상품DB/인도 생물여과시스템 시장동향(2013.4)/시장개요/산업 성장 요인/기술수준/시장 동향/규제 현황/경쟁 동향/성장 기회/인도 수 처리 장비 산업 현황

[일출산]

제목	인도 생물여과시스템 시장동향(2013.4)
게시일	2016-03-03	국가	인도	작성자	김주선(뉴델리무역관)
품목	기타
품목코드	842129
작성일자: 2013.4.4 작성자: 뉴델리 무역관 Ms Jaya Nayar(jaya@ktcdelhi.net) 1. 시장개요 □ WATER INDUSTRY IN INDIA:  ○ India faces a desperate situation of water shortage. Its fragile and finite water resources are depleting while the demands for water from various sectors of the economy are rapidly rising. In recent years, the industrial and domestic sectors have realized this disparity in the supply and demand. With the New Economic Policy launched in 1991, the government tried to lead to market-based approaches and privatization of urban water. The National Water Policy 2012 looks at water as an economic good and looks at numerous macro and micro initiatives.  ○ India has devoted substantial resources to the water supply and sanitation sector, significantly increasing its commitment since 1980 with the launch of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Today, drinking water investments constitute about 3% of the national budget. Due to these steps, today 85% of the urban and 75% of the rural population has access to public water supplies. 48% of the urban population and 36% of the rural population has access to sanitation services. □ On the Crossroads  ○ The Indian Water Industry is on the crossroads today. In a developing country with huge requirements for water recycling and purification of drinking water, there is a huge scope for growth. While the government sector contributes about 50% of this, the private industrial sector provides the remaining business. □ Market for Water Treatment in India  ○ The water treatment market in India is seeing immense expansion.  ○ The total Indian water and wastewater market is estimated to be about USD 4 billion, growing at a rate of 15-20% every year. The water requirement for industrial use will increase from the current 30 billion cubic meters to 120 b. cu. m. by 2025.  ○ Certain segments like the industrial and drinking water segments seeing even higher growths. The Indian Water and Wastewater treatment market is at growth phase and is expected to reflect high growth rate for the next five years.  ○ In the last decade, the demand for fresh water in India has continued to increase at a rapid pace due to increasing industrialization and urbanization. Several industries such as power, refineries, and chemicals are adopting efficient and sustainable technology to ensure fresh water supply. Sewage generation and treatment capacity in Metropolitan Cities Sewage generation and treatment capacity in Class-I Cities Sewage generation and treatment capacity in Class-II Towns      Source: Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB) 2. 산업 성장 요인  ○ Increased awareness about drinking water quality and health  ○ Decreasing water quality and users having to go for ground water  ○ Environmental pressures on wastewater discharge from govt. pollution control boards  ○ Reducing availability of water forcing users to go for reuse & recycling of water  ○ General Industrial and Economic Growth particularly in chemical, pharmaceutical, power plants, food and textile industry  ○ A growing population has increased the demand for drinking water and rapid urbanization has required increasing sewage treatment. Many industries have been forced to adopt water-recycling systems due to the scarcity of water. 3. 기술수준  ○ The market knowledge and skill has been increasing in recent times. Most foreign manufacturers and products are commonly available in India now. The market is gradually shifting from chemical treatment and DM plants to membrane technology. Still, there are many huge segments like power plants and refineries that continue to use DM technology. The concept of wastewater recycling and zero discharge systems is growing in a big way in recent times.  ○ The government sector is primarily involved in the raw water treatment and the sewage treatment operations. On the other hand, the private industrial sector includes equipment for clarification, sludge treatment, aeration, disinfection and filtration. Conventionally, the market has used demineralizers for treatment. However, over the last few years, Reverse Osmosis technology has grown in the market and gradually replaced DM. Newer technologies like Ultra filtration and Electro dialysis are also entering the market now.  ○ According to research by Frost and Sullivan, the industrial sector is growing at a higher rate than that of the municipal sector. Power, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, refineries and textiles are generating immense opportunities in the water and wastewater treatment equipment market, and prefer advanced treatment technological systems such as reverse osmosis(RO) membranes for treating their wastewater. The growth of these industries is expected to drive equipment sales.  ○ Adoption of advanced technology like zero liquid discharge(ZLD) is low in India when compared to the global scenario. This is mainly because setting up a ZLD system involves high capital investment. The energy requirement too, is high, leading to increased operational expenses, which deters these sectors installing the ZLD systems. With stringent regulations and legislations in place, this scenario is expected to change in the next five years.  ○ The municipal water and wastewater treatment is gaining importance. The usage of disinfection systems such as ultraviolet, ozone, and electro chlorination is minimal in municipal water treatment plants at present. Urban cities in India lack infrastructure for sanitation, and the wastewater generated is not managed appropriately. However, due to growing concerns of deterioration of water quality and health problems for the public, this is bound to change. To improve the infrastructure for water supply and sanitation in urban areas, the government is assisting Urban Local Bodies(ULBs) and the state governments through various schemes and special central assistance(SCA).  ○ Mumbai has high per capita water consumption, while the demand for water in Chennai is expected to increase four times by 2025. Other alternative such as desalination has already been implemented in coastal areas such as Chennai to meet the water demand. Various policies promote the participation of private companies in municipal water projects and the improvement of existing facilities, enhancing the prospects of the water and wastewater treatment equipment market. The proposed tax breaks for industries that save water will boost water recycling. This will, in turn, reduce dependence on the dwindling groundwater and surface-water resources, and boost the uptake of treatment solutions.  ○ However, slow and inconsistent implementation of these regulations hampers market growth. In addition, the purchase cycle of treatment systems is low, since end users perceive water treatment equipment as a one-time investment and expect a long product life. Several small and medium scale participants offer solutions at decreased prices targeted at price-sensitive industrial users. This further constricts revenue inflow.  ○ Before purchasing a water or wastewater equipment unit, purchasers should test their water to be certain that treatment is needed and that the equipment being selected is appropriate for the problem. Hence, an end user appoints a technical consultant to give recommendations to the Engineering, Procurement and Construction(EPC) contractors and equipment suppliers. Some end users appoint the equipment and component suppliers with their own technical team, while others outsource it to an EPC contractor. The preferred supplier is the one who provides a one-stop solution with good operations and maintenance support.  ○ “End users prefer products that come with quick after-sales services and technical support. Companies that provide energy and cost effective solutions with efficient after sales support will be preferred by end-user. Also since municipal projects are huge, joint ventures or forming a consortium is the key to winning mega projects" noted the Frost & Sullivan Environment Analyst.  ○ As water scarcity grows severe, there will be greater focus on sustainable and advanced technologies. Innovative solutions such as forward osmosis and solar desalination will provide additional impetus to the Indian water treatment market. 4. 시장 동향 □ Trends in Water and Wastewater Treatment in India  ○ The demand for fresh water in India has continued to increase at a rapid pace. Continuous investment in water and wastewater improvement has created ample opportunities for water treatment equipment technology in India. This article gives an overall outlook on water and wastewater treatment business scenario in India.  ○ In the last decade, primarily due to the growing population, increasing urbanization and the constant economic growth, due to over-exploitation of water resources in coastal areas, seawater is often mixed with groundwater in some cities like Chennai and Mumbai, making groundwater high in salt content. The reducing per capita availability of water and deteriorating water quality has forced the country to look for sustainable and effective water technologies to provide clean and quality water.  ○ As haphazard urban development continues in India, infrastructure to support the growth is being stretched to its breaking point. Thus, nowadays, water management is becoming an inherent part of planning and development. The municipalities and industries are continuously investing substantial money in water and wastewater improvement, creating ample opportunities for water and wastewater treatment equipment technology in India.  ○ Water Requirements for Various Sectors:  ○ The 11th Five Year Plan(FYP)(2007-2012) identified a total requirement of 53,666 crore to provide 100 per cent water supply coverage to the urban population. Out of total allocation of 50,000 crore under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JNNURM), 40 per cent of the funds, that is 20,000 crore, has been envisaged for water supply projects. Additional Central Assistance of 7,726 crore has been released in March 2010.  ○ Private sector and PPP-based investments, which contributed to about 30 per cent of the total investments in the 11th FYP, are expected to rise to 50 per cent in the 12th FYP. The Government of India has set up the Viability Gap Funding Scheme as a special facility to support the financial viability of those infrastructure projects that are economically justifiable, but not viable commercially in the immediate future. It involves upfront grant assistance of up to 20 per cent of the project cost for state or central Public-Private Partnership(PPP) projects that are implemented by a private sector developer selected through competitive bidding. □ Sector Organization:  ○ Water supply and sanitation is treated as a State subject as per the federal Constitution of India and, therefore, the States are vested with the constitutional right on planning, implementation, operation and maintenance and cost recovery of water supply and sanitation projects. At the local level, the responsibility is entrusted by legislation to the local bodies like Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Municipal Council, and Notified Area Committee/Authority for towns or on a State/Regional basis to specialized agencies. The economic and social program of the country is formulated through five-year plans.  ○ The Public Health Engineering Department(PHED) is the principal agency at State level for planning and implementation of water supply and sanitation programs. In a number of States, statutory Water Supply and Sanitation Boards(WSSBs) have taken over the functions of the PHEDs. The basic objectives for creation of WSSBs have been to bring in the concept of commercialization of the water supply and sanitation sector management and more accountability. Such boards have been set up in Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The metropolitan cities of Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai have separate statutory Boards. The water supply and sanitation services in the cities of Ahmedabad, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune and few other cities are under the Municipal Corporations.  ○ The Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India formulates policy guidelines in respect of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector and provides technical assistance to the States and ULBs wherever needed. The expenditure on water supply and sanitation is met out of block loans and grants disbursed as Plan assistance to the States, and out of loans from financial institution like Life Insurance Corporation of India(LIC) and Housing and Urban Development Corporation(HUDCO). The Central Government acts as an intermediary in mobilizing external assistance in water supply and sanitation sector and routes the assistance via the State plans. It also provides direct grant assistance to some extent to water supply and sanitation programs in urban areas. 5. 규제 현황  ○ In recent decades, compliance with Government wastewater quality requirements has been the primary driver of industrial wastewater treatment programs in India. There are total 46 categories(including distilleries, pulp and paper, power, refineries, etc) specific to each of the industry segments in India. □ Effluent Standards related to Treatment Plants  ○ The effluent standards related to STPs are very confined to BOD of less than 20 mg/L and SS of less than 30 mg/L. These are more of historical nature.  ○ An industry should abide by the Government wastewater quality requirements for the specific concentration limits of the wastewater discharged. The Zero Liquid Discharge(ZLD) or Zero Discharge(ZD) Policy has been drafted by the Ministry of Environment and Forest(MoEF) and Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB), which urges industries to strive for ZLD status. The implementation of this Policy is the responsibility of the respective State Pollution Control Boards(SPCBs). Currently, only a few states and specific industrial end users like textile and automobile manufacturers and breweries are mandated to achieve ZLD status. It is expected to be implemented uniformly all over the country in the coming years.  ○ It is estimated that 75% to 80% of water pollution by volume is caused by domestic sewage. The major industries causing water pollution include: distilleries, sugar, textile, electroplating, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, pulp & paper mills, tanneries, dyes and dye intermediates, petro-chemicals, steel plants etc. Non-point sources such as fertilizer and pesticide run-offs in rural areas also cause pollution. Only 60% of chemical fertilizers are utilized in soils and the balance is leached into soil polluting the ground water.  ○ The central government has drafted stringent guidelines for sewage treatment, reuse and recycling of waste water, energy recovery from sludge and preparation of city sanitation plans. The civic bodies will have to follow these guidelines while planning city projects. □ LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS  ○ Water(Prevention and Control) Act, 1974865   - Under this Act, it is necessary to obtain a “consent to establish(CTE)” from the Pollution Control Board(PCB) before starting the work of STP. Similarly, it is necessary to obtain the “consent to operate(CTO)” after completion of the construction and before actual operation.   - The CTE is based on whether the proposed STP design meets the discharge standards for treated sewage and the CTO is based on whether all the units originally committed are actually built and to the same size. Starting the construction without the CTE and starting the operation without CTO are punishable as an offence.  ○ Environment(Protection) Act, 1986   - The discharge standards for treated sewage, the noise standards governing the STP(Sewage Treatment Plant), the air emission standards governing the STP are prescribed in this act and are binding without exception. The PCB is empowered to tighten these standards wherever it is needed.  ○ Municipal Byelaws   - Most municipal byelaws provide for the owner of any property to dispose of sewage in a proper manner without causing any nuisance to others. Wherever municipal sewers exist within a specified distance as per the respective byelaws, it is obligatory that the sewage of the property be discharged into it. The byelaws provide for action against defaulting owners.  ○ Environment Impact Assessment   - According to the EIA notification issued in 2006 by MOEF, this is not needed for Sewerage projects.  ○ Indian Standards885   - The Indian Standards(by BIS) lay down quality levels of bought out items and construction quality and shall not be diluted under any account. Wherever Indian Standards are not available, internationally accepted standards may be used.  ○ Town and Country Planning Act   - The Town & Country Planning Act shall be mandatorily followed. Wherever there is a possibility, storm water drains on both sides of the road shall be built mandatorily. □ Some standards by the Govt.:  ○ INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER IS: 10500  ○ DRINKING WATER SPECIFICATION IS: 10500, 1992(Reaffirmed 1993) TOLERANCE LIMITS  ○ General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants Part – A: Effluents  ○ These standards shall be applicable for industries, operations or processes other than those industries. Operations or process for which standards have been specified in Schedule of the Environment Protection Rules 1989. 6. 경쟁 동향  ○ The market is highly fragmented. Cost, high expertise, prior experience and brand equity are critical competitive factors in the Indian market. For huge municipal and industrial projects there is a pre-bidding process and hence high expertise and prior experiences are critical factors. Companies that offer energy-efficient solutions at competitive costs are likely to take a central position in Indian water and wastewater treatment market.  ○ The industry is currently highly fragmented and unorganized in nature. It can be split into three categories:   - Large Players like VA Tech Wabag, Degremont, Hindustan Dorr-Oliver, Paramount, Ion Exchange India, Thermax Ltd. etc.   - Medium Sized Players like Doshion, Aquatech, Fontus Water, Driplex, TEAM, Ions Hydro   - Small Players over 500 in number  ○ The water treatment industry is largely concentrated in certain geographical pockets like Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Hyderabad, New Delhi, Kolkata and Ahmadabad. Some plant manufacturers are present in other areas, but this number is limited.  ○ Drinking water problems in India are quite different from those in developed countries. The main concern is with disinfecting the potable water at the point of use. Traditionally, the point of use market has been dominated by ultraviolet purifiers and filters. One company Eureka Forbes holds over 50% of the total purifier market with their UV purifiers, based on their excellent direct-marketing and service network. Industrial majors like Ion Exchange India and Thermax Ltd. have tried entering this market, but with limited success. In the last year, domestic reverse osmosis purifiers have struck the market and have been hugely successful. Recent advancements in Nano filtration and ultra-filtration are now entering this area and offer. 7. 성장 기회  ○ A number of factors are fuelling growth in the market. Rapidly rising population has led to increased requirements for drinking water and sewage treatment. While this is largely in the urban areas at the moment, this could shift to smaller towns and villages in times to come. At the same time, water scarcity has led to many industries going in for water recycling systems to meet their requirements. At the same time, there is a growing awareness of environmental issues among industry as well as the public. Widespread coverage of environment issues by the media and NGOs has forced industries to install water treatment equipment to prevent social and legal action against them.  ○ One big area of growth has been the increase in bottled water plants in India. With liberalization and increased awareness of water quality, hundreds of bottled water brands have entered the market. The USD 1.4 Billion bottled water market is growing at a compound annual growth rate(CAGR) of 19 per cent and a large number of reverse osmosis plants have come up in the past years.  ○ Indian manufacturers have also tried to export and build their presence in overseas markets. Treatment plants have been exported to the Middle-East and South-East Asia.  ○ The government has also got into the action by imposing stringent legislations regarding wastewater treatment. There is also a compulsory requirement of Environment Clearances from Pollution Control Boards at the Centre and the states. The Supreme Court directive to move polluting units out of Delhi is also likely to act as an impetus to future sales of water treatment equipment. Also, many treatment plants are in need for replacement or upgraded to meet with more stringent standards. 8. 인도 수 처리 장비 산업 현황 □ Indian water treatment equipment industry  ○ The Indian water treatment market is highly fragmented with over 200 equipment manufacturers supplying varied type of plants. Of this, only a couple of them are national players, while all others are localized suppliers enjoying up to 60% of the wallet share. In spite of so many suppliers, this market is yet to mature(because they are mostly from the unorganized sector) using the latest technologies and project management skills.  ○ According to a report by Frost & Sullivan, the equipment market earned revenues of approx. US$ 1.1 Billion in the year 2011 and is estimated to reach US$ 1.8 Billion in 2016.  ○ Industrialization, urbanization and government impetus are the driving factors of this market. Currently, industrial segment dominates the overall market with a share of approximately 50%. Investment-driven growth in the industry segments such as power, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, food processing and refining has resulted in stupendous growth of both process water treatment as well as effluent treatment systems, with an up-trend in recycle and reuse equipment. Rapid urbanization, growth of sub-metros and new nodes of economic activity are also driving demand for water and waste water treatment equipment and services.  ○ Besides, scarcity of fresh water and the highly polluted state of surface water resources have necessitated the increased usage of treatment equipment.  ○ Technologies for water and waste water treatment have been traditionally sourced from overseas, due to high cost of technology development. It continues to be so even today. However, Indian companies have been very capable in adopting these technologies to Indian conditions and making them a success here. Thus, while the heart of the technology comes from abroad, there are enough resources and capabilities here, to design, manufacture, assemble and execute large water treatment projects.  ○ With an increase in the number of suppliers, there is a pressure on the price levels of these systems and project costs. Therefore, using local sourcing of components to make it affordable to the price-sensitive Indian customers has become a must. The large domestic water firms are endowed with strong project management and execution capabilities and are technologically on par with overseas firms, when it comes to conventional treatment techniques. However, overseas firms have the upper hand when it comes to niche technologies like desalination, membrane bio reactors(MBR), bio-solids(sludge) management and sludge-to-energy. Also, in the bidding process, references, past experience in providing solutions to a similar industry, technology and balance sheets are a 'must-haves'. Hence, Indian and overseas companies form a project specific alliance to meet the specifications in the tender.  ○ Customers are seeking one-stop-shop for all their water needs, starting from installation of water and effluent treatment systems, to operations and management, to ensure effective water usage.  ○ Domestic water firms are quite adept at manufacturing conventional treatment techniques such as demineralization, media filtration and activated sludge technologies. The market is now seeing increased adoption of technically complex methods like UF pre-treatment, polishing of treated sewage to use it as process water, membrane systems, MBR and sequential batch reactors(SBRs) and moving bed bioreactors(MBBR). These systems are currently being offered by overseas players such as GE Water, Veolia Water Solutions, EIMCO and Siemens Water, with whom most of the Indian companies collaborate as and when a project comes up. Some of these overseas technology suppliers do not get into civil part of the project and merely act as technology suppliers to the Indian companies.  ○ Large Indian water companies are now executing large scale projects such as sea water and brackish water desalination, polishing to treated sewage for reuse as process water for large industries as well as identified BOOT(build, own, operate, transfer) based projects in the municipal segment, as a business strategy for growth. □ USAGE OF LEACHATE IN INDIA  ○ There is no restriction from Government of India in the usage of Leachate. It used in landfill of Municipal Solid Waste.  ○ Land filling of hazardous waste stream in the municipal waste will be done at a hazardous waste landfill site; such a site will be identified by the State Government and is likely to be operated by industries of a district/state. If such a landfill is not available, municipal authorities will dispose the hazardous waste in a special hazardous waste cell in the MSW landfill. Such a cell will be designed as per Ministry of Environment and Forests(MoEF) guidelines for hazardous waste disposal. Land filling of construction and demolition waste will be done in a separate landfill where the waste can be stored and mined for future use in earthwork or road projects. If such a landfill site is not available, the waste will be stored in a special cell at a MSW landfill from where it can be mined for future use.  ○ If the leachate quality is observed to be of poor quality with respect to the local ground water quality or with respect to the CPCB norms, steps will be taken to close the existing landfill site and remedial measures adopted.  ○ All future land filling will be undertaken in properly designed and constructed new landfills. A leachate collection and control facility has set up by the Government of India, which collects and extracts leachate from within and from the base of the landfill and then treats the leachate.  ○ Leachate Investigation   - Leachate quality can be accessed from both laboratory studies and field studies. Laboratory leachate tests may be performed. In addition,(if feasible), leachate samples should be analyzed from existing waste dumps or landfills near the new site. This will help in a leachate treatment strategy.  ○ Estimation of Leachate Quality and Quantity   - Leachate is generated on account of the infiltration of water into landfills and its percolation through waste as well as by the squeezing of the waste due to self-weight. Thus, leachate can be defined as a liquid that is produced when water or another liquid comes in contact with solid waste. Leachate is a contaminated liquid that contains a number of dissolved and suspended materials.  ○ Leachate Quality   - The important factors which influence leachate quality include waste composition, elapsed time, temperature, moisture and available oxygen. In general, leachate quality of the same waste type may be different in landfills located in different climatic regions. Landfill operational practices also influence leachate quality.   - Assessment of leachate quality at an early stage may be undertaken to:    · To identify whether the waste is hazardous,    · To choose a landfill design,    · To design or gain access to a leachate treatment plant, and    · To develop a list of chemicals for the groundwater monitoring program.    · To assess the leachate quality of a waste, the normal practice is to perform laboratory leachate tests(Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure(TCLP) tests) as well as to determine the quality of actual landfill leachate, if available. Difficulty arises when field data are not available for a particular waste type. Laboratory leachate tests on MSW do not yield very accurate results because of heterogeneity of the waste as well as difficulty in simulating of time-dependent field conditions. Leachate samples from old landfill sites near the design site may give some indication regarding leachate quality; however this too will depend on the age of the landfill.   - Typical Constituents of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills   - The below given table is the Indian standard of Leachate quality constituents, which has been generating from municipal solid waste landfills:                            Source: Ministry of Urban Development, India                            http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap17.pdf  ○ Leachate Quantity   - The quantity of leachate generated in a landfill is strongly dependent on the quantity of infiltrating water. This, in turn, is dependent on weather and operational practices. The amount of rain falling on a landfill to a large extent controls the leachate quality generated. Precipitation depends on geographical location.   - Significant quantity of leachate is produced from the ‘active’ phases of a landfill under operation during the monsoon season. The leachate quantity from those portions of a landfill which have received a final cover is minimal.   - Generation Rate in ‘Active Area’: The leachate generation during the operational phase from an active area of a landfill may be estimated in a simplified manner as follows:   - Leachate volume = (volume of precipitation) + (volume of pore squeeze liquid) – (volume lost through evaporation) – (volume of water absorbed by the waste).   - Generation Rate after Closure: After the construction of the final cover, only that water which can infiltrate through the final cover percolates through the waste and generates leachate. The major quantity of precipitation will be converted to surface runoff and the quantity of leachate generation can be estimated as follows:   - Leachate volume = (volume of precipitation) – (volume of surface runoff) –(volume lost through evapotranspiration) – (volume of water absorbed by waste and intermediate soil covers).   - For landfills which do not receive run-on from outside areas, a very approximate estimate of leachate generation can be obtained by assuming it to be 25 to 50 per cent of the precipitation from the active landfill area and as 10 to 15 percent of the precipitation from covered areas. This is a thumb rule and can only be used for preliminary design.  ○ Leachate Drainage, Collection and Removal   - A leachate collection system comprises of a drainage layer, a perforated pipe collector system, sump collection area, and a removal system. The leachate drainage layer is usually 30 cm thick, has a slope of 2% or higher and a permeability of greater than 0.01 cm/sec. A system of perforated pipes and sumps are provided within the drainage layer. The pipe spacing is governed by the requirement that the leachate head should not be greater than the drainage layer thickness.  ○ Leachate is removed from the landfill by   - Pumping in vertical wells or chimneys,   - Pumping in side slope risers,   - By gravity drains rough the base of a landfill in above -ground and sloped landfills.   - Side slope risers are preferred to vertical wells to avoid any down drag problems. Submersible pumps have been used for pumping for several years; educator pumps are also being increasingly used. In some landfills, the leachate is stored in a holding tank(for a few days) before being sent for treatment.   - The possibility of fall in efficiency of the drainage system due to clogging associated with solid deposits and microbial growth is now well recognized. A number of options, including back flushing or breakthrough water after leachate head build-up needs to be investigated at the design stage. The design steps for the leachate collection system are:   - Finalization of layout pipe network and sumps in conjunction with drainage layer slopes of 2%   - Estimation of pipe diameter and spacing on the basis of estimated leachate quantity and maximum permissible leachate head   - Estimating the size of sumps and pump   - Design of wells/side slopes risers for leachate removal   - Design of a holding tank.  ○ Leachate Management   - The alternatives to be considered for leachate management are   - Discharge to Lined Drains: This option is usually not feasible. It can only be adopted if the leachate quality is shown to satisfy all waste water discharge standards for lined drains, Discharge to Waste Water Treatment System: For landfills close to a waste water treatment plant, leachate may be sent to such a plant after some pretreatment. Reduction is organic content is usually required as a pretreatment.   - Recirculation: One of the methods for treatment of leachate is to re-circulate it through the landfill. This has two beneficial effects: (i) The process of landfill stabilization is accelerated and (ii) the constituents of the leachate are attenuated by the biological, chemical and physical changes occurring with the landfill. Recirculation of a leachate requires the design of a distribution system to ensure that the leachate passes uniformly throughout the entire waste. Since gas generation is faster in such a process, the landfill should be equipped with a well-designed gas recovery system.   - Evaporation of Leachate: one of the techniques used to manage leachate is to spray it in lined leachate ponds and allow the leachate to evaporate. Such ponds have to be covered with geomembranes during the high rainfall periods. The leachate is exposed during the summer months to allow evaporation. Odour control has to be exercised at such ponds.   - Treatment of Leachate: The type of treatment facilities to be used depends upon the leachate characteristics. Typically, treatment may be required to reduce the concentration of the following prior to discharge: degradable and non-degradable organic materials, specific hazardous constituents,ammonia and nitrate ions, sulphides, odorous compounds, and suspended solids. Treatment processes may be biological processes(such as activated sludge, aeration, nitrification(dentrification), chemical processes(such as oxidation, neutralisation) and physical processes(such as air stripping, activated adsorption, ultra-filtration etc.). The treated leachate may be discharged to surface water bodies. 9. 정부정책 □ Government of India Ministry of Water Resources  ○ DRAFT NATIONAL WATER POLICY(2012)   - Water is a natural resource, fundamental to life, livelihood, food security and sustainable development. It is also a scarce resource. India has more than 17 percent of the world’s population, but has only 4% of world‟s renewable water resources with 2.6% of world‟s land area. There are further limits on utilizable quantities of water owing to uneven distribution over time and space. In addition, there are challenges of frequent floods and droughts in one or the other part of the country. With a growing population and rising needs of a fast developing nation as well as the given indications of the impact of climate change, availability of utilizable water will be under further strain in future with the possibility of deepening water conflicts among different user groups. Low consciousness about the scarcity of water and its life sustaining and economic value results in its mismanagement, wastage, and inefficient use, as also pollution and reduction of flows below minimum ecological needs. In addition, there are inequities in distribution and lack of a unified perspective in planning, management and use of water resources. The objective of the National Water Policy is to take cognizance of the existing situation, to propose a framework for creation of a system of laws and institutions and for a plan of action with a unified national perspective.   - The Draft National Water Policy 2012 was finalized and adopted by the National Water Resources Council on August 9, 2012 and is under deliberation by the National Water Board. The Draft Policy seeks to address issues such as the scarcity of water, inequities in its distribution and the lack of a unified perspective in planning, management and use of water resources. This note summarizes its key recommendations.  ○ Public policies on water resources   - Public policies on water resources need to be governed by certain basic principles, so that there is some commonality in approaches in dealing with planning, development and management of water resources. These basic principles are:   - Planning, development and management of water resources need to be governed by common integrated perspective considering local, regional, State and national context, having an environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the human, social and economic needs.   - Principle of equity and social justice must inform use and allocation of water.   - Good governance through transparent informed decision making is crucial to the objectives of equity, social justice and sustainability. Meaningful intensive participation, transparency and accountability should guide decision making and regulation of water resources.   - Water needs to be managed as a common pool community resource held, by the state, under public trust doctrine to achieve food security, support livelihood, and ensure equitable and sustainable development for all.   - Water is essential for sustenance of eco-system, and therefore, minimum ecological needs should be given due consideration.   - Water, after meeting the pre-emptive needs for safe drinking water, sanitation and high priority allocation for other domestic needs(including needs of animals), achieving food security, supporting sustenance agriculture and minimum eco-system needs, may be treated as economic good so as to promote its conservation and efficient use.   - All the elements of the water cycle, i.e., evapo-transpiration, precipitation, runoff, river, lakes, soil moisture, and ground water, sea, etc., are interdependent and the basic hydrological unit is the river basin, which should be considered as the basic hydrological unit for planning.   - Given the limits on enhancing the availability of utilizable water resources and increased variability in supplies due to climate change, meeting the future needs will depend more on demand management, and hence, this needs to be given priority, especially   - Through evolving an agricultural system which economizes on water use and maximizes value from water,   - Bringing in maximum efficiency in use of water and avoiding wastages.   - Water quality and quantity are interlinked and need to be managed in an integrated manner, consistent with broader environmental management approaches inter-alia including the use of economic incentives and penalties to reduce pollution and wastage.   - The impact of climate change on water resources availability must be factored into water management related decisions. Water using activities need to be regulated keeping in mind the local geo climatic and hydrological situation.  ○ WATER FRAMEWORK LAW   - Even while it is recognized that States have the right to frame suitable policies, laws and regulations on water; there is a felt need to evolve a broad over-arching national legal framework of general principles on water to lead the way for essential legislation on water governance in every State of the Union and devolution of necessary authority to the lower tiers of government to deal with the local water situation. The below given are certain major need to executive water related the framework such as:    · Uses of Water    · Adaptation to climate change    · Enhancing water available for use    · Demand management and water use efficiency    · Water pricing    · Conservation of river corridors, water bodies and infrastructure    · Project planning and implementation    · Management of flood & drought    · Water supply and sanitation    · Institutional arrangements    · Trans-boundary rivers    · Database & information system    · Research & training needs    · Implementation of national water policy    · Source from - http://wrmin.nic.in   - The following divisions are few important initiative takers for the growth and development of various water & waste water related programs and Projects in India    · Ministry of Water Resource - http://wrmin.nic.in    · Desalination Association of India - http://www.indaindia.org    · Indian Water Resource Association - http://www.iwra.info    · Earth Water Group - http://www.ewgroup.in    · Journal Of Indian Water Works Association - http://www.iwwa.info/JIWWA.htm  ○ TENDERS AND PROJECTS   - According to market analysis by Global Water Intelligence, India’s wastewater treatment market is positively bulging with PPP opportunities. The stigma of ‘privatization’ which has prevented the widespread adoption of water supply PPPs in India seems to be less of an issue when dealing with wastewater projects. “There will be more wastewater treatment plants executed via the PPP route, as there is less public concern compared to water supply.   - The approach to procurement among municipalities is also changing. Municipal authorities are increasingly taking operating costs into account when procuring new wastewater treatment infrastructure, and there is an operating component included in nearly all new WWTP projects that are currently being tendered. The trend is further encouraged by the recently adopted National Water Policy, which advocates more spending on asset maintenance. This is leading municipal clients to think more closely about the lifetime costs of any new infrastructure assets they procure.   - The new WWTPs are mostly being tendered on either a DBO(design-build-operate) basis, or as EPC(engineering, procurement and construction) contracts with an attached annuity-based O &M contract lasting from 5-15 years. Bid eval‎uation criteria are also shifting from a traditional focus on the lowest upfront capital cost to a lowest lifecycle cost basis. For EPC + O &M projects, bids are increasingly being eval‎uated on the basis of bid parameters that include capital costs, mandatory spares, O &M costs and guaranteed maximum power consumption.   - For wastewater reuse projects, the design-build-finance-operate-transfer(DBFOT) model, which is frequently coupled with a royalty payment, is becoming popular. Under this contract model, the developer pays a fee for each volumetric unit of sewage received, and identifies and bills industrial clients for the treated effluent.   - The new WWTPs that are being procured on a DBFOT basis are clearly exposed to demand risk, as the projects give no assurance as to the level of industrial demand which will ultimately manifest itself.   - Projects in Water treatment plants are concentrated more on the State Levels.   - Various State water authorities decide about implementing projects at various stages and according construction, operation, maintenance and procurement is done on tender basis floated on individual organization’s website.   - Few organizations are as under:    · Delhi Jal Board(www.delhijalboard.nic.in)    · The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai(www.mcgm.gov.in)    · Sewage & Infrastructure Development Corporation of Goa Ltd.(www.sidcgl.com)   - Example of an International Competitive Bidding Tender by Delhi Jal Board(Tender available on their website):    · DELHI JAL BOARD: GOVT. OF NCT DELHI OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE ENGINEER [C] DR. XI ROOM NO. 208, VARUNALAYA PHASE: I JHANDEWALAN, KAROL BAGH, NEW DELHI-110005 INVITATION FOR PRE-QUALIFICATION   - On behalf of Delhi Jal Board, EE(C) DR. XI invites proposals for pre-qualification on International Competitive Bidding from the agencies for the following work. The cost of work will be financed out of the proceeds of the ODA loan extended for the project by JICA and the firms will be shortlisted in accordance with the Guidelines for the Employment of firms under JICA ODA Loans.   - Applicants may download the pre-qualification documents from the Delhi Jal Board’s website www.delhijalboard.nic.in under “Expression‎ of Interest” link. The applicants are required to bring the proof of depositing of fee for attending the prebid meeting. For further details, the agencies may refer to pre-qualification document or contact the office of the undersigned.   - DELHI JAL BOARD(DJB) & NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION DIRECTORATE(NRCD), MoEF JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY(JICA) FUNDED YAMUNA ACTION PLAN PROJECT(III) (ID–P215) PREQUALIFICATION OF CONTRACTORS FOR   - ON INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE BIDDING REFERENCE ID NO: PQ –YAP(III) {O2/2012-13} ISSUED ON: 09-11-2012   - Invitation for Prequalification(IFP)    · National River Conservation Directorate(NRCD), Ministry of Environment and Forests(MOEF), Government of India(GoI), the borrower, has received a loan from Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA), amounting to JPY 32,571 million towards the cost of Yamuna Action Plan Project (III)(YAP III) for which loan agreement was signed on 17th February, 2011.    · The Delhi Jal Board(hereinafter referred to as “the Employer”) intends to prequalify contractors and/ or firms for O2 - Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Okhla - Phase II(55 MLD), Phase III(205 MLD) & Phase IV(168 MLD) Waste Water Treatment Plants(WWTPs) with effluent standards of BOD -10mg/l, TSS – 10 mg/l or better under YAP(III) The above contract will include an Operation and Maintenance period of 10 years after trial run, commissioning and Defects Liability Period of one year.    · It is expected that Invitation for Bids will be made in March 2013    · Prequalification will be conducted through prequalification procedures specified in the Guidelines for Procurement under Japanese ODA Loans, March 2009, and is open to all applicants from eligible source countries, which are all countries and areas. JICA's sample bidding documents shall be applied at the bidding stage.    · Interested eligible Applicant may obtain further information from and inspect the Prequalification Document at the address given below from 11:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M.    · Applicants may download the Prequalification Document from Delhi Jal Board’s website www.delhijalboard.nic.in under “Expression‎ of Interest” link from 09-11-2012 to 16-01-2013 up to 2:45 P.M. upon payment of a nonrefundable fee of 10,000 INR(200 USD).  ○ Qualification Criteria and Requirements          Source: http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/06204b004d6285a3a7abaf9f250bbab7/EOI.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=275934905