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다음 글의 (1), (2)에 알맞은 것은? (관련 기출)
(1) (2) ① linguistic communicative ② communicative linguistic ③ grammatical linguistic ④ communicative grammatical <정답> ① |
1. Defining Communicative Competence
The term communicative competence (CC) was coined by sociolinguist Dell Hymes (1972),
who asserted that Chomsky's (1965) notion of competence was too limited.
2. Canale and Swain's Framework
In Canale and Swain's and later in Canale's (1983) definition, four different components, or subcategories,
made up the construct of cc. The first two subcategories reflected the use of the linguistic system itself;
the last two defined the functional aspects of communication.*****
1. Grammatical competence: "Knowledge of lexical items and of rules of morphology, syntax, sentence-grammar semantics, and phonology" (Canale & Swain, 1980). It is the competence that we associate with mastering the linguistic code of a language, the linguistic competence referred to by Hymes (1972) and Paulston (1974).
2. Discourse competence: The ability to connect sentences in stretches of discourse and to form a meaningful whole out of a series of utterances. With its inter-sentential relationships, discourse encompasses everything from simple spoken conversations to lengthy written texts (articles, books, etc.).
3. Sociolinguistic competence: The ability to follow sociocultural rules of language. This type of competence "requires an understanding of the social context in which language is used: the roles of the participants, the information they share, and the function of the interaction." (Savignon, 1983).
4. Strategic competence: The ability to use verbal and nonverbal communicative techniques to compensate for breakdowns in communication or insufficient competence. It includes the ability to make "repairs" and to sustain communication through paraphrase, circumlocution, repetition, avoidance, and guessing. |
[관련기출] ( ) competence was once defined as mastery of verbal and non-verbal communication strategies used to compensate for breakdowns in communication, and to make communication more effective. In the recent framework of communicative competence, however, language use is recognized as a dynamic process, involving the assessment of relevant information in the context, and a negotiation of meaning on the part of language user. Thus, this notion is now expanded and refers to the capacity that relates language competence to the language user' s knowledge structures and the features of the context in which communication takes place. <정답> strategic |
3. Later Modifications of CC Models
Bachman placed grammatical and discourse (renamed "textual") competence
under ➀ organizational competence: the rules and systems that govern what we can do with the forms of language,
whether they be sentence-level (grammatical) rules or rules that specify how we "string" sentences together (discourse).
Canale and Swain's sociolinguistic competence was divided into two separate ➁ pragmatic categories: (i) functional aspects of language (illocutionary competence, pertaining to sending and receiving intended meanings) and (ii) sociolinguistic aspects (which deal with such considerations as politeness, formality, metaphor, register,
and culturally related aspects of language).
Bachman considered strategic competence to be an entirely separate element of communicative language ability,
serving an "executive" function of making the final "decision," among many possible options,
on wording, phrasing, and other productive and receptive means for negotiating meaning.
Models of communicative competence compared |
Canale and Swain (1980) 1. Grammatical 2. Discourse 3. Sociolinguistic 4. Strategic |
Backman (1990) A. Organizational Competence 1. Grammatical 2. Texutual (= Discourse) B. Pragmatical Competence 3. Illocutionary (= Functions of Language) 4. Sociolinguistic |
Littlewood (2011) 1. Linguistic (= Grammatical) 2. Discourse (= Textual) 3. Pragmatic (= Strategic) 4. Sociolinguistic 5. Sociocultural |
#CommunicativeCompetence #GrammaticalCompetence #DiscourseCometence #StrategicCompetence
#TextualCompetence #OrganizationalCompetence #PragmaticCompetence #IllocutionaryCompetence
#LinguisticCompetence #SocioculturalCompetence #임용전공영어진미주 #지스쿨박진이팀진미주 #영어교육론
#의사소통능력 #CanalandSwain #Backman #Littlewood