The Great Gatsby 읽기 55 - 179:1 ~ 183:25

[yum]

She vanished. In a moment Meyer Wolfshiem stood solemnly in the doorway, holding out both hands. He drew me into his office, remarking in a reverent voice that it was a sad time for all of us, and offered me a cigar.

“My memory goes back to when I first met him,” he said. “A young major just out of the army and covered over with medals he got in the war. He was so hard up he had to keep on wearing his uniform because he couldn’t buy some regular clothes. First time I saw him was when he come into Winebrenner’s poolroom at Forty-third Street and asked for a job. He hadn’t eat anything for a couple of days. ‘Come on have some lunch with me,’ I sid. He ate more than four dollars’ worth of food in half an hour.”

Winebrenner : 독일어 “Wein”(와인)과 “brenner”(증류자, 태우는 사람)가 합쳐져 만들어진 성으로, 본래 와인을 증류하거나 브랜디 등을 제조하는 사람을 가리키는 직업 성씨. F. 스콧 피츠제럴드의 『위대한 개츠비』에서 “Winebrenner’s poolroom”은 특정 인물을 상징하기보다, 당시 뉴욕과 동부의 일상적인 향수와, 독일계 이민자들이 운영하던 상업 공간의 분위기를 전달하는 데 사용된 이름이다. 특별한 은유나 깊은 상징은 없지만, 성씨의 어원이 “와인”과 “증류”에 관련 있다는 점에서, 물질적 유혹과 쾌락, 재력, 그리고 사회적 신분 이동과 같은 주제들이 작품 전체와 연결된다. 이는 개츠비를 둘러싼 인물들의 꿈과 현실, 사회적 계층의 상호작용을 암시하는 요소로 작용할 수 있다.

“Did you start him in business?” I inquired.

“Start him! I made him.”

“Oh.”

“I raised him up out of nothing, right out of the gutter. I saw right away he was a fine appearing, gentlemanly young man, and when he told me he was an Oggsford I knew I could use him good. I got him to join up in the American Legion and he used to stand high there. Right off he did some work for a client of mine up to Albany. We were so thick like that in everything–” He held up two bulbous fingers “– always together.”

bulbous : Something that is bulbous is round and fat in a rather ugly way

1920년대 American Legion은 보훈 보상(보너스) 입법을 강하게 로비하고 ‘100% Americanism’ 아래 반급진·검열 활동을 주도하며, 지역 지부를 통해 공공 영역에서 영향력을 행사하던 보수 성향의 재향군인 조직이었다. 울프심이 개츠비를 여기에 넣은 까닭은 전쟁 영웅 이미지를 발판으로 레기온에서의 위상을 높여 합법적 외피와 권력 인맥을 만들게 하고, 알바니 같은 정치 거점의 고객 일감을 처리하게 하려는 계산으로 읽힌다.

보훈 보너스 로비: 레기온은 제1차 세계대전 참전 보상인 ‘조정보상법(1924)’을 주도적으로 밀어붙였고, 대통령 거부권을 넘어설 만큼 조직적 로비 역량을 과시했다.

‘100% Americanism’과 반급진: 출범 직후 ‘미국주의 위원회’를 두고 좌익·급진을 감시·배제하며 교과서·강연에 영향력을 행사했고, 이민·선동 제한 입법을 지지하는 등 강경한 반급진 노선을 펼쳤다.

지역사회에서의 실력 행사: 일부 지부는 ‘불온’ 인사를 조사하는 등 지역 공적 영역에 개입했고, 애국 행사·교육 사업을 통해 시민사회에서 상징자본과 네트워크를 축적했다.

금주법 시대의 맥락: 금주법 집행은 인력 부족과 정치적 연줄 인사로 취약했기에, 치안·도덕 담론과 가까운 단체의 네트워크는 허가·단속의 온도차를 좌우하는 실질적 영향력으로 작용할 수 있었다.

개츠비가 “알바니의 고객을 위해 일했다”는 대목은 뉴욕주 수도이자 1921년 이후 오코널-코닝 민주당 기계가 장악한 권력 중심과의 접점을 암시한다.

오코널 기계는 인사·사법·경찰·선거를 포괄하는 강력한 파트로나지 체계를 구축해 수십 년간 도시 운영을 사실상 통제했으며, 계약·채권·고용 등 각종 이권과 연결되었다.

합법적 외피와 신뢰성: 울프심은 전쟁 훈장을 지닌 젊은 장교였던 개츠비를 레기온에 가입시켜 빠르게 단체 내 위상을 얻게 했고(“used to stand high there”), 이는 사업상의 신뢰·평판을 위한 합법적 외피로 기능한다.

네트워크와 통로: 레기온 인맥은 지방 유지·정치인·사업가로 이어지는 사회적 인맥을 제공해, 울프심의 “고객”을 상대로 한 위임업무(알바니 포함)를 성사시키는 접착제 역할을 한다.

범죄-정치의 연결고리: 울프심은 실존 범죄 보스 아널드 로스스타인에 빗댄 인물로 월드시리즈 승부조작 등 지하경제와 연결되는데, 금주법 집행의 허술함과 정치 기계의 파트로나지 환경은 ‘깨끗한 얼굴’(개츠비)을 내세운 거래·보호·청탁의 여지를 넓혀준다.

원문은 울프심이 “레기온에 가입시켰고, 거기서 평판이 높았다… 곧바로 알바니에 있는 내 고객 일을 했다”고 말해, 단체 내 위상 상승과 알바니 업무가 연동되어 있음을 직접 제시한다.

이때의 ‘레기온’은 1919년 창립되어 애국주의·반급진 노선을 천명한 재향군인 조직으로, 1920년대에 걸쳐 정치·사회적 영향력을 확대했다는 점에서 울프심의 선택을 뒷받침한다.‘

Albany : Albany의 1920년대 모습은 상징적이고 중추적인 도시 공간, 권력과 부의 교집합으로, 특정 인물이 사회적으로 상승하거나, 권력에 접근하는 계기 또는 배경을 나타내는 데 사용된다. 즉, Albany는 1920년대 미국 사회를 상징하는 도시적 활기와 권력의 배경이자, 문학적으로는 인물의 야망과 사회적 이동, 불법 거래의 암시를 담아내는 장치로 의미가 있다.

I wondered if this partnership had included the World’s Series transaction in 1919.

“Now he’s dead,” I said after a moment. “You were his closest friend, so I know you’ll want to come to his funeral this afternoon.”

“I’d like to come.”

“Well, come then.”

The hair in his nostrils quivered slightly and as he shook his head his eyes filled with tears.

A small, flat-nosed Jew raised his large head and regarded me with two fine growths of hair which luxuriated in either nostril. (83:18-20)

“I can’t do it–I can’t get mixed up in it,” he said.

“There’s nothing to get mixed up in. It’s all over now.”

“When a man gets killed I never like to get mixed up in it in any way. I keep out. When I was a young man it was different–if a friend of mine died, no matter how, I stuck with them to the end. You may think that’s sentimental but I mean it–to the bitter end.”

I saw that for some reason of his own he was determined not to come, so I stood up.

“Are you a college man?” he inquired suddenly.

For a moment I thought he was going to suggest a “gonnegtion” but he only nodded and shook my hand.

“Let us learn to show our friendship for a man when he is alive and not after he is dead,” he suggested.

“After that my own rule is to let everything alone.”

When I left his office the sky had turned dark and I got back to West Egg in a drizzle. After changing my clothes I went next door and found Mr. Gatz walking up and down excitedly in the hall. His pride in his son and in his son’s possessions was continually increasing and now he had something to show me.

“Jimmy sent me this picture.” He took out his wallet with trembling fingers. “Look there.”

It was a photograph of the house, cracked in the corners and dirty with many hands. He pointed out every detail to me eagerly. “Look there!” and then sought admiration from my eyes. He had shown it so often that I think it was more real to him now than the house itself.

“Jimmy sent it to me. I think it’s a very pretty picture. It shows up well.”

“Very well. Had you seen him lately?”

“He come out to see me two years ago and bought me the house I live in now. Of course we was broke up when he run off from home but I see now there was a reason for it. He knew he had a big future in front of him. And ever since he made a success he was very generous with me.”

개츠비 아버지의 말투를 비표준·방언적으로 설정해 계층/출신 배경을 드러낸다. 과거형과 분사형을 섞어 쓰는 방식은 당시 미국 일부 지역·구어에서 흔한 특징

- He come out to see me...

→ He came out to see me...

- we was broke up

→ we were broken up 또는 we had broken up

이 표현은 의미상 we were estranged 혹은 we’d had a falling-out도 자연스럽다.

- he run off from home

→ he ran off from home 또는 he ran away from home

ever since he made a success

→ 다소 구식 표현으로, ever since he became successful / ever since he found success 가 더 중립적.

He seemed reluctant to put away the picture, held it for another minute, lingeringly, before my eyes. Then he returned the wallet and pulled from his pocket a ragged old copy of a book called “Hopalong Cassidy.”

- Hopalong Cassidy : 1904년 클라런스 E. 멀포드가 창조한 가상의 서부 영웅으로, 이후 배우 윌리엄 보이드가 영화·라디오·TV에서 확고한 대중 아이콘으로 만든 캐릭터다. 초기 소설의 거칠고 비속어를 쓰는 카우보이상에서, 스크린에서는 검은 복장을 한 점잖고 정의로운 영웅으로 재해석되어 폭발적 인기를 얻었다. 멀포드는 1904년 단편으로 캐릭터를 처음 선보였고, 카시디가 다리를 총에 맞아 절뚝거리게 되면서 ‘Hopalong’이라는 별명이 붙었다.

Hopalong Cassidy는 1907년에 처음 창조된 인물인데, 소설 Hopalong Cassidy는 1910년에 발간되었다(Chicago: Mcclurg). 그러므로 1906년이라고 씌어 있었다는 것은 착오로 보인다.

https://youtu.be/24qM3qFyEbs?si=vXMY5rEoO_OY5jED

http://hopalongcassidy.com/

“Look here, this is a book he had when he was a boy.

It just shows you.”

He opened it at the back cover and turned it around for me to see. On the last fly-leaf was printed the word SCHEDULE, and the date September 12th, 1906. And underneath:

Rise from bed 6.00 A.M.

Dumbbell exercise and wall-scaling

6.15-6.30 A.M.

Study electricity, etc 7.15-8.15 A.M.

Work 8.30-4.30 P.M.

Baseball and sports 4.30-5.00 P.M.

Practice elocution, poise and how to attain it

5.00-6.00 P.M.

Study needed inventions

7.00-9.00 P.M.

GENERAL RESOLVES

No wasting time at Shafters or (a name, indecipherable)

No more smokeing or chewing Bath every other day

Read one improving book or magazine per week

Save $5.00 [crossed out] $3.00 per week

Be better to parents.

 

The Works of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. I Autobiography, Letters and Misc. Writings 1725-1734 -->

https://oll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/oll3/store/titles/2452/Franklin_1438-01_Bk.pdf

“I come across this book by accident,” said the old man. “It just shows you, don’t it?”

“It just shows you.”

“Jimmy was bound to get ahead. He always had some resolves like this or something. Do you notice what he’s got about improving his mind? He was always great for that. He told me I et like a hog once and I beat him for it.”

et : ate를 et로 발음했다는 뜻으로 이렇게 표기했다.

He was reluctant to close the book, reading each item aloud and then looking eagerly at me. I think he rather expected me to copy down the list for my own use.

A little before three the Lutheran minister arrived from Flushing and I began to look involuntarily out the windows for other cars. So did Gatsby’s father.

And as the time passed and the servants came in and stood waiting in the hall, his eyes began to blink anxiously and he spoke of the rain in a worried uncertain way. The minister glanced several times at his watch so I took him aside and asked him to wait for half an hour. But it wasn’t any use. Nobody came.

About five o’clock our procession of three cars reached the cemetery and stopped in a thick drizzle beside the gate–first a motor hearse, horribly black and wet, then Mr. Gatz and the minister and I in the limousine, and, a little later, four or five servants and the postman from West Egg in Gatsby’s station wagon, all wet to the skin. As we started through the gate into the cemetery I heard a car stop and then the sound of someone splashing after us over the soggy ground. I looked around. It was the man with owl-eyed glasses whom I had found marvelling over Gatsby’s books in the library one night three months before.

Gatsby’s station wagon : On week-ends his Rolls-Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city, between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. (47:9-13)

I’d never seen him since then. I don’t know how he knew about the funeral or even his name. The rain poured down his thick glasses and he took them off and wiped them to see the protecting canvas unrolled from Gatsby’s grave.

I tried to think about Gatsby then for a moment but he was already too far away and I could only remember, without resentment, that Daisy hadn’t sent a message or a flower. Dimly I heard someone murmur “Blessed are the dead that the rain falls on,” and then the owl-eyed man said “Amen to that,” in a brave voice.

- Blessed are the dead that the rain falls on : 비 맞는 망자에게 복이 있나니. *영어 속담 중에 날씨와 연관 지은 다음과 같은 속담이 있다. Happy is the bride that the sun shines on; blessed is the corpse that the rain falls on(햇살 받는 신부에게는 행복이, 비 맞는 시신에게는 복이 있나니). 또한 에드워드 토머스 (Edward Thomas, 1878~1917)의 「비』(Rain)라는 시에도 위와 같은 취지의 "Blessed are the dead that the rain rains upon"이라는 구절이 등장한다. 한밤중 고독하고 황량한 오두막에서 거칠게 쏟아지는 빗소리를 들으며 죽음을 명상하는 이 시는 '망자의 시신에 비가 내리면 축복이 있다고 하지만, 자신이 한때 사랑한 그 누구도 한밤중 외롭게 빗속에서 죽어가거나 외로이 깨어 홀로 빗소리를 듣기를 원치 않는다'는 내용을 전달하고 있다.

We straggled down quickly through the rain to the cars. Owl-Eyes spoke to me by the gate.

“I couldn’t get to the house,” he remarked.

“Neither could anybody else.”

“Go on!” He started. “Why, my God! they used to go there by the hundreds.”

He took off his glasses and wiped them again outside and in.

“The poor son-of-a-bitch,” he said.