Former Premier Li Keqiang has died of heart attack at 68 리커창 전 총리, 68세에 사망

[김우정]

중국의 리커창 전총리가 어제 새벽 68세에 심장마비로 사망했습니다.
그는 베이징대학 박사출신으로 영어를 구사할 수 있는 이코노미스트입니다. 
2013년부터 2022년까지 중국경제를 주도한 스마트한 인물입니다.
작년에 친기업적인 정책과 권력투쟁에서 시진핑과 갈등으로 작년말에 퇴임했습니다.
현재 중국정부에 리커창만한 경제전문가가 눈에 띄지 않습니다.
 
Former Premier Li Keqiang, China's top economic official for decade, has died of heart attack at 68
10년 동안 중국의 최고 경제관료였던 리커창 전 총리, 68세에 심장마비로 사망

(AP)
Posted : 2023-10-27 09:26  Updated : 2023-10-27 22:19
Korea Times

China's President Xi Jinping, left, speaks with Premier Li Keqiang during the opening session of the National People's Congress (NPC) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on March 5. AFP-Yonhap 시진핑(왼쪽) 중국 국가주석이 3월5일 베이징 인민대회당에서 열린 전국인민대표대회(전인대) 개막식에서 리커창 총리와 대화하고 있다. AFP-연합

Former Premier Li Keqiang, China’s top economic official for a decade, died Friday of a heart attack. He was 68.
전 경제 최고책임자이자 10년 동안 중국경제를 주도해온 리커창 전 총리가 금요일 심장마비로 별세했다. 그는 68세였다.

Li was China’s No. 2 leader from 2013-23 and an advocate for private business but was left with little authority after President Xi Jinping made himself the most powerful Chinese leader in decades and tightened control over the economy and society.
리총리는 2013-2023년까지 중국 제2위 지도자로 활약했으며, 민간 비즈니스를 옹호하는 입장을 취했으나, 시진핑 국가주석이 수십년 동안 중국에서 가장 강력한 리더로 자리매김하며 경제와 사회를 철저히 통제한 뒤에는 권한이 크게 감소했다.

CCTV said Li had been resting in Shanghai recently and had a heart attack on Thursday. He died at 12:10 a.m. Friday.
중국 중앙 TV는 리 전총리가 최근 상하이에서 휴식 중이었고 목요일 심장마비를 겪은뒤 금요일 오전 12시 10분에 별세했다고 보도했다.

Li, an English-speaking economist, was considered a contender to succeed then-Communist Party leader Hu Jintao in 2013 but was passed over in favor of Xi. Reversing the Hu era’s consensus-oriented leadership, Xi centralized powers in his own hands, leaving Li and others on the party’s ruling seven-member Standing Committee with little influence.
리 전총리는 영어로 의사소통할 수 있는 이코노미스트로, 2013년 당시 중국 공산당 지도자인 후진타오의 후임후보로 여겨졌지만, 그 자리는 시 주석 에게 넘겨졌다. 후진타오 시대의 합의 지향적 리더십을 뒤집고, 시 주석은 권력을 중앙집중화하여 리와 다른 인물들을 공산당 지도부의 7인 상무위원회에서 영향력이 거의 없는 상태로 남겼다.

As the top economic official, Li promised to improve conditions for entrepreneurs who generate jobs and wealth. But the ruling party under Xi increased the dominance of state industry and tightened control over tech and other industries. Foreign companies said they felt unwelcome after Xi and other leaders called for economic self-reliance, expanded an anti-spying law and raided offices of consulting firms.
경제 최고책임자로서 리 전총리는 일자리와 재산을 창출하는 기업가들의 환경을 개선하겠다고 약속했다. 그러나 시 주석이 지휘한 지도부는 국영 기업의 우위를 강화하고 기술 및 기타산업을 엄격히 통제하여 컨설팅 기업사무실을 압수하며 환영받지 않다고 느끼게 했다.

Li was dropped from the Standing Committee at a party congress in October 2022 despite being two years below the informal retirement age of 70.
2022년 10월의 당대회에서 리 전총리는 정식 은퇴연령인 70세보다 2년 더 어린 나이임에도 불구하고 상무위원회에서 제외되었다.

The same day, Xi awarded himself a third five-year term as party leader, discarding a tradition under which his predecessors stepped down after 10 years. Xi filled the top party ranks with loyalists, ending the era of consensus leadership and possibly making himself leader for life. The No. 2 slot was filled by Li Qiang, the party secretary for Shanghai, who lacked Li Keqiang’s national-level experience and later told reporters that his job was to do whatever Xi decided.
같은 날, 시 주석은 자신에게 3번째 5년 임기를 부여하여 전임자들이 10년의 임기 후에 물러나는 전통을 버렸다. 시 주석은 충성심 있는 지원자들로 최고당 수석직을 채우며 합의 리더십 시대를 끝내고 자신을 평생 지도자로 만들 가능성이 있다. 제2위 자리는 상하이의 당 비서인 리치앙이 차지했는데, 그는 리커창과 같은 국가적 경험을 갖지 않았으며 나중에 기자들에게 시가 결정하는 대로 하는 일이라고 말했다.

Li Keqiang, a former vice premier, took office in 2013 as the ruling party faced growing warnings the construction and export booms that propelled the previous decade’s double-digit growth were running out of steam.
리커창은 2013년에 부총리로 취임했으며, 당은 이전 10년간 두 자리 수 성장을 견인했던 건설 및 수출 붐이 무력해지기 시작했다는 경고를 받았다.

Government advisers argued Beijing had to promote growth based on domestic consumption and service industries. That would require opening more state-dominated industries and forcing state banks to lend more to entrepreneurs.
정부 자문기구들은 중국이 내수 소비와 서비스산업을 기반으로 한 성장을 촉진하고, 국영기업을 더 많이 개방하고 국영은행을 기업가들에게 더 많이 대출하도록 해야 한다고 주장했다.

Li’s predecessor, Wen Jiabao, apologized at a March 2012 news conference for not moving fast enough.
그 전임자인 웬지아바오는 2012년 3월 뉴스 브리핑에서 움직이는 데 더 빨리 나가지 못한 것에 대해 사과했다.

In a 2010 speech, Li acknowledged challenges including too much reliance on investment to drive economic growth, weak consumer spending and a wealth gap between prosperous eastern cities and the poor countryside, home to 800 million people.
2010년 연설에서 리 전총리는 경제성장을 주도하기 위해 투자에 지나치게 의존하고 소비 지출이 부족하며 번영한 동부 도시와 가난한 시골 간의 부를 가리키는 경제격차와 같은 과제들을 인정했다.

Li was seen as a possible candidate to revive then-supreme leader Deng Xiaoping’s market-oriented reforms of the 1980s that started China’s boom. But he was known for an easygoing style, not the hard-driving impatience of Zhu Rongji, the premier in 1998-2003 who ignited the construction and export booms by forcing painful reforms that cut millions of jobs from state industry.
리 총리는 당시 최고 지도자였던 덩샤오핑의 1980년대 시장지향적 개혁을 부활시킬 가능성이 있는 후보로 여겨졌지만, 그는 수백만 개의 일자리를 국가산업에서 빼앗는 뼈아픈 개혁을 강요함으로써 건설과 수출 붐에 불을 붙인 1998-2003년 주룽지 총리의 강경한 조바심이 아니라 느긋한 스타일로 알려져 있었다.

Li was believed to have supported the “China 2030” report released by the World Bank and a Cabinet research body in 2012 that called for dramatic changes to reduce the dominance of state industry and rely more on market forces.
리총리는 2012년에 세계 은행과 내각 조사 기구가 발표한 "중국 2030" 보고서를 지지한 것으로 여겨졌는데, 이 보고서는 국가산업의 지배력을 줄이고 시장의 힘에 더 의존하기 위해 극적인 변화를 요구했다.

The Unirule Institute, an independent think tank in Beijing, said state industry was so inefficient that its return on equity — a broad measure of profitability — was negative 6 percent. Unirule later was shut down by Xi as part of a campaign to tighten control over information.
베이징의 독립적인 싱크탱크인 유니룰 연구소는 국영산업이 너무 비효율적이어서 수익성을 가늠할 수 있는 광범위한 측정치인 자기자본이익률이 마이너스 6%라고 말했다. 유니룰은 이후 정보통제를 강화하기 위한 캠페인의 일환으로 시 주석에 의해 폐쇄되었다.

In his first annual policy address, Li in 2014 was praised for promising to pursue market-oriented reform, cut government waste, clean up air pollution and root out pervasive corruption that was undermining public faith in the ruling party.
2014년 그의 첫 연례 정책연설에서, 이 총리는 시장 지향적인 개혁을 추구하고, 정부낭비를 줄이고, 대기오염을 정화하고, 여당에 대한 국민의 믿음을 약화시키고 있는 만연한 부패를 뿌리 뽑겠다고 약속한 것에 대해 찬사를 받았다.

Xi took away Li’s decision-making powers on economic matters by appointing himself to head a party commission overseeing reform.
시 주석은 개혁을 감독하는 당 위원장에 자신을 임명함으로써 경제 문제에 대한 리 총리의 의사 결정권을 빼앗았다.

Xi’s government pursued the anti-raft drive, imprisoning hundreds of officials including former Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang. But party leaders were ambivalent about the economy. They failed to follow through on a promised list of dozens of market-oriented changes. They increased the dominance of state-owned banks and energy and other companies.
시 주석 정부는 저우융캉 전 상무위원을 포함해 수백명의 관료들을 투옥하는 등 반청탁 운동을 추구했지만 당 지도부는 경제에 대해 양가적인 태도를 보였다. 그들은 약속된 수십 개의 시장중심의 변화 목록을 이행하지 못했고 국영은행과 에너지 및 기타회사들의 지배력을 높였다.

Xi’s government opened some industries including electric car manufacturing to private and foreign competition. But it built up state-owned “national champions” and encouraged Chinese companies to use domestic suppliers instead of imports.
시 주석정부는 전기차 제조업을 포함한 일부 산업을 민간과 외국 경쟁에 개방했지만 국유의 "국가 챔피언"을 구축하고 중국기업들이 수입 대신 국내 공급업체를 사용하도록 장려했다.

Borrowing by companies, households and local governments increased, pushing up debt that economists warned already was dangerously high. Beijing finally tightened controls in 2020 on debt in real estate, one of China’s biggest industries. That triggered a collapse in economic growth, which fell to 3 percent in 2022, the second-lowest in three decades.
기업, 가계 및 지방 정부의 차입이 증가하여 경제학자들이 이미 위험할 정도로 높다고 경고한 부채가 증가했습니다. 베이징은 마침내 2020년에 중국의 가장 큰 산업 중 하나인 부동산부채에 대한 통제를 강화했다. 그것은 2022년에 30년 만에 두 번째로 낮은 3%로 떨어진 경제 성장의 붕괴를 촉발했다.

Li showed his political skills but little zeal for reform as governor and later party secretary of populous Henan province in central China in 1998-2004.
리총리는 1998년부터 2004년까지 인구가 가장 많은 중국 중부 허난성의 성장과 후에 당서기로서 자신의 정치적 능력을 보여주었지만 개혁에 대한 열의는 거의 없었다.

Li earned the nickname “Three Fires Li” and a reputation for bad luck after three fatal fires struck Henan while he was there. A Christmas Day blaze at a nightclub in 2000 killed 309 people. Other officials were punished but Li emerged unscathed.
리총리는 허난성에 있는 동안 세 번의 치명적인 화재가 발생해 "리커창의 세 번의 화재"라는 별명과 불운으로 명성을 얻었다. 2000년 한 나이트클럽의 크리스마스 날 화재로 309명이 사망했다. 다른 관리들은 처벌을 받았지만 리는 다치지 않았다.

Meanwhile, provincial leaders were trying to suppress information about the spread of AIDS by a blood-buying industry in Henan.
한편, 지방 지도자들은 허난성의 한 혈액 구매산업에 의한 에이즈확산에 대한 정보를 억제하기 위해 노력하고 있었다.
 
Li’s reputation for bad luck held as China suffered a series of deadly disasters during his term.
중국이 그의 임기 동안 치명적인 재난들을 겪으면서, 그의 불운에 대한 리총리의 명성이 구축되었다.
 
Days after he took office, a landslide on March 29, 2013, killed at least 66 miners at a gold mine in Tibet and left 17 others missing and presumed dead.
그가 취임한 지 며칠 뒤인 2013년 3월 29일 발생한 산사태로 티베트의 한 금광에서 최소 66명의 광부가 숨지고 17명이 실종됐으며 사망한 것으로 추정되고 있다.

In the eastern port of Tianjin, a warehouse holding chemicals exploded Aug. 12, 2015, killing at least 116 people.
2015년 8월 12일, 톈진의 동쪽 항구에서 화학물질을 보관하던 창고가 폭발하여 최소 116명이 사망했다.

A China Eastern Airlines jetliner plunged into the ground on March 22, 2022, killing all 132 people aboard. Authorities have yet to announce a possible cause.
2022년 3월 22일 중국 동방항공 제트 여객기가 지상으로 추락해 탑승자 132명 전원이 사망했다. 당국은 아직 가능한 원인을 발표하지 않았다.

Li oversaw China’s response to COVID-19, the first cases of which were detected in the central city of Wuhan. Then-unprecedented controls were imposed, shutting down most international travel for three years and access to major cities for weeks at a time.
리총리는 코로나19에 대한 중국의 대응을 감독했는데, 그 중 첫 번째 사례가 우한의 중심 도시에서 감지되었다. 그리고 나서 전례 없는 통제가 내려졌고, 3년 동안 대부분의 해외여행을 중단하고 한 번에 몇 주 동안 주요 도시에 대한 접근을 중단했다.

In one of his last major official acts, Li led a Cabinet meeting that announced Nov. 11, 2022, that anti-virus controls would be relaxed to reduce disruption after the economy shrank by 2.6% in the second quarter of the year. Two weeks later, the government announced most travel and business restrictions would end the following month.
그의 마지막 주요 공식행동 중 하나로, 리총리는 2022년 11월 11일 발표한 국무회의를 이끌었는데, 이는 올해 2분기 경제가 2.6% 위축된 후 혼란을 줄이기 위해 안티바이러스 통제가 완화될 것이라고 발표했다. 2주 후, 정부는 대부분의 여행과 사업 제한이 다음 달에 끝날 것이라고 발표했다.
 

China's Premier Li Keqiang attends the 22nd ASEAN-China Summit in Bangkok on Nov. 3, 2019, on the sidelines of the 35th Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit. AFP-Yonhap 리커창 중국 총리가 제35차 동남아국가연합(ASEAN) 정상회의와 별도로 2019년 11월 3일 방콕에서 열리는 제22차 아세안-중국 정상회의에 참석하고 있다. AFP-연합

Li was born July 1, 1955, in the eastern province of Anhui and by 1976 was ruling party secretary of a commune there.
리 전 총리는 1955년 7월 1일 중국 동부 안후이 성에서 태어나, 1976년에는 해당 지역 공동체의 공산당 비서였다.

Studying law at Peking University, he was the campus secretary of the ruling party’s Communist Youth League, an organization that launched the political careers of former party leaders Hu Jintao and Hu Yaobang. He was a member of the League’s Standing Committee, a sign he was seen as future leadership material.
베이징대학에서 법학을 공부하면서 리 전 총리는 공산당 청년단의 캠퍼스 비서로 활약했는데, 이 단체는 전 공산당 지도자인 후진타오와 후야오방을 정치적으로 성장시킨 단체이다. 그는 청년단 상임위원회의 일원이었는데, 이는 그가 미래의 지도자 후보로 여겨졌음을 나타내는 신호였다.

After serving in a series of party posts, Li received his Ph.D. in economics in 1994 from Peking University.
여러 공직을 거친 뒤, 리 전 총리는 1994년에 베이징대학에서 경제학 박사학위를 받았다.

Following Henan, Li served as party secretary for Liaoning province in the northeast as part of a rotation through provincial posts and at ministries in Beijing that was meant to prepare leaders. He joined the party Central Committee in 2007. (AP)
리 총리는 허난성에 이어 베이징의 성과 각 부처 지도자를 순환 배치하는 역할로 동북 랴오닝성 당서기를 지냈으며, 2007년 당 중앙위원회에 입당했다. (AP)
 

India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang attend the 3rd Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) summit in Bangkok, Thailand, Nov. 4, 2019. Reuters-Yonhap2019년 11월 4일 태국 방콕에서 열린 제3차 역내포괄적경제동반자협정(RCEP) 정상회의에 참석한 나렌드라 모디 인도 총리와 리커창 중국 총리. 로이터-연합

#LiKeqiang리커창 #China중국 #Premier총리 #XiJinping시진핑 #Economicofficial경제담당고위관리 #Heartattack심장마비 #CommunistParty공산당 #Henanprovince허난성 #StandingCommittee상무위원회 #PekingUniversity베이징대학