Answer 11

[유진승]

Task sentence 

모든 세 영역에서 서구는 비서구 사회들의 이해에 맞서 자신의 이해를 지키는 데 어려움을 겪어 왔고 계속적으로 어려움을 겪을 가능성이 크다.  

Original text

In all three areas the West has had and is likely to continue to have difficulties defending its interests against those of non-Western societies. 

A. areas 영역

Error: aspects (측면), items (항목)  

An aspect of something means a way of looking at it, or a viewpoint (관점) from which to think about it, while area is a rather clearly defined division; so aspect is less clearly defined and can be quite subjective (주관적). Hence, in the following examples, the two words are not interchangeable: (All unmarked examples are from Oxford) 

@ The president has won popular support because of his reforms in two key areas, health and education. (Activator)

@ She felt she had looked at the problem from every aspect. (= viewpoint)

@ The consultancy gives advice to manufacturers on the health and safety aspects of their products. (= advice from health and safety viewpoints)

@ The book aims to cover all aspects of city life. (= city life from all viewpoints)

But in the following examples, area or even part may be substituted for aspect, because here the sense of aspect approaches “division” or “part”: 

@ The association acts as an information center for all aspects [areas] of teaching. (Activator)

@ This was one aspect [area, part] of her character he hadn't seen before. 

But the substitution results in a slight change of meaning. Especially in the first sentence, “areas of teaching” would imply that there are some clearly and objectively defined areas of teaching, while different people with different viewpoints can think of many different “aspects of teaching”.

In our text, we are talking about three clearly defined areas of West’s effort rather than three different ways of looking at the effort.

B. In all three areas 모든 세 영역에서

Error: Of all three areas, In all the three areas, In all three of areas

Error: In all of the three areas >> grammatically correct, but wordy  

C. the West 서구는

Error: the Westerns à Answer 10/ H  

D. is likely 가능성이 크다

Alternative: is very likely, is highly likely

Error: is greatly possible

Possible cannot be used in the structure, 'the West is possible to...'; it is only used in the structure, 'it is possible for the West to...'

E. have (difficulties) (어려움을) 겪다  

Alternative: experience

Error: suffer, go through

Do a corpus search for these verbs with the following string: have@+0,1difficulty|difficulties, substituting each verb for have. This retrieves all examples with a have in all verb forms followed by difficulty or difficulties after 0 or 1 intervening word. (have의 모든 활용형 뒤에 0~1 단어 사이를 두고 difficulty 또는 difficulties가 따라나오는 용례들)

This string is designed anticipating cases such as “have a difficulty”, “have difficulty”, and “have difficulties”. To make it quicker, you can also combine some of them, for instance: suffer@|experience@+0,1difficulty|difficulties. à BG 4

The results will tell you that suffer and go through are rarely used with difficulty. In other words, suffer is not a good collocate of difficulty. à BG 1. Go through is used sometimes, when you want to focus on the process of having difficulty: We are going through difficulties to reach a long-term goal. (BE)

Another finding from the search results is that there is no case of  “a” coming between a verb and difficulty. à G   

F. (have/ experience) difficulties 어려움을 (겪다)

Alternative: difficulty

Error: a difficulty

Error: a hard time, trouble >> too colloquial for our text

“Have [experience] difficulty” and “have [experience] difficulties” are fixed phrases and do not have “a” in between, as is shown in the corpus search. à E

G. have difficulties defending 지키는 데 어려움을 겪다

Alternative: have difficulties in defending

Error: have difficulties to defend à BG 1 (pattern)

H. defending 지키는 데

Alternative: protecting

Error: keeping, holding

Search the corpus with defend@|keep@|protect@|hold@+1,2interests. Then you will get only defend and protect, except one instance of keep. This tells you that defend and protect are good collocates of interests.

Then check hold separately, this time with both plural and singular forms of interest: hold@+1,2interest|interests. You will get no instance of the plural form. This means that hold is used only with the singular form. Dictionaries like Collins tell us that interest means 관심, and interests means 이해(관계). 

So the following corpus lines shows that “hold interest for” means 관심을 끌다, while “hold interest in”means 관심을 가지다:  

@ I'm afraid drugs hold no interest for me at all,' says Kellie. (= Drugs don't interest me.)

@ ... I hold a particular interest in this issue because I am 14 and ...

Next, search keep with the same string, and you will see that it is also used mostly with the singular form and means 관심을 유지시키다 (유지하다):  

@ gifts that will really keep their interest; ... (= make their interest last)

@ ... that kept my interest going and so I waited three years (= made my interest last)

@ racing career Mike kept up his interest in cycling... (= maintained his interest) 

@ ... to keep a worthwhile interest in a company ... (= maintain interest)   

I. its interests 자신의 이해

Alternative: its own interests

Error: its interest (관심) à H

You use own to emphasize a certain aspect of possession: (All examples from Collins)

@ Jennifer insisted on her own room (= room just for her)

@ His office had its own private entrance (= separate entrance)

@ I let her tell me about it in her own way (= in a way characteristic of her)

@ They enjoy making their own decisions (= making decisions by themselves)

@ He will have to make his own arrangements (= make arrangement himself)

@ Why can’t I live a normal life in my own country? (= ironical)

So saying 'its own interests' in our text would emphasize the exclusiveness of the interests--interests exclusively for the West.

J. those of non-Western societies 비서구 사회들의 이해

Alternative: non-western societies' interests

K. STRUCTURE: has had and is likely to continue to have difficulties ...

Alternative: has had difficulties ... and is likely to continue to do so. >> but Huntington’s version is clearer and more succinct.

L. STRUCTURE: In all three areas... 모든 세 영역에서

Error: ... in all three areas.

It is better and clearer to put short adverb phrases in the front of the sentence.

[Sly Andy]

Wow, so parellel structure is widely applicable! Thanks.