars maintain that Akhenaten was responsible for this decline, but evidence suggests that it had already started. Akhenaten, possibly in a move to lessen the political power of the Priests, introduced the worship of one god, the Aten, or Sun disk. This meant that the Pharaoh, not the priesthood, was the sole link between the population and the Aten which effectively ended the power of the various temples.

It is interesting to note that when Akhenaten's successors, the generals Ay and Horemheb re established the temples of Amun they selected their priests from the military, enabling the Pharaoh to keep tighter controls over the religious orders.
The cult of the Aten is considered by some to be a predecessor of modern monotheism.

Not a Pharaoh to do things by half, when Akhenaten established his new religion he built an entire city dedicated to the Aten complete with a necropolis and royal tomb. This city was Akhetaten, the Horizon of the Aten and at the peak of Akhenaten's reign over 20,000 people lived there. The city was built in middle Egypt, on a site thought to have been chosen as it was not tainted by the worship of other gods. After the death of Akhenaten the city was abandoned, and the old religions which had been suppressed quickly re-established their control over Egypt. It is thought that this return was started by Smenkhkare, and completed by Tutankhaten who changed his name to Tutankhamun and moved his capital from Akhetaten to Memphis.

Akhenaten is perhaps unfairly not credited with being a particularly successful Pharaoh. Records seem to indicate that he allowed Egyptian influence wane but this may not be true. These ideas are based on the famous Amarna letters found in Akhetaten in many of which Egyptian vassal cities plead for assistance, but no replies are preserved.

As there is no surviving record of Egyptian territory being lost at this time it is possible that Akhenaten was merely skillfully playing one city against the other to achieve through diplomacy what would otherwise require military force.

Later Pharaohs attempted to erase all memories of Akhenaten and his religion. Much of the distinctive art of the period was destroyed and the buildings dismantled to be reused. Many of the Talitat blocks from the Aten temples in Thebes were reused as rubble infill for later pylons where they were rediscovered during restoration work and reassembled. It is interesting to note that this destruction was directed at Akhenaten personally and not the Aten itself which in later dynasties it returned to it's original minor position in Egyptian religion.

The backlash against the religion of Akhenaten led to the widespread destruction of his palaces and temples. Work began on dismantling Akhetaten shortly after it was abandoned and along with many other of Akhenaten's monuments it's stone was re-used by later Pharaohs.
Restoration work on the great pylons of Ramesses II at Karnak showed that they used 'recycled' Aten temples for the filling. This has left modern Archaeologists with the worlds biggest jigsaw puzzle. A section of a temple wall has now been restored and is on display in the Luxor Museum.

The Egyptian display in the NMS contains a section devoted to jewelry, with many complex and beautiful items on show. Amongst these almost unnoticed, lies potentially one of the most interesting and significant items in the entire collection. Several rings are on display from various sites, but one fine gold ring could have once belonged to one of the most famous queens in Ancient Egypt, Nefertiti. This ring, bearing the royal cartouche, was found just outside the royal tomb at Akhetaten in a small cache along with some other jewelry.

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		Magic in Ancient Egypt Geraldine Pinch
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Akhenaten's Life

This table shows key events from the Reign of Akhenaten. These occurrences can be dated with reasonable accuracy from surviving inscriptions and correspondence. Note that the BC dates shown are approximate as many of the inscriptions are dated relative to the start of the Pharaohs reign.

There are still several facts about Akhenaten's reign which are unclear, in particular the possibility of coregency with his father at the start of his reign or with Smenkhkare at the end.

There is also uncertainty about the relationship between Akhenaten and his successors, Smenkhkare and Tutankhamun. It is accepted that Nefertiti had 6 daughters, but no son was ever shown in reliefs. It is possible that both successors were Akhenaten's sons by another wife, possibly Kiya who was 'much loved' of the Pharaoh.

The final mystery of Akhenaten was what became of his mummy. Fragments of sculpture and carving from the royal tomb at Akhetaten shows that his body was originally put there, but no sign of the mummy remains. It is possible that followers of the Aten feared for it's destruction, which would deny him eternal life, and moved the body to a place of safety, possibly at Thebes.

Year B.C.	Year Of Reign	Dated Events
1350	0
1349	1	Amenhotep IV continues work on pylons started by his father at Karnak Birth of Meritaten
1348	2	Work started on 4 temples to the Aten at Thebes Celebration of first Jubilee
1347	3
1346	4	Work starts on new city at Akhetaten Birth of Meketaten and Ankhenspaaten
1345	5	Work at Karnak completed
1344	6	Central section of Akhetaten completed Amenhotep IV changes name to Akhenaten Work begins on Royal tomb
1343	7
1342	8	Seat of government transferred to Akhetaten
1341	9	Names of the Aten purified to remove references to all gods except Re Akhenatens Sarcophagus carved
1339	10	Birth of Neferneferuaten
1338	11	Birth of Neferneferure and Setepenre
1337	12	Official family, with all six of Nefertiti's daughters shown for last time Akhenaten's mother, Queen Tiye, visits Akhetaten
1336	13	Death of Meketaten
1335	14	Death of Nefertiti Meritaten becomes Queen
1334	15	Meritaten marries Smenkhkare Coregency between Akhenaten and Smenkhkare
1333	16
1332	17	Death of Akhenaten

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The Royal Tomb at Akhetaten

The royal tomb at Akhetaten stands as a silent monument both to the destruction wrought in the Anti-Atenist backlash, and the destruction caused in modern times by man's greed and ignorance.
The tomb is yet another example of how the condition of ancient monuments has deteriorated more in the last 100 years than in the previous three millennia.
The tomb itself is of the 'rock cut' type, it is a tunnel which descends into a rock face in the royal wadi at Amarna. The original plan appears to have been modified at least three times during it's construction.
Initially the tomb started as a fairly typical royal burial place. It is unusual in that it was the first of it's type to have a steep ramped entrance.There are two major modifications to the main corridor, a suite of rooms used for the burial of Meketaten was excavated off the main passage, and a long curved corridor which may have been intended to lead to another burial area was added.

The royal tomb layout

The archeological evidence shows that Akhenaten was originally buried in the tomb. Fragments of his granite sarcophagus and his canopic chest were found both inside the tomb and in an associated dump. There is also evidence of a second sarcophagus, that of Meketaten. Interestingly in view of the prominence of Nefertiti at this time, there is insufficient space in the main burial chamber for it to have been intended for two sarcophagi.
Another unusual feature of this tomb is that the pillared hall contains only two pillars, instead of the usual four. It was originally thought that two were removed after the tomb was completed, but there is no evidence of this work on either the floor or the ceiling of the chamber. It does appear that there were plans to extend the tomb on and probably to situate the burial chamber further down the corridor.

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One interesting hypothesis was that the angle of descent of the tomb passage would allow the light of the Aten to penetrate down as far as the burial chamber, to where the Sarcophagus lay.

Side view of the tomb tunnel (Not to scale)

One possible hole in this theory is that in previous 18th dynasty tombs a second passage would have descended from the pillared hall to the burial chamber and this would not have been in line with the first, so if the tomb had been completed the light of the Aten would not have penetrated to where the sarcophagus lay.

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The archaeologists who excavated the tomb described the damage as 'systematic'. The shabti figures and sarcophagi were smashed and broken to such an extent that few fragments remained more than a few centimeters in size. Most of the cartouches in the main corridor and burial chamber were hacked out in antiquity, but the vast majority of the damage done to the 'Meketaten Annexe' occurred in 1931, when locals removed the plasterwork from the walls for sale on the antiquities market. It is unfortunate that no detailed study of these reliefs was carried out prior to their destruction as a great deal of information was lost.

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One famous find made at the tomb was a small cache of jewelry. It is thought that this was removed when the tomb was officially dismantled, perhaps by someone who intended to hide the gold and collect it later.

Akhenaten : King of Egypt

Nefertiti : Egypts Sun Queen

Akhenaten : Dweller in Truth

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		Nefertiti Joyce A. Tyldesley
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Welcome to NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC’s online forum. Each month we discuss a topic related to one of our stories. We’d like to hear from you, and we invite your thoughts and ideas.

An ugly duckling who bent the world to his image, the pharaoh Akhenaten may have been the ultimate outcast?a rebel against his own establishment. This god-king risked it all for revolution, establishing a new religion and moving his entourage into the wild. What drove him to turn his empire on its ear? Was he a true prophet? A power-mad malcontent? And what can his story tell us about present-day pied pipers?

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/9809/forum/index.html

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Akhenaten and Moses

While researching my page on Akhenaten, I came across some interesting

and in some instances curious references to Akhenaten and the Biblical

Moses. Having an open mind on all things related to the Ancients I have

included some extracts of these sites on this page as well as hyperlinks to

the authors' sites where possible.

Whether they are completely fanciful or have some credence they still make

an interesting read.

My favourite of the articles comes from Michael Scheiflers's Bible Light

Site. The article is called "The Hidden Moses" and compare the bible with

archaeology.

THE HIDDEN MOSES

Can any evidence be found in the museums of the world for the historical

existence of Moses? Just who was the Egyptian princess who claimed him

as her own son? And who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus, and who was his

first born son that died in the 10th plague?

First let's look at what we know about Moses from scripture.

Moses died at age 120 (about 1405 B.C.)

Deu 34:7 And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old

when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.

After the exodus, Moses and Israel wandered in the wilderness 40

years:

Num 32:13 And the LORD'S anger was kindled against Israel,

and he made them wander in the wilderness forty years, until all

the generation, that had done evil in the sight of the LORD, was

consumed.

So Moses was 80 at the time of the first Passover and exodus from

Egypt.

The first Passover and Exodus is dated by the

reign of Solomon

1 Ki 6:1 And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth

year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of

Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the

month Zif, which is the second month, that he began to build the

house of the LORD.

With Solomon's 4th year estimated at 967/966 B.C. - 480 years

earlier places the Exodus at about 1445 B.C.

Moses spent 40 years in Midian / Madian:

Acts 7:29 Then fled Moses at this saying, and was a stranger in

the land of Madian, where he begat two sons.

Acts 7:30 And when forty years were expired, there appeared

to him in the wilderness of mount Sina an angel of the Lord in a

flame of fire in a bush.

So Moses was 40 years old when he smote the Egyptian (about 1485

B.C.):

Acts 7:23 And when he was full forty years old, it came into his

heart to visit his brethren the children of Israel.

Acts 7:24 And seeing one of them suffer wrong, he defended

him, and avenged him that was oppressed, and smote the

Egyptian:

So Moses was born about 1525 B.C., and the

daughter of the reigning Pharaoh (Tutmoses I)

who found him in the Nile was princess

Nefure, who later became known as Queen

Hatshepsut, Pharaoh of Egypt.

Moses Born	Moses 40		Moses 80		Moses 120
1525 B.C.	1485 B.C.		1445 B.C.		1405 B.C.
Ex 2:1-10	Acts 7:23-24	Acts 7:29-30	1 Ki 6:1	Num 32:13	Deu 34:7
Found by Pharaoh's daughter	Moses kills the Egyptian	40 Years spent in Midian Pharaoh dies (Ex 2:23)	Leads Exodus from Egypt	40 Years spent in the wilderness	Dies in Moab
Tutmoses I (had no son's, only a daughter)	Hatshepsut Tutmoses II	Tutmoses III	Tutmoses IV (not first born)	Akhenaten (changes religion)

Pharaoh		Moses
Ahmoses (the moon is born)	Founder of the 18th dynasty. Defeated the Hyksos and regained all Egypt. Initiated building work at Karnak
Amenhotep I (Ammun is pleased) Tutmoses I (born of Thoth)	Son of Amoses.	Aaron, brother of Moses is born (about 1533 B.C.)
	This is the pharaoh who issued the decree that all the infant sons born to the Israelites were to be thrown into the river Nile, but that infant girls were permitted to live. (Exodus 1:22)	Moses born (about 1525 B.C.) and found in the Nile in Memphis (Ex 2:5-9) Moses named by Princess Nefure (Hatchepsut) (Ex 2:10). "Senmut" is another Egyptian name given to Moses when he came to live at the palace.
	The third king of the 18th Dynasty Tutmoses I was a commoner by birth. He had married Ahmose, a sister of Amenhotep I, and was named king when the king died childless. Tutmoses I had no sons, but was the father of Nefure (Hatshepsut), the princess who is the most likely candidate for having found Moses in the Nile.	In Serabit El-Khadim there was erected a stele in the 11th year of reign. It bears the image of Princess Neferure and it is to her, oddly enough, that the regnal years are ascribed. She is accompanied by her steward Senenmut [Moses], bearing a fan. A.H.Gardiner, T.E.Peet and J.Cerny, The Inscriptions of Sinai, Part II (Oxford, 1955) pp.151-152.
	First Pharaoh buried in the Valley of the Kings.	Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was powerful in speech and action. (Acts 7:20). Moses declines to become Pharaoh when Tutmoses I dies. (Heb 11:24)
Tutmoses II 22 years - Moses 32 Years his successor.	Senmut/Tutmoses II (Moses) is groomed to become pharaoh. He is the architect of Deir El Bahri, the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut. Another name for Moses: Hatshepsut Xnem Amen - (offspring of Hatshepsut by the god Amen).	Tomb No. 71 At Deir El Bahri intended for Moses (Senenmut)
Princess Nefure	Daughter of Tutmoses I. It is thought she was about age fifteen when her father died. Hatshepsut married her half-brother, Thutmose II, who had a son, Thutmose III, by a concubine/minor wife (Mutnofret). Co-ruled with Tutmoses III who was only a child when Tutmoses II died. Tutmoses III was the illegitimate son of Tutmoses II (not a son of Hatshepsut).	The last that we hear of Senenmut (Moses) is in year 16 of Hatshepsut's reign. Moses when 40 years old slays an Egyptian (Ex 2:12) and flees Egypt (Ex 2:15) because pharaoh (Moses replacement) wanted to kill him. Tomb No. 353 was for Moses, but work stopped when he fled Egypt. The tomb remains unfinished.
	At Deir El Bahri, there is a wall which depicts the birth of the future heir to the throne, one scene shows a baby boy in the arms of Hatshepsut-the infant Moses!
	In 1488, six years prior to her death, all official records of Hatshepsut ceased.	After Moses leaves for Midian he is replaced by the half brother of Hatshepsut, whom she marries. The half brother takes over the title of Tutmoses II, which used to be Moses' title.
Tutmoses III Amenhotep II Pharaoh when Moses first fled Egypt.	Assumed the position of Pharoah with the demise of Hatshepsut. (Moses was his competitor for the position of pharaoh). Tutmoses III was "The Napoleon of ancient Egypt and captured over 350 cities.	Moses in Midian
	Hatshepsut's royal wall paintings in her mortuary temple at Deir el Bahri were defaced, and her statues were destroyed, because of the hatred Tutmoses III had for her and Moses.	Images of Senmut (Moses) also defaced by Tutmoses III, the childhood rival of Moses.
	Amenemhab mentions the month and the day of Tutmoses III death: "The last day of the third month of the second season ... He mounted to heaven, he joined the sun: the divine limbs mingled with him who begat him." According to James Henry Breasted, founder of American Egyptology, this translates to the 17th of March, 1450 BC.	Exodus 2:23 states: "During that long period, the king of Egypt died...".
Tutmoses IV Pharaoh of the Exodus	Pharaoh of the Exodus. He was not a first born son, or else he would have died in the tenth plague too. He was the second born son of Amenhotep II. The Dream Stela of Thutmose IV, found between the front paws of the Sphinx, indicates he was not the firstborn legal heir to the throne, that he killed his firstborn brother to take the crown. The stele was used to legitimize the murder by claiming it was directed by the Sphinx in a dream. Thutmose IV/Amenhotep III may have perished with his army while pursuing Moses into the Red Sea. (Ex 14:27-28)	Moses returns (Ex 4:19) after 40 years in Midian (Acts 7:30) and leads Israel out of bondage after the first born of Egypt dies at Passover. (Ex. 12) Destruction of Jericho at about 1407 BC. According to "New Bible Evidence" by Sir Charles Marston, the scarab and pottery found in Jericho indicate it was destroyed at the time of Amenhotep III.
Tutankaten Tutankamun	In an inscription on a statue of a lion dedicated by Tutankhamen to the temple of Soleb, he calls Amenhotep III his father.	First born son of Pharaoh struck dead by the 10th plague of God! (Ex 12:29)
	Supposedly reigned from an age of only 9 until his death at about 18. Dies "mysteriously". Actually was only the heir apparent to the throne (Crowned Prince) that may have co-reigned with his father in his later years. Tomb found in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter in 1922, said to be a "cursed" tomb. His burial looks rushed, and in a tomb generally too small - not designed for a reigning pharaoh's burial.
Akhenaten	Akhenaten abruptly abandons the worship of the previous gods of Egypt. Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten, symbolizing the change from Amun worship to monotheistic Aten (Sun) worship. (Moses showed the former gods of Egypt to be powerless, hence the change to monotheism) Shifted his capital from Luxor to a new capital Akhetaten. His wife was the famous Nefertiti which means 'maiden of joy'.	In a song written by Akhenaten to his god, there are seventeen verses which correspond with Psalm 104.

Statues of the infant Moses (Senmut)

and Princess Nefure (Hatshepsut)

SENMUT AND NEFERU-RA Egyptian Museum, Cairo	SENMUT AND NEFERU-RA from Karnak Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York

Egyptologists claim the infant in these statues is princess

NEFERU-RA and the adult is Senmut, her vizir, but when she

claimed Moses as her son, he became the child heir-apparent to

the throne of Egypt. The child wears the serpent on the

forehead and lock of hair on the right side of the head that

designates a prince of Egypt! It is Moses!

SENMUT AND NEFERU-RA Berlin Museum	The Princess and Moses

As Moses grew to adulthood in Egypt, he assumed the title of

Tutmoses II as heir to the throne of Egypt, but when he left

Egypt after committing murder, he was replaced, and another

man assumed that title. But statues of Moses as an adult

apparently do still exist! On the left below is Moses as a child,

and on the right is Moses as an adult, as Thutmoses II, prince of

Egypt, before he left Egypt for Midian!

SENMUT AND NEFERU-RA Egyptian Museum, Cairo	Statue of TUTMOSIS II (Moses) Egyptian Museum, Cairo Note the Semitic nose!

The Hidden Moses - Link to Michael Scheifler's Website

The following article came from the Cairo Times. It leads you to think

something is going on but just what.

Curse of the mummy

A plan to determine the lineage of King Tut once and for all is scrapped for

reasons of national security

by Steve Negus

The tests were to be conducted by an Egyptian team, in an Egyptian

laboratory, in cooperation with officials from the Supreme Council for

Antiquities (SCA). Yet, it appears, someone considered the

Japanese-Egyptian plan to extract DNA from the mummy of Tutankhamoun

to be a danger to national security.

Last month, SCA head Gaballah Ali Gaballah announced that the project,

which its backers say was intended to determine how the famous boy-king

came to the throne, had been blocked. Gaballah said in a phone interview

that the plan had been "cancelled entirely," but declined to provide a reason.

He had earlier been quoted as saying that the extraction had been blocked

for "security concerns," without explaining further.

The tests would have helped to clear up a long-standing archeological debate

over the succession at the end of Egypt’s 18th dynasty, says Nasri

Iskander, the SCA representative on a team that also includes researchers

from Egypt’s Ain Shams and Japan’s Waseda and Nagoya universities.

Tutankhamoun was the successor of Akhenaten, history’s first recorded

monotheist, who banned the worship of Egypt’s traditional gods in favor of

the sun god Aten. Akhenaten in his turn succeeded Amenhotep III, perhaps

the greatest pharaoh of the dynasty, who ruled when the Egyptian empire

was at its zenith. However, the relationship between the three men is

unclear.

Egyptologists normally assume that Akhenaten and Tutankhamun were

Amenhotep III’s sons. However, complicating matters is the introduction of

one Smenkhkare into the historical record late in Akhenaten’s reign as the

heretic pharaoh’s co-regent. Traditionally Smenkhare is held to have been

Akhenaten’s brother, but irregularities in the way that he is portrayed in the

official art has given revisionist historians a field day. Some speculate that

Smenkhkare was Akhenaten’s gay lover, or a male identity assumed by his

queen Nefertiti, or maybe an alternate identity assumed by the heretic

pharaoh himself.

DNA tests could clear up who was who. Unfortunately Akhenaten’s

mummy has been lost, possibly destroyed by subjects who hated the heretic

pharaoh for banning the worship of their traditional gods. The mummies of

Tutankhamun, Smekhkare, and Amenhotep III, however, have survived.

"We have three mummies, and these three mummies are a mystery in

history," says Iskander. "I want to make a comparison between the nuclear

acids in Tutankhamoun and maybe his [presumed] brother and his father."

Iskander some years ago conducted comparisons of the three men’s skulls.

The tests indicated that Smenkhare was male, and Tutankhamun’s brother,

which supports the traditional view. It also suggested that the two younger

men were not related to Amenhotep, which doesn’t. However, conclusions

of the skull tests are "not definite," Iskander says. "If we find the DNA is

similar, that’s another story."

Combined with the lure of Akhenaten’s experiment with monotheism and

Tutankhamun’s treasure, the question of the succession has given rise to

some fairly off-beat speculation about the royal family of the 14th century

BCE. One Ahmed Osman, for example, wrote two books suggesting that

Amenhotep’s father-in-law, Yoya, was in fact the Joseph of the Bible and

the Quran, that Akhenaten was Moses, and that Tutankhamoun was Jesus.

The connection may be tenuous?and Iskander is dismissive of the

pharaohs-as-prophets-theory?but anything suggesting a non-Egyptian origin

for pharaonic civilization, however minimal its credibility with mainstream

archeologists, is a red flag to the regime. Antiquities officials have in the past

launched attacks on a series of best-selling books that suggests that the

Pyramids of Giza were constructed by a pre-pharaonic super-civilization.

The state press has written exposes about a Zionist plot to claim that the

Hebrews built the Pyramids, which presumably would then give them a

modern territorial claim to Egypt.

The combination of Egyptian history, Jewish prophets, and even the most

peripheral of foreign involvement in the mummy case have proved an

irresistible combination to the Egyptian press. The state-owned weekly Rose

Al Youssef of 24 February ran an article on "doubts about the involvement of

Israel in the analysis of Tutankhamun." The article quoted archeologists

Mahmoud Taha as saying that it was "known that Israel is in civilizational

conflict with Egypt, and attempts to prove the relationship of Egyptian

civilization to it." Meanwhile, the paper quoted former SCA head Abdel

Halim Nureddin as saying that Japan had limited experience in Egyptology

and that the Japanese professor involved with the project "was not above

suspicion."

Iskander points out, however, that the tests would have been carried out in

an Egyptian lab, and that state security had already approved the team’s

work. Nor, he says, would the amount of material removed in the

testing?"like a pin head"?have damaged the mummies. He is convinced that

eventually the tests will take place. "We can delay for one or two years or

five years, or ten years," he says. "Anyway, someone is going to do it

somehow," he says.

Ahmed Osman

Akhenaten as Moses

Summary

This speaker summarised the main evidence used in support of his thesis that

Akhenaten was in fact Moses, ruling Egypt prior to his departure.

Akhenaten's motives, and some details of his religious beliefs were

examined.

Content

Before the middle of the 19th century, essentially nothing was known of

Akhenaten. However, it was known from the Old Testament that Moses had

been born in Egypt. Manetho, writing in the 3rd century BCE, mentions that

Moses was an Egyptian king around the time of Amenhotep 3. So it is

reasonable to enquire whether the account of Moses is historical or fictional,

and seeing if a good match can be found for him in this period of Egyptian

history.

The Amarna movement is often portrayed as a primarily political move by

Amenhotep 3 and Akhenaten to challenge the power of the Amun

priesthood, and furthermore that the Aten was no different to one phase or

manifestation of Ra. The Amun temples had gained considerable power

earlier in the 18th dynasty when Thutmose 2 called on them to vindicate his

choice of Thutmose 3 as heir. So these priests became effectively the

arbiters of succession. We know that Amenhotep 3 rebuilt portions of the

temple of Amun at Karnak, and ordered other temple-building elsewhere, a

move which does not fit with a proposed movement against Amun.

The conflict, however, started not for political but other motives. In his

second year, Amenhotep 3 married Tiye, daughter of the courtier Yuya (of

whom more shortly). Amenhotep wanted to choose her for his primary

queen, and her children to be his successors. However, the priesthood

rejected this idea and did not want Tiye to have such an important role. Their

first son vanished mysteriously, and the suggestion was that this was to avoid

the commencement of a new dynasty.

Turning briefly to the Biblical account of Joseph, chariots are mentioned. It

has been thought that chariots were introduced into Egypt by the Hyksos,

and hence that Joseph's arrival coincided with this. However, no evidence

has been found that the Hyksos used chariots, and the first mention in Egypt

is in the 18th dynasty reign of Amenhotep 2. When Joseph came to power,

the king gave him three items - a chariot, a ring and a gold chain. All three of

these items were found in the tomb of Yuya. Additionally, Manethod

mentions a minister of Amenhotep 3 called Seph. These (and other) pieces

of evidence lead to the conclusion that Yuya was Joseph, whose daughter

Tiye then married the king. Being a foreigner, she was rejected as primary

queen by the priestly hierarchy, but in Amenhotep 3's year 28 she ensured

her son's succession by persuading her husband to appoint Amenhotep 4

(Akhenaten) as coregent. This effectively put the matter out of the priests'

hands, but in subsequent years Akhenaten got his revenge by rejecting the

priesthood. By asserting there was another god beyond and superior to

Amun, he tried to ensure that the opinion of the priests of Amun was

irrelevant.

Within Egypt the following development of theology was proposed.

Originally each town and area had its own god. Then as regions aggregated

one became superior in power and so the associated god was seen as more

important. Finally, with the unification of Egypt Amun emerged as a

supreme god over the others. With the extension of Egyptian rule into Asia a

theological issue arose. If the king ruled Egypt in the name of Amun, in

whose name should he rule other nations? How could it be that the same god

could rule both a country and their enemies? So, both to frustrate the Amun

priesthood as explained above, and to authenticate the king's rule over other

nations, the idea was postulated of a god above Amun, Ra etc. This may be

seen in comparison to the Biblical figures, where although Abraham and

Isaac believed in a single god, this was only thought to apply to their tribe,

whereas Moses asserted one God over all.

Note the development of Akhenaten's ideas. During the period he was

ordering the closure of temples, this included temples devoted to Ra, a

somewhat inexplicable action if the Aten was no more than a manifestation

of Ra. In his year 5 he changed from the original imagery of the sun disk on

the horizon, to the sun disk on its own. In his 9th year he began a process of

eliminating the implications of there being more than one god. As a symptom

of this, the hieroglyphic representation of the word ma'at (meaning truth),

traditionally incorporating a sign for deity, was changed to a form where the

word was sounded phonetically. The religion was not a worship of the sun

itself, but rather the sun was seen as an abstraction and visual representation

of the power of god. His ideas represent the introduction of abstraction into

theology in place of the images used before him.

Turning finally (and very briefly) to the subject of the Exodus, there is only

one piece of Egyptian evidence for a body of people coming out of Sinai

into Canaan, and this happens at the changeover of rule between Rameses 1

and Seti 1. At the stage, some Midianite tribes (shasu) attempted to leave

Sinai. Seti went out to fight them, and by preventing their departure caused

the start of 40 years wandering. Interestingly there is no evidence either that

Akhenaten died at the end of his reign, nor that the appropriate burial rituals

were ever carried out, and there are other similar pieces of information. The

suggestion is that Akhenaten was in fact forced to abdicate, either because of

his religious practices or his use of the army to enforce his policies. After

this, he became the Biblical figure of Moses.

In answer to some questions the following extra comments were made. First,

this model assumes a 12 year coregency in common with most speakers at

the conference. Second, Akhenaten's use of a personal bodyguard made up

of foreign troops was noted as being most unusual. Finally, in response to a

question about Yuya's body being in Egypt whilst the Biblical account states

that Joseph's bones were taken when the Israelites departed, the view was

expressed that this was a late, pious addition to the original text in which the

bones were left behind.

Last updated on: Saturday, March 2, 2002.

http://www.users.bigpond.com/MSN/gary_fletcher/akhenmoses.html