각 관절의 Normal range of motion, 관련 근육들 - 작정하고 그림도 그리고 정리를

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http://www.exrx.net/Lists/Articulations.html

각 관절의 움직임을 담당하는 근육과 연관지어 완성해보자. 

1. Neck

1) Flexion: 70-90 degrees : Touch sternum with chin.

2) Extension: 55 degrees : Try to point up with chin.

3) Lateral bending: 35 degrees : Bring ear close to shoulder.

4) Rotation: 70 degrees left & right : Turn head to the left, then right

Cervical
Flexion Bending the joint resulting in a decrease of angle; moving the spine Forward; the neck moves toward the chest. Sternocleidomastoid Longus colli Longus capitis
Extension / Hyperextension Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; moving the spine back; the neck moves away from the chest. Splenius Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervicis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus capitis Longissimus cervicis Trapezius (upper fibers) Interspinales
Lateral Flexion (Abduction) Lateral movement away from the midline of the body; moving the spine to the side (left or right); the neck moves toward the shoulder. See muscles responsible for Rotation
Reduction (Adduction) Return to the anatomical position from lateral movement; straightening the neck from lateral flexion. See muscles responsible for Rotation
Rotation Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone; turning the spine to the side (right or left); the neck turns toward the shoulder. Sternocleidomastoid Scalene muscles Spenius Longissimus capitis Longissimus cervicis Iliocastalis cervicis Multifidus Levator scapulae Longus colli Intertrasversarii

2. Lumbar Spine

1) Flexion: 75 degrees. Bend forward at the waist.

2) Extension: 30 degrees. Bend backward.

3) Lateral bending: 35 degrees. Bend to the side.

Lumbar
Flexion Bending the joint resulting in a decrease of angle; moving the spine forward; the thorax moves toward the pelvis. Rectus Abdominis Obliques
Extension / Hyperextension Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; moving the spine back; the thorax moves away from the pelvis. Erector Spinae Quadratus lumborum Trapezius (lower)
Lateral Flexion (Abduction) Lateral movement away from the midline of the body; moving the spine to the side (left or right); the thorax moves to the side toward the pelvis. See muscles responsible for Rotation
Reduction (Adduction) Return to the anatomical position from lateral movement; straightening the spine from lateral flexion. See muscles responsible for Rotation
Rotation Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone; turning the spine to the side (right or left); the thorax rotates to one side. Obliques Psoas major Quadratus lumborum Multifidus Iliocastalis lumborum Iliocastalis thoracis Rotatores Intertransversarii

3. Shoulder

Abduction: 180 degrees. Bring arm up sideways.

Adduction: 45 degrees. Bring arm toward the midline of the body.

Horizontal extension: 45 degrees. Swing arm horizontally backward.

Horizontal flexion: 130 degrees. Swing arm horizontally forward.

Vertical extension: 60 degrees. Raise arm straight backward.

Vertical flexion: 180 degrees. Raise arm straight forward.

Glenohumeral
Flexion Bending the joint resulting in a decrease of angle; moving the upper arm upward to the front. Deltoid (anterior) Deltoid (lateral) Pectoralis major (clavicular head) Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii (short head)
Extension Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; moving the upper arm down to the rear. Latissimus dorsi Deltoid (posterior) Pectoralis major (sternal head) Teres major Triceps brachii (long head)
Adduction Medial movement toward the midline of the body; moving the upper arm down to the side toward the body. Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major (sternal head) Pectoralis major (clavicular head) Teres major Coracobrachialis Triceps brachii (long head)
Abduction Lateral movement away from the midline of the body; moving the upper arm up to the side away from the body. Deltoid (lateral) Deltoid (anterior) Supraspinatus Pectoralis major (clavicular head)
Transverse Adduction Medial movement toward the midline of the body in a horizontal plane; moving the upper arm toward and across the chest with the back of the arm facing down. Pectoralis major (sternal head) Pectoralis major (clavicular head) Coracobrachialis
Transverse Flexion Medial movement toward the midline of the body in a horizontal plane; moving the upper arm toward and across the chest with the elbows facing out to the sides. Pectoralis major (sternal head) Pectoralis major (clavicular head) Deltoid (anterior) Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii (short head)
Transverse Abduction Lateral movement away from the midline of the body in a horizontal plane; moving the upper arm away from the chest with the elbows facing down. Deltoid (posterior) Deltoid (lateral) Infraspinatus Teres minor
Transverse Extension Lateral movement away from the midline of the body in a horizontal plane; moving the upper arm away from the chest with the elbows out to the sides. Deltoid (posterior) Latissimus dorsi Infraspinatus Teres minor
Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation) Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone toward the center of the body; turning the upper arm inward. See shoulder internal rotation inflexibility. Pectoralis major (sternal head) Pectoralis major (clavicular head) Latissimus dorsi Deltoid (anterior) Subscapularis Teres major Supraspinatus * *When shoulder is flexed (Ackland DC, Pandy MG, 2011).
Lateral Rotation (External Rotation) Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone away from the center of the body; turning the upper arm outward. See shoulder external rotation inflexibility. Teres minor Infraspinatus Deltoid (posterior) Supraspinatus * *When shoulder is abducted (Ackland DC, Pandy MG, 2011).

4. Elbow

Flexion: 150 degrees. Bring lower arm to the biceps

Extension: 180 degrees. Straighten out lower arm.

Supination: 90 degrees. Turn lower arm so palm of hand faces up.

Pronation: 90 degrees. Turn lower arm so palm faces down.

Elbow
Flexion Bending the joint resulting in a decrease of angle; bringing forearm toward upper arm. Brachialis Biceps brachii Brachioradialis
Extension Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; bringing forearm away from upper arm. Triceps brachii Anconeus

5. Wrist

Flexion: 80-90 degrees. Bend wrist so palm nears lower arm.

Extension: 70 degrees. Bend wrist in opposite direction.

Radial deviation: 20 degrees. Bend wrist so thumb nears radius.

Ulnar deviation: 30-50 degrees. Bend wrist so pinky nger nears ulna.

Wrist & Midcarpals
Flexion Bending the joint resulting in a decrease of angle; moving the palm of the hand toward the front of the forearm. Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Abductor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus
Extension / Hyperextension Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; moving the back of the hand toward the back of the forearm. Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor digiti minimi
Adduction (Ulna Deviation) Medial movement toward the midline of the body; moving the little finger side of the hand toward the medial side of the forearm. Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abduction (Radial Deviation) Lateral movement away from the midline of the body; moving the thumb side of the hand toward the lateral side of the forearm. Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Flexor carpi radialis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus

6. Hip

Flexion: 110-130 degrees. Flex knee and bring thigh close to abdomen.

Extension: 30 degrees. Move thigh backward without moving the pelvis.

Abduction: 45-50 degrees. Swing thigh away from midline.

Adduction: 20-30 degrees. Bring thigh toward and across midline.

Internal rotation: 40 degrees. Flex knee and swing lower leg away from midline.

External rotation: 45 degrees. Flex knee and swing lower leg toward midline.

Hip
Flexion Bending the joint resulting in a decrease of angle; moving the thigh or top of the pelvis forward. Iliopsoas Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Sartorius Adductor longus Adductor brevis Pectineus
Extension Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; moving the thigh or top of the pelvis backward. Gluteus maximus Semitendiunosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris (long head) Adductor magnus (ischial fibers)
Adduction Medial movement toward the midline of the body; moving the thigh inward with hip straight. Adductors Pectineus Gracilis Gluteus maximus, lower fibers
Abduction Lateral movement away from the midline of the body; moving the thigh outward with hip straight. Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Sartorius
Transverse Adduction Medial movement toward the midline of the body in a horizontal plane; moving the thigh inward with hip bent. Adductors Pectineus Gracilis
Transverse Abduction Lateral movement away from the midline of the body in a horizontal plane; moving the thigh outward with hip bent. Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Piriformis Obturator externus
Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation) Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone toward the center of the body; turning the thigh or pelvis inward. Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus, anterior fibers
Lateral Rotation (External Rotation) Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone away from the center of the body; turning the thigh or pelvis outward. Gemellus superior Gemellus inferior Obturator internus Obturator externus Quadratus femoris Piriformis Gluteus maximus Sartorius Gluteus medius, posterior fibers

7. Knee

Flexion: 130 degrees. Touch calf to hamstring.

Extension: 15 degrees. Straighten out knee as much as possible.

Internal rotation: 10 degrees. Twist lower leg toward midline.

Knee
Flexion Bending the joint resulting in a decrease of angle; moving the lower leg toward the back of the thigh. Hamstrings Gracilis Sartorius Popliteus Gastrocnemius
Extension Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; moving the lower leg away from the back of the thigh. Quadriceps femoris
Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation) Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone toward the center of the body; with the knee bent, turning the lower leg inward. Popliteus Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sartorius Gracilis
Lateral Rotation (External Rotation) Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone away from the center of the body; with the knee bent, turning the lower leg outward. Biceps femoris

8. Ankle

Flexion: 45 degrees. Bend ankle so toes point up.

Extension: 20 degrees. Bend ankle so toes point down.

Pronation: 30 degrees. Turn foot so the sole faces in.

Supination: 20 degrees. Turn foot so the sole faces out.

Ankle
Plantar Flexion Extension of the ankle resulting in the forefoot moving away from the body. Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis posterior Flexor digitorium longus
Dorsal Flexion Flexion of the ankle resulting in the top of the foot moving toward the body. See dorsiflexion inflexibility. Tibialis anterior Extension digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Peroneus tertius

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