[스터디후기] Jun. 13th

[TOM aka MOOK]

ATTENDANCE : Alice(185min. late), Koosy, Kyunghwan, Sophia & Tom

0. Morning Special (Jun. 8th)

successive: coming or following one after the other <ex> The team has had five successive victories.

in a row: happening a number of times, one after the other (= consecutively, on the trot) <ex> She’s been out four nights in a row.

grant: [FORMAL] to give someone something or allow them to have something that they have asked for <ex> The council have granted him permission to build on the site.

take it for granted (that): to believe that something is true without making sure <ex> He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.

offer: to provide something that people need or want <ex> A number of groups offer their services free of charge.

transaction: [FORMAL] a business deal or action, such as buying or selling something <ex> The bank charges a fixed rate for each transaction.

sluggish: moving or reacting more slowly than normal (≒ labored, slow, stately, tedious, creeping, ≠ fast, speedy) <ex> Economic recovery has so far been sluggish.

slum: a house or an area of a city that is in very bad condition, where very poor people live <ex> Slums are a reproach to a civilized city.

provocation: an action or event that makes someone angry or upset, or is intended to do this <ex> He was accused of deliberate provocation.

rogue: not behaving in the usual or accepted way and often causing trouble <ex> Officials are concerned about rogue regimes that may have nuclear weapons.

knave: [OLD-FASHIONED] [DISAPPROVAL] a dishonest boy or man (≒ rogue, scoundrel, villain, rascal, rapscallion, scamp, bad guy, cad, swindler, evildoer, varlet, miscreant) <ex> Once a knave, and ever a knave.

state: ① the physical or mental condition that someone or something is in <ex> There are fears for the state of the country’s economy. ② the government or political organization of a country <ex> The state has allocated special funds for the emergency.

velocity: [TECHNICAL] the speed of something that is moving in a particular direction <ex> The speedboat reached a velocity of 120 mph.

※ The velocity of money is the average frequency with which a unit of money is spent in a specific period of time. Velocity associates the amount of economic activity associated with a given money supply. When the period is understood, the velocity may be present as a pure number; otherwise it should be given as a pure number over time. In the equation of exchange, velocity of money is one of the key variables determining inflation.

If, for example, in a very small economy, a farmer and a mechanic, with just $50 between them, buy goods and services from each other in just three transactions over the course of a year. ① Mechanic buys $40 of corn from farmer. ② Farmer spends $50 on tractor repair from mechanic. ③ Mechanic spends $10 on barn cats from farmer. Then $100 changed hands in course of a year, even though there is only $50 in this little economy. That $100 level is possible because each dollar was spent an average of twice a year, which is to say that the velocity was 2 / yr.

appearance: when a famous person takes part in a film, concert or other public event <ex> He made his last appearance for the club in the Cup Final.

as good as: almost (≒ practically) <ex> The summer’s as good as over.

goalie: [INFORMAL] a goalkeeper <ex> Goalies need to keep the balls away from the goal.

in play/out of play: if a ball is in play or out of play, it is inside or outside the area in which the rules of the game allow you to hit, kick, catch etc the ball <ex> He kicked the ball out of play.

qualification: when a person or team reaches a necessary standard, for example by passing an examination or defeating another team <ex> Saudi Arabia had a last chance to get the important three points needed for qualification.

qualifier: a game that you have to win in order to be able to take part in a competition <ex> Last week Wales lost 5-1 to Romania in a World Cup qualifier.

※ FIFA World Cup qualification is the process a national association football team goes through to qualify for the FIFA World Cup Finals, or, more commonly known as the FIFA World Cup. FIFA World Cup is a global event, and qualification is used to reduce the large field of participants from about 200 to 32.

Qualifying tournaments are held within the six FIFA continental zones (Africa, Asia, North and Central America and Caribbean, South America, Oceania, Europe), and are organized by their respective confederations. For each tournament, FIFA decides beforehand the number of spots awarded to each of the continental zones, based on the relative strength of the confederations' teams.

The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth in the finals. Unlike many other sports, results of the previous World Cups or of the continental championships are not taken into account. Until 2002, the defending champions also received an automatic berth, but starting from the 2006 World Cup they also need to enter qualifying.

turn: to become a particular age, or to reach a particular time <ex> My son’s just turned 18.

to date: up to now <ex> To date, they have sold only 500 copies of the book.

release: a new CD, video, film etc that is available to buy or see <ex> Which of the new releases do you think are really good?

ubiquitous: [FORMAL] seeming to be everywhere – sometimes used humorously <ex> Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days.

1. Fierce Competition

☞ Mobile phone form factors

① Bar: A bar (or slab, or candybar) phone is in the shape of a cuboid. It is named because of its resemblance to a candy bar in size and shape. This form factor is widely used by a variety of manufacturers, such as Nokia and Sony Ericsson. Bar-type mobile phones normally have the screen and keypad all on one face. Many touchscreen phones such as the iPhone are candybar phones, but do away with keypads, favoring a touchscreen that covers the entire face of the phone. The Samsung SPH-M620 is a unique take on the bar form factor, offering different devices on either side of the bar; a phone on one side, and a digital audio player on the other.

② Flip: A flip (or clamshell) phone consists of two or more sections that are connected by hinges, allowing the phone to fold or “flip” in order to become more compact. When flipped open, the phone's speaker and microphone are placed closer to the operator's ear and mouth, improving usability. When flipped shut, the phone can become much smaller and more portable than when it is opened for use. Motorola was once owner of a trademark for the term “flip phone”, but the term “flip phone” has become genericized, and used more frequently than “clamshell” in colloquial speech. Motorola was the manufacturer of the famed StarTAC flip phone (which would be referred to as a brick today due to its large size compared with modern flip phones such as Motorola's own RAZR).

③ Slider: A slider phone is composed of usually two, but sometimes more segments that slide past each other on rails. Most slider phones have a display segment which houses the speaker used for calls and the phone's screen, while another segment contains the keypad or keyboard and slides out for use. The goal of using a sliding form factor is to allow the operator to take advantage of full physical keyboards or keypads, without sacrificing portability, by “retracting” them into the phone when these are not in use. The Siemens SL55 was one of first sliding mobile phones. Some phones have an automatic slider built in which deploys the keypad. Many phones will “pop out” their keypad segments as soon as the user begins to slide the phone apart. The Palm Pre smartphone is a slider, as is the HTC Dream/T-Mobile G1.

④ Swivel: A swivel phone is composed of usually two, but sometimes more segments that swivel past each other about a central axle. Use of the swiveling form factor has similar goals to that of the slider.

⑤ Bricks: A brick phone is of nearly identical design to a bar phone, but is commonly much thicker than a modern candybar device. The “brick” reference stems from the large size of older mobile phones, which were cuboids but much bulkier than the slimmer phones common today. An example of a phone which would be referred to as a brick today is the Nokia 2110. Mobile phones that would be called bricks are largely unpopular today due to their large size and lack of portability. Newer technologies have led to smaller antenna designs, slimmer battery packs, and higher-resolution screens, allowing for the design of smaller phones. The brick form factor can be thought of as the predecessor to modern candybar phones. While “brick” as a form factor refers to larger candybar phones, most outdated phones, which are usually larger in size than modern ones, are referred to as bricks, including older flip phones, slider phones, and swivel phones.

<The Nokia E51, a “candybar” phone>	<The Docomo D506i, a flip phone>
<The Sony Ericsson W580, a “slider” phone>	<The Motorola V70, a swivel phone>

overtake: to develop or increase more quickly than someone or something else and become more successful, more important, or more advanced than them <ex> Television soon overtook the cinema as the most popular form of entertainment.

catch up: to improve and reach the same standard as other people in your class, group etc <ex> At the moment our technology is more advanced, but other countries are catching up with us.

bland: ① without any excitement, strong opinions, or special character (= dull) <ex> Serle has a blander personality than Howard. ② food that is bland has very little taste <ex> It tasted bland and insipid, like warmed cardboard.

zippy: lively, quick and energetic <ex> With the proliferation of Samsung mobile phones and zippy Hyundai cars, it is hard to tell where mindless material consumption ends and the conscious adoption of Korean culture begins.

zip: [INFORMAL] speed, energy, or excitement <ex> This car goes with a bit more zip than my last one.

trail: to be losing in a game, competition, or election <ex> The Democratic candidate is still trailing in the opinion polls.

crushing: very hard to deal with, and making you lose hope and confidence <ex> The Eighth Army had suffered a crushing defeat.

2. A Trip to Hong Kong

glitzy: exciting and attractive because of being connected with rich, famous, and fashionable people (= glamorous) <ex> For years, the glitzy Persian Gulf emirate has been a pleasant, low-risk hideaway for disgraced politicians and deposed foreign leaders.

renowned: known and admired by a lot of people, especially for a special skill, achievement, or quality (= famous) <ex> The area is renowned for its Romanesque churches.

expansive: [FORMAL] very large in area, or using a lot of space <ex> They have played an expansive style of rugby.

extensive: large in size, amount, or degree <ex> The house stands in extensive grounds.

start out: to begin happening or existing in a particular way, especially when this changes later <ex> ‘The Star’ started out as a small weekly newspaper.

sovereignty: complete freedom and power to govern (≒ autonomy) <ex> Britain's concern to protect national sovereignty is far from new.

autonomy: freedom that a place or an organization has to govern or control itself (= independence) <ex> Activists stepped up their demands for local autonomy last month.

along with sb/sth: together with someone or something else <ex> Dunne was murdered, along with three guards.

area: a particular part of a country, town etc <ex> Only cheeses made in this area may be labeled ‘Roquefort.’

district: an area of a town or the countryside, especially one with particular features <ex> I drove around the business district.

region: a large area of a country or of the world, usually without exact limits (= area) <ex> Flooding is likely in some coastal regions of the Northeast during the early part of the week.

zone: a large area that is different from other areas around it in some way (≒area, belt, region, section, sector, sphere, territory) <ex> This is a no-parking zone.

cosmopolitan: [APPROVAL] a cosmopolitan place has people from many different parts of the world (≠ parochial) <ex> London has always been a cosmopolitan city.

melting pot: a place where people from different races, countries, or social classes come to live together <ex> The festival is a true racial melting pot; people from dozens of countries take part speaking many languages.

south: in the south or facing the south <ex> I am currently teaching in south Texas.

southern: in or from the south of a country or area <ex> The Everglades National Park stretches across the southern tip of Florida.

Cantonese: a Chinese language spoken in Southern China and Hong Kong <ex> The word ‘kumquat’ comes to us from a Cantonese word meaning ‘golden citrus fruit.’

Mandarin: the official language of China, spoken by most educated Chinese people <ex> He is fluent in Mandarin, the main common language of the mainland.

3. Democracy Forever

take place: to happen, especially after being planned or arranged <ex> The next meeting will take place on Thursday.

fellow workers/students/countrymen etc: people that you work with, study with, or who are in the same situation as you <ex> She discovered to her pleasure, a talent for making her fellow guests laugh.

colleague: someone you work with, used especially by professional people (≒coworker, workmate) <ex> She discussed the idea with some of her colleagues.

dude: [US] [INFORMAL] a man <ex> My doctor is a real cool dude.

whereaboutsⓝ: the place or area where someone or something is <ex> He showed great reluctance to reveal his whereabouts.

whereaboutsⓐⓓⓥ: [SPOKEN] used to ask in what general area something or someone is <ex> Whereabouts do you live?

how-do-you-do: a troublesome state of affairs <ex> Her abrupt departure from the wedding ceremony was a fine how-do-you-do.

mark: to celebrate an important event <ex> Carter’s 90th birthday will be marked with a large party at the Savoy Hotel.

4. Lance’s Problem

exclusive: deliberately not allowing someone to do something or be part of a group <ex> He is already a member of Britain's most exclusive club.

[TOM aka MOOK]

오는 20일은 중차대한 가사가 있어 부득불 결석합니다. ㅈㅅ

[koosy]

횽~ 글자체 너무 멋져!! ㅎㅎㅎ 글구 일욜날 팝송 떙큐요!!! ㅋㅋㅋ