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IV. God’s name, based on the original languages of Scripture
lae *yh,l¿a> hw:hyO YHWH Elohim El -Ex.20:5-
The name of God that Christianity use can be found in Hebrew’s original Bible. In the Old Testament where the Hebrews has the original language, God’s name appears variously.
Especially God’s name in Hebrew YHWH and Cannan God’s name “lae (El)" is hard to distinguish apart which one is used as God’s name because they are used in a same sentence sometimes. [1] Therefore, most of the translated Bible uses mixture of YHWH and El.
Hebrew “hwhy (YHWH)” is assumed pronounced as a scholarly practice. In the Jewish faith, God’s name YHWH is not pronounced by the 3rd testament in the Ten Commandments. However, the correct pronunciation of his name is Yahweh.
Today, all over the world in the Old Testament it uses Jehovah as its translation. It is made impossible to retranslate Jehovah because it has settled as the proper name in churches.
The wrongly written translation of God’s name should be changed to YHWH from the origins of Hebrew Bible, and should be used and written by all the churches and Christians.
Also, the name like YHWH and El that is used in the Old Testament needs to be studied using the original method, and be understood by the Christians as the true name of God and witness the true name to the world.
1. The Old Testament Hebrew Bible, [2] written in source language, the name of God Hebraistic
.ya;nOcol] !y[iBeri Al['wO !yviLevi Al[' !ynIB; Al[' tboa; @wO[} dqePo aN:q' lae *yh,l¿a> hw:hyO ykinOa; yKi !deb][;t; al¿wO !h,l; hw<j]T'v]ti Aal¿ (Ex.5:5)
Based on current copy of Matsora LXX Old Testament it uses the name Yahweh 6519 times as a pronoun. In another words, it was used as the name and singular noun El 95 times and used the plural noun “*yh,l¿a> (Elohim)” 2,650 times. [3] NIV English Bible does not clearly translate YHWH, El, and Elohim but uses God, Lord, gods instead. Also Korean Revised Bible used Hananim, Ju as translation. [4]
If we study the words “YHWH” and “El” that is used in the Old Testament, we would be able to find out the exact name of God.
A. YHWH (hy<h]a, rv,a} hy<h]a, : haya asher ahya)
The word YHWH, its meaning is an answer to Moses’ question.
“hy<h]a, rv,a} hy<h]a, (haya asher ahya)” in Ex.3:14 “.!k,ylea} ynIj'l;v] hy<h]a, laer;c]yI ynEb]li rm'ato hKo rm,aYOw" hy<h]a, rv,a} hy<h]a, hv,mo Ala, !yhil¿a> rm,aYOw" ” is a Hebraistic expression that its meaning will not be easily understood to us today.
Moses found out his name was Elohim when he heard “hy<h]a, rv,a} hy<h]a, (haya asher ahya)” as the answer to him. Until now it was the name of God that Hebrews believed, so Moses did not question again about the answer that Elohim gave that he could not understand.
Exodus writer does not record “hy<h]a, rv,a} hy<h]a, (haya asher ahya)” in Chapter 14, verse 3, but in verse 15 “.rDo rdol] yrik]zI hz<wO !l;[ol] ymiV] Ahz< !k,ylea} ynIj'l;v] bqo[}y" yhel¿awE qj;x]yI yhel¿a> !h;r;b]a' yhel¿a> !k,yteboa} yhel¿a> hw:hyO laer;c]yI ynEB] Ala, rm'ato AhKo hv,mo Ala, !yhil¿a> d/[ rm,aYOw" ” Elohim was what Hebrew ancestors believed is recorded as “YHWH” and YHWH is recorded as “yrik]zI (jeker: monuments, displays, title)”.
In the Bible translation, one of the reason why the name of God YHWH is wrongly copied with is that “hy<h]a, rv,a} hy<h]a, (haya asher ahya)” is misunderstood. “hy<h]a, rv,a} hy<h]a, (haya asher ahya)” to resign a few of the interpretations can be summarized. [5]
First, Greek translation attempted “I am an existing being”, a philosophical and ontological interpretation. In Korean revised Bible “I AM WHO exist.” is translated; very philosophical and an ontological interpretation is made. The original contexts of the Old Testament have been unable to create a balance and give a big meaning to God’s existence itself.
That is why ontological and philosophical interpretations cannot be a question that can be asked to God by humans.
Secondly, Maseru copy of the literatim translation interprets “I am who I am”. This is because the name of God has a specific meaning, so it does not need any debate or explanation.
Third, “I will be with you. (Ex.3:12)” in accordance to the verse it can be translated as a futuristic promise.
Fourth, looking at the word YHWH as a verb sentence and looking at “yah” vowel as a causative verb and interpret the word YHWH as “existing one or creating one”.
As the above analysis that describes and defines the name of God YHWH is misunderstood.
The Hebraistic term “hy<h]a, rv,a} hy<h]a, (haya asher ahya)”, YHWH as the understanding of other people’s names should be easily understood.
“hv,mo (Moses)”, the “.Whtiyvim] !yIM'h' A@mi (retrieved one from water)” is the meaning of Moses’ name, “hy<h]a, rv,a} hy<h]a, (haya asher ahya)” needs to be understood as the meaning of YHWH.
We can see the words that appear to be the attribute of Yahweh used with god’s name YHWH.
1) Yahweh Ireh
Word used to god who prepared a goat when Abraham tried to offer Issac as a sacrifice. (Ge.22:8, 14)
2) Yahweh Nissi
When Israel defeated Amalack, Moses put up a column and said ‘lord is my flag’. (Ex.17:15)
3) Yahweh Shalom
The column name that Gideon put up in obra and has a meaning ‘Yahweh is peace’. (Jdg.6:24)
4) Yahweh Chidekenu
Meaning appears as ‘YHWH is our justice’. (Jer.23:6, 33:16)
5) Yahweh Samma
When Ezekiel saw the glory of god that appeared in New Jerusalem and referred it as ‘lord is there’. (Eze.48:35)
6) Yahweh chebaothew
The meaning is ‘Yahweh of hosts’ title does not come out in the five books of Moses. First appears in 1 Samuel 1:3, truly title used to worship Yahweh, and used when David challenged Beleset's general Goliath (1 Sa.17:45). David uses it one more time in (Ps.24:10), and used it 88 times in Jeremiah.
7) Lord of Israel YHWH
YHWH Eloheh was used in Israel Debora song (Judges 5:3) and frequently in the books of prophecy. (Isa.17:6; Zep.2:9) This title “Abraham’s god, Issac’s god, Jacob’s god comes after the list. Psalms 59:5 says ‘YHWH Israel’s god’ uses god’s name and other titles put together.
In the Old Testament YHWH God’s name was used 6,519 times, [6] but could not find evidence that it was used as other god’s name at all.
In the Bible translation, the name YHWH react as another name is that Jewish have new inheritance to ban the saying of Israel’s God’s name. Perhaps the destruction of the temple of Jerusalem (587B.C years) [7], or the prisoners of Babylon (538 B.C years) and A.D after three years from the Bible’s forty-two books. Several reviews of the editing process “!yhil¿a> (Elohim: The powerful best) or “yD'v (Shaddai: Almighty)” were used in the synagogue, it has been replaced by the name “ynda (Ahdonayi: Lord)” which was used in the worship service. [8]
Not only original language the Hebrew Bible, as well as other religious documents see the Hebrew name of God named YHWH Holy name (yrik]zI: jeker) is written. Four consonants of the Holy name, holy and fixed (huhy, YHWH) made the sacred four-letter (Tetragrammatin) the tradition of the Jewish community can not dare to say the God’s name.
Because of the Jewish tradition, until today the Bible has been read as Adonai and the translators used YHWH and El without clearly distinguishing the two.
B. El(lea})
Many scholars have concluded that El and YHWH was the same in the early stages, and this identification explains assuming that YHWH was in El form. F. M. Cross and J. C. De Moor argues that the title YHWH is a ritual title (or liturgical title) of model (or hypocoristicon) of El, therefore YHWH and El is the same. [9] F. C. Cross and J. C. De Moor's claim needed more critical study into it.
What meaning did El have that the translators
used it as name of God? Let’s look into El.
.!h,lea} rm'ao hm; /mV] Ahm' yli AWrm]a;wO
!k,ylea} ynIj'l;v] !k,yte/ba} yhel¿a> !h,l; yTir]m'a;wO laer;c]yI ynEB] Ala,
ab; ykinOa; hNEhi !yhil¿a>h; Ala, hv,mo rm,aYOw" Ex.3:13
Normally, El is a designated name used throughout with the designation of all gods of Shemitic of Pantheon in Akad, Amorite and Canaan religions. [10]
Before Moses god’s name Yahweh instead it was used The God of the fathers which is Abraham’s god, Issac’s god, and Jacob’s god. That’s why the god that appeared to the leaders of tribe was not Yahweh but El Ellon, El ollam, and El loy. Either than these god names, other many titles used to call god appears in Hebrew original language bible. [11]
How is El used? If we look at El written by an independently singular form in Original Hebrew Bible: [12]
1) “aN:q' lae (El Kauna: jealous God –Ex.20:5),
2) .!l;/[ lae hw:hyO (YHWH El orram: eternal God YHWH -Ge.21:33),
At Boelseba, Abraham planted an Esel tree, and called YHWH’s name (Gen. 21:33), El orram means ‘everlasting god’.
3) laer;c]yI yhel¿a> la (El Elohae Israel: God of Gods of Israel –Ge.33:20)”
Jacob arrived in Secam and bought a little land, and built a column and named it El Elohae Israel (Gen. 33:20).
4) yair? la (El loy: god that inspects)
The word confessed by Hagar to Yahweh which means ‘god who looks after me’ (Gen. 16:13).
5) @yhla>> la (El Ellon: most high god)
6) yD;v' la (El Shaddai: almighty god)
Which means ‘almighty god’. (Gen. 17:1, 28:3. 35:11, 43:14, 48:3, 49:25, Exodus 6:3).
El, the original language, the Hebrew Bible is written solely in the form of a singular. Look at “aN:q' lae (El kana: a jealous god –Ex.20:5), .!l;/[ lae hw:hyO (YHWH El ohram: the everlasting God YHWH -Gen.21:33), laer;c]yI yhel¿a> la (El Elohim Israel: God of gods of Israel –Gen.33:20)” it is used like YHWH 214 times and 31 times referring to other gods and showing other divine attributes.
However, if we look at how it’s used simply there is something that’s insufficient in being used independently. El is modified with the usage of adjective, and it shows El’s attributes well. That is why El should be understood as common noun “god” rather than proper noun name of God.
If you look at the Bible translation that modifies El with adjectives and look at how his name is translated and used is “yD'v' laewO (El-Shaddai: Mountain God) [13], @/yl][, lae (El Elyon: the Most High God), !l;/[ lae (El Olam: Forever God), yair? lae (El Roi: See God)”. [14] But it's just that represent an attribute of God and it is not God's name.
C. Elohim (!yhil¿a>)
1) Elohim
Many errors in translating the Bible are most outraged by the word “!yhil¿a> (Elohim)”.
Elohim is used 2,606 times and it is the next frequent used word after YHWH. If you look at the frequency of this word, 2,345 times it was used to designate YHWH, and 259 times it was used to designate other gods. The part that needs to be looked carefully into is where out of 2,345 times that designates YHWH, 1,146 times are used with YHWH.
Elohim is the root of much debate about the meaning, as in relation to plural form of El it means “gods” and sometimes the angels (Job.1:06, 2:02, 38:7), and the article “the” with the "status higher management (1Sa.2:25, Jdg.5:08)" who may be expressed. [15]
Elohim is considered generally abstract, powerful, solemnity or sovereignty in plural form. Also, from the beginning that word clearly shows numerical plural directs “gods”. In Old Testament it is used as a plural form with a singular meaning and also includes polytheism meaning and used with no limit.
2) Elohareu
Elohareu in Old Testament shows the literature after the captivity period. That is why the plural form can be assumed ahead. This is Elohim is El’s plural form and from that it appears singular form subordinately.
In old Aramaic ‘ilah is already appeared and same in Arabic. But in Akathew it does not appear. So it’s seen that from ‘ilah derived Elohim. Rather than distinguishing ‘ilah from ‘il, we can estimate the relation between the two words from expanded form of root word ‘il.
Elohim did not appear as an area name or personal name. Elohareu is a simple form of Elohim, and usually has the same meaning as El. In the Old Testament it is usually found in poems. (Dt.32:15, 17).
Also, TLOT says “distinguished from El, Elohim is descriptive term support, not a divine name.”
So Elohim can appear without an article, or knowledge of God and used as a vocative case. Therefore, not only does Elohim mean “that god” but also “that gods”.
Generally, the generic name Elohim is understood by Israelites. W.H. Schmidt points out that by worldly gods; they help proclaim their own history of god. [16]
Looking at how Elohim is used frequently, it cannot be used as the word that represent attribute of YHWH.
D. Adonai (yn:doa})
Adonai means “Owner or Lord” so it is well known that it does not show attributes of God.
However, it is not deniable that the word Adonai is the most used word in Bible translation as God’s name. To find out why Adonai is used as God’s name in Bible translation, we have to look at how the word Adonai is used in Hebrew, the original language.
In Hebrew, the original language Bible, the word Adonai is used 434 times, and for 432 times it’s used as the one who has the most authority, owner or Lord. In thirty verses, the word Adonai is used in conjunction with YHWH forty times, and in eighteen verses with Elohim twenty-five times, and in eight verses (2Sa.7:22, 28, 29; 1Ki.8:23; 2Ch.6:14, 14:10; Jer.15:16; Da.9:04) with YHWH and Elohim twelve times.
Except in Genesis 18:3 and 19:2, Adonai is used as a respective word to hostile the guests.
Many scholars argue that they do not directly call YHWH because Jewish customs cannot call God’s name YHWH who has the absolute sovereignty. Therefore they used the change word Adonai. However, J. H. Tigay and D. M. Pike, while they were researching chronically using Israel’s name documents and historical name of Old Testament life, they confirmed that many names used YHWH as its component. [17] <See chart>[18]
<Chart> People’s names with the elements of gods’ name in Old
Testament
Age |
Name of the elements of gods’ name |
Name of Yahwehistic elements |
Nome of other gods |
Chief Age |
3 |
0(0%) |
3(100%) |
Exodus-the conquest period |
6 |
3(50%) |
3(50%) |
Judges-unified kingdom |
163 |
140(86%) |
23(14%) |
Divided kingdom period |
127 |
123(97%) |
4(3%) |
Reviews of Judah |
97 |
92(95%) |
5(5%) |
Other |
70 |
55(79%) |
15(21%) |
<Date: Dana M. Pike 1983 (Tigay 1986)>
The name YHWH is used as Israel people’s names, and it can be proved that the people did used and called Yahweh with their own mouth.
It seems that the Jews started to use Adonai instead of YHWH around 3B.C.
Jews since the days of captivity they try to preserve the transcendence of YHWH, so they did not read Yahweh, and used Adonai (Lord) instead. Also when they were translating the Old Testament into Greek, they used Kyurios (Lord) and used “Memura (word)” when translating to Aramaic. Therefore, when the high priest had worship, he would vaguely speak out Yahweh so that no one would hear it. [19]
The act of the Jews to represent transcendence of YHWH has become their tradition and used Adonai as the replacement word for YHWH.
2. The Bible was written in Aramaic, and Greek gods of this name
We could not find the original text of the Bible but, looking at the copy that is written in Hebrew, we can see it is not called Yahweh in the records of the bible and used as “@/da; (Adon)”. All the bible researchers have acknowledged this fact.
The Hebrew Bible was recorded during prisoner of Babylon, and portion of Old and New Testament is recorded in Aramaic.
Even though it’s a portion that is written in Aramaic and translated into Aramaic, we have to look at how God’s name is recorded and used in those Bibles.
A. History of the Bible in Aramaic
In B.C 588 the Judea kingdom was destroyed and lived a captive life at Babylon, and started to use Aramaic in their daily life. Hebrew and Aramaic are similar in part, so it was not hard for the Jews to learn the language. Because the ancestors of the Jews, Abraham is, Ur of the Chaldees (Ur kasitim: Speaking of Mesopotamia) [20] and also the home of Isaac's wife Rebekah. In addition, Jacob lived in his uncle Laban’s house for 20 years.
In this regard, all Jews can be called Semitic of Hebrew and Aramaic.
The Old Testament was written in Aramaic after captivity (Ezr.4:8~6:18; 7:12~26; Da. 2:4~7:28) as well as a small part of the word in Genesis (Ge.31:47 “at;Wrh}c' rg'y] : yeogalsahaduda” is Aramaic”), seeing that it is recorded in Aramaic, [21] we can take a guess that they been using it with its long history.
Most of the Jews in Jesus’ time were of knowledge class. Jews used Aramaic and Greek, most of them using Aramaic.
A German theologian Gustaf Dalman claimed that
there was no doubt that Jesus could decode Hebrews and use Aramaic as the first
language. In 1898 he published his book, “Jesus' sayings: Die Worte Jesus, mit
Breuecksichtigung des nahkanonischen jueischen Schrifitums und der aramacischen
Sprache eroetrert I, Leipzig, 1898.)” And the claim was confirmed by J.
Wellhausen, P. Joueon and M. Black. [22]
Also, it is shown that Jesus used Aramaic in the New
Testament.
Some examples are; "Dalridagum (Mark 5:41), Eli,
Eli, lama sabakdani (Mark 15:34), Abba (Mark 14:36; Galatians 4:6; Romans
8:15), Bar (Matthew 16:17), Baal ( Matthew 10:25), gehenna (Matt. 5:22,29;
10:28; 23:15,33; Mark 9:43,45,47), Geba (John 1:42), Mammon (Matthew 6:24; Luke
16:9,110, paska (Matthew 26:2; Mark 14:14; Luke 22:8,15), Rabbi (Matthew
23:7,8), boanege (Mark 3:17), raga (Matthew 5: 22), sabata (Matthew 12:5,11;
Mark 3:04), Sata (Matthew 13:33), Satan (Mark 3:23,26; 8:33; Luke 10:18; 13:16;
22 : 31).
In particular Matthew Chapter 26 verse 73 and Acts Chapter 2 verse 7, are shown through the story appeared in Galilee, Jesus was a little differently used than in the Jewish Aramaic," West Aramaic (a Galilean version of Western Aramaic)"[23], respectively.
The 12 disciples lived in Judea and their ministry does not go beyond that. Their ministry was mostly to the poor who used Aramaic, not of the knowledge class.
That is why there is no other recorded Gospel except for the ones that is for the aliens, and most of the Bible is recorded in Aramaic claims Geore Lamsa in his book "Lamsa's Bible (1957 years)," The first introduction page New Testament in Aramaic written is proof of that of the claims. [24]
For example, when Matthew was written Oracles did not use like Luke use words (Logos). Also Luke are not used commonly in the final decision, it indicates that the “words (Plural: Act.1:1)” and without using the word (singular) and used Hebrical style seen Matthew and Luck, etc as many of the New Testament Gospel as well as written in Aramaic, is translated into the final decision; indicates claims by J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmar. [25]
There are other many scholars who claim that the New Testament was written in Aramaic. [26]
But, they only infer the claims that there is no whole Bible that is written in Aramaic but Aramaic Bible existed in each Bible’s words and sentences.
B. God's name in Aramaic background
The source of Hebrew begins from Aramaic.
Abraham’s home town was Ur of the Chaldeans 3500 B.C years ago, maybe even earlier than him the Sumarian capital was built there. The last of Sumarian reign is from 2050B.C to 1950B.C, during that time Abram was born.
Until Abram left Ur of the Chaldeans Aramaic was used, after Abram left Ur of the Chaldeans other languages around it had an influence and created Hebrew. Therefore, for Issac, Jacob, and Israel’s generations had no problem using Hebrew because its root was from Aramaic.
During the captivity in Babylon, if you look at the source of few Old Testament parts that was recorded in Aramaic, it has written a little different sound yhw or yahu than Hebrew’s God YHWH. And not only has that, out of the Bible evidence of epistles, if we look the Aramaic epistles that came out of Egypt Elephantine also uniformly recorded yhw. [27]
In addition, epistles either than the Bible used the name YHWH, so we can see that Jews used what their ancestors have been calling the name of God.
C. God's name in Greek background
Judea in around 63 B.C gets conquered by General Pompey and slowly Judea starts to use Greek. During the time that Jesus and the disciples did their ministry around 4~100A.D, Judea used Aramaic as their first language still and Greek as a second language.
In year 397, the council of Carthage canonical the New Testament to 27 books, when clearly officialized canonical into the Greek Bible. In the Greek Bible, it does not mention about the name YHWH that the Jews used, but replaced the word with “kuvrio"(Kyurios: Lord)”.
But Jesus and his disciples used the word that is similar to Yahweh in Greek document, and used it during the time of people recording the Bible. “lao (lao: same word Yaho)”, “labe (labe: Theodoret of Cyrus 4A.C)” known as the people of Samaria as Epiphanius, “yaue (Iaoue), laoai (laoai: Clement of Alexandria 3A.D century), yae (Iae)” was written with Greek letters, such as the name of the Jewish God YHWH of the examples also use the word in the Hebrew name of God are witnessed. [28]
In addition to the testimony of these ancient issues of the 9B.C, “monument Mesha or Moabite Stone” [29] and the 7~6B.C Arad and Lachish Letters, [30] are Ugarit documents and other archaeological evidence. And also mentioning the name of YHWH in many archaeological documents, and indirect evidences that are apparent in the Bible. Also, the frequent appearance of YHWH in Israel’s peoples name with combination of other god’s name (Theophoric names) [31] through the Greek culture, it is nearly true that name YHWH was used in Greek culture as well.
[1] TDOT, 513.
[2] BHS
[3] K. Elliger et W. Rudolph, Biblia Hebraica stuttgartensia, (Deutsche Bibeltiftung Stuttgart, 1981.)
[4] Korean-English Bible NIV, (Seoul: Korean Bible Society, 2001)
[5] Kim Yi Gon, The passion theology of the Old Testament, (Seoul: Korean Theology Institute, 1991), 55~58.
[6] “In BDB 6,823 times with just a miniature “hy (yah: 25 times)” were included.”
[7] L. F. Hartman, “God, Names of”「Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. VII」(1981),
289~90.
[8] Kim Bong Hyun, “Origin and meaning of Yahweh’s name”, (Berea Uninversty Graduate School, 2000), 24.
Out of the Bible, yy, yyy, yy (above a Vav) with the two yods, about numerically huhy and synonyms msh to h, or about ynda wrtting d is custom.
S.S. Cohon, “The name of God, a study in Rabbinic Theology”, (HTR, 1962), 591.
[9] J. C. De Moor, The rise of Yahwism: The roots of Israelite monotheism,
(Leuven, 1997), 188~91.
[10] C. Westermann, Genesis 37-50, (Minneapolis: Augsburg Pub. House, 1986), 156.
[11] Almer Towns/Park Ei Jeng, appeared Hananim’ names in the Old Testament, (Seoul: Life’ word press, 1994), 189~92
[12] F.M. Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press,
1976), 1~75.
[13] El Shaddai is translated “Almaity God” in Korean but translate to “Mountain God is near the original meaning.
[14] Louis Berhof, Systematic Theology, (USA: The Bath Press, Bath, 2000), 48~49.
[15] Encyclopedia of the Bible Committee, Encyclopedia of the Bible Vol.8, (Seoul: Bible textbook publishers, 1981) 263.
[16] TLOT Vol.1, 126.
[17] P. D. Miller, “Israelite Religion”, eds. Knight, Douglas A. & Tucker Gene M.「The Hebrew Bible & Its Modern Interpreters」, (Mineapolis: Fortress, 1985), 217.
[18] Han Sang Sik, “Name of Hananim and God’name Theology”「Apostle Theology, Vol.4. No.-」, (Berea Universty Graduate School, 2000), 15.
[19] No Jae Gwan, New Testament background, (Seoul: Christian Article Mission, 1999), 100.
[20] Jang Il Seon, leave the Old Testament Journy with Theologians, (Seoul: Life tree, 203), 73.
[21] Kim Gyeong Rae, “Traditional history of the Old Testament” 「The Gospel & Social Vol.3」, (Jeonju University Christian Research Institute, 1996), 167.
[22] Lee Sang Gu, “Language skell of Jesus I” 「Ministry & Theology Vol.1 No.-」, (Seoul: Duranno, 2005), 200.
[23] Joachim Jeremias, New Testament Theology, (London: SCM, 1987), 4.
[24] Gary F. Zeolla, Analytical-Literal Translation of the New Testament of the Holy
Bible: Thrid Edition, (Gary F. Zeolla of Darkness to Light ministry, 2005), 29.
[25] J.B. Lightfoot & J.R. Harmar, The Apostolic Father: Greek and English. (MI:
Baker Book House, 1988), 529.
[26] The books Scholar claim that the New Testament was written to Aramaic;
Brenton Sir Lancelet C. L., The Septuagint with Apocrypha: Greek and English. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1986)
Carson, D.A., Matthew in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Vol. 8). (Frank E. Gaebelein general editor Grand Rapids, (MI: Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1985)
[27] Kim Bong Hyeon, “The origin and meaning of the name of YHWH”, (Berea Graduate University, 2000), 32.
[28] F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the
Old Testament, (Oxford, 1979), 22~3.
[29] Victor H. Matthews & Don C. Benjamin, Old Testament Parallels, (Paulist Press,
1997), 157~9.
[30] Ibid, 185~90.
[31] Obermann, The Divine Name YHWH in the light of recent discoveries, (Journal of Biblical Literature, 1960), 302.
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