Oct. 24th

[TOM aka MOOK]

ATTENDANCE : Alica, Isaac, Sunny & Tom

2. Happiness

pessimistic: expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that something will have a bad result (≠ optimistic) <ex> He remains deeply pessimistic about the peace process.

negative: considering only the bad qualities of a situation, person etc and not the good ones (≠ positive) <ex> They have a negative image of the police.

※ Pessimism is a state of mind which negatively colors the perception of life, especially with regard to future events. Value judgments may vary dramatically between individuals, even when judgments of fact are undisputed. The most common example of this phenomenon is the “Is the glass half empty or half full?” situation. The degree in which situations like these are eval‎uated as something good or something bad can be described in terms of one’s optimism or pessimism respectively. Throughout history, the pessimistic disposition has had effects on all major areas of thinking.

Philosophical pessimism is the similar but not identical idea that life has a negative value, or that this world is as bad as it could possibly be. It has also been noted by many philosophers that pessimism is not a disposition as the term commonly connotes. Instead, it is a cogent philosophy that directly challenges the notion of progress and what may be considered the faith-based claims of optimism.

In the “Is the glass half empty or half full?” paradox, the pessimistic approach would be to pick “half empty”.

ritual: ① a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in order to mark an important religious or social occasion <ex> The lady of the house performs the sacred ritual of lighting two candles. ② something that you do regularly and in the same way each time <ex> He went through the ritual of lighting his cigar.

ritualistic: ritualistic words or behaviour always follow the same pattern, especially because they form part of a ritual <ex> Each evening she bursts into her apartment with a ritualistic shout of ‘Honey I'm home!’

※ A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. The term usually excludes actions which are arbitrarily chosen by the performers, or dictated purely by logic, chance, necessity, etc.. A ritual may be performed on specific occasions, or at the discretion of individuals or communities. It may be performed by a single individual, by a group, or by the entire community; in arbitrary places, or in places especially reserved for it; either in public, in private, or before specific people. A ritual may be restricted to a certain subset of the community, and may enable or underscore the passage between religious or social states. The purposes of rituals are varied; they include compliance with religious obligations or ideals, satisfaction of spiritual or emotional needs of the practitioners, strengthening of social bonds, social and moral education, demonstration of respect or submission, stating one's affiliation, obtaining social acceptance or approval for some event — or, sometimes, just for the pleasure of the ritual itself. Rituals of various kinds are a feature of almost all known human societies, past or present. They include not only the various worship rites and sacraments of organized religions and cults, but also the rites of passage of certain societies, atonement and purification rites, oaths of allegiance, dedication ceremonies, coronations and presidential inaugurations, marriages and funerals, school “rush” traditions and graduations, club meetings, sports events, Halloween parties, veteran parades, Christmas shopping and more. Many activities that are ostensibly performed for concrete purposes, such as jury trials, execution of criminals, and scientific symposia, are loaded with purely symbolic actions prescribed by regulations or tradition, and thus partly ritualistic in nature. Even common actions like hand-shaking and saying hello are rituals. In psychology, the term ritual is used in a technical sense for a repetitive behavior systematically used by a person to neutralize or prevent anxiety; it is a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

meditation: ① the practice of emptying your mind of thoughts and feelings, in order to relax completely or for religious reasons <ex> Yoga involves breathing exercises, stretching, and meditation. ② the act of thinking deeply and seriously about something (≒ contemplation) <ex> She found him sitting alone, deep in meditation. ③ serious thoughts about a particular subject <ex> Renoir layers his meditations on life’s cyclical flow from birth to death and the changes in between.

cranky: [INFORMAL] ① [UK] [DISAPPROVAL] strange (≒ eccentric) <ex> Organic farming is no longer thought of as cranky. ② [US] bad-tempered (≒ ratty) <ex> I was feeling tired and cranky.

cheery: happy or making you feel happy (≒ cheerful) <ex> She gave me a cheery smile.

cheerful: ① happy, or behaving in a way that shows you are happy (≒ cheery) <ex> She’s feeling more cheerful today. ② something that is cheerful makes you feel happy because it is so bright or pleasant <ex> There was a cheerful picture on the wall. ③ tending to be happy most of the time <ex> She was a cheerful and agreeable companion. ④ a cheerful attitude shows that you are willing to do whatever is necessary in a happy way <ex> I am sure that you will take your usual firm but cheerful approach to keeping us in order.

take/follow a route: to use a way from one place to another <ex> When I was told we were taking a long scenic route which should be easy, I wasn’t scared the least.

make/take a detour: to make a way of going from one place to another that is longer than the usual way <ex> He did not take the direct route to his home, but made a detour around the outskirts of the city.

3. Water

parched: ① very dry, especially because of hot weather <ex> The land is parched and in need of water. <ex> He raised the water bottle to his parched lips. ② be parched: [INFORMAL] to be very thirsty <ex> Now I don't use water fountains in school unless I'm incredibly parched.

potable: [mainly US] [FORMAL] potable water is safe to drink (≒ drinkable) <ex> Potable water is a precious, limited commodity.

※ Drinking water or potable water is water of sufficiently high quality that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm. In most developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce and industry is all of drinking water standard, even though only a very small proportion (often 5% or less) is actually consumed or used in food preparation. Over large parts of the world, humans have inadequate access to potable water and use sources contaminated with disease vectors, pathogens or unacceptable levels of dissolved chemicals or suspended solids. Such water is not potable and drinking or using such water in food preparation leads to widespread acute and chronic illness and is a major cause of death in many countries. Typically, water supply networks deliver potable water, whether it is to be used for drinking, washing or landscape irrigation. One counterexample is urban China, where drinking water can optionally be delivered by a separate tap.

< Only forty-six percent of people in Africa have safe drinking water. >	< Lower; More water can be transported easily using the roller >

※ The Hippo water roller, or Hippo roller, is a device for carrying water more easily and efficiently than traditional methods, particularly in the developing world. It consists of a barrel-shaped container which holds the water and can roll along the ground, and a handle attached to the axis of the barrel. Currently deployed in rural Africa, its simple and purpose-built nature makes it an example of appropriate technology.

the point: the most important fact or idea <ex> That's my point exactly, any country in power and especially in hegemonic power will abuse its power.

you’re telling me: used to emphasize that you already know and agree with something that someone has just said <ex> ‘He’s such a pain to live with.’ ‘You’re telling me!’

shortage: a situation in which there is not enough of something that people need <ex> Many Indian towns are suffering prolonged power blackouts and water shortages.

lack: when there is not enough of something, or none of it (= shortage) <ex> The flowers languished from lack of water.

run-off: ① a second competition or election that is arranged when there is no clear winner of the first one <ex> There will be a run-off between these two candidates on December 9th. ② [TECHNICAL] rain or other liquid that flows off the land into rivers <ex> Major sources of nutrients are municipal sewage and agricultural run-off.

※ Runoff voting is widely used around the world for the election of legislative bodies and directly elected presidents. The two-round system is known as “runoff voting” in the United States, where the second round is known as a “runoff” election. Runoff voting is also sometimes used as a generic term to describe any system involving a number of rounds of voting, with eliminations after each round. By this broader definition the two-round system is not the only form of “runoff voting”, and others include the exhaustive ballot. In Canada, for example, candidates for party leadership, when there are more than two, use an exhaustive ballot system, often called a “runoff voting” system. It is like a runoff system, except the one candidate must win a simple majority, 50% plus one. Candidates with the fewest votes or candidates who want to move their support to other candidates may also move to remove themselves from the next vote.

※ Surface runoff is the water flow which occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess water, from rain, snowmelt, or other sources flows over the land. This is a major component of the hydrologic cycle. Runoff that occurs on surfaces before reaching a channel is also called a nonpoint source. If a nonpoint source contains man-made contaminants, the runoff is called nonpoint source pollution. A land area which produces runoff draining to common point is called a watershed. When runoff flows along the ground, it can pick up soil contaminants such as petroleum, pesticides.

4. Bike Riding

tandem: a bicycle built for two riders sitting one behind the other <ex>

※ The tandem bicycle or twin is a form of bicycle (occasionally, a tricycle) designed to be ridden by more than one person. The term tandem refers to the seating arrangement (fore to aft, not side-by-side) instead of the number of riders. A bike with two riders side-by-side is called a sociable. On conventional tandems, the front rider steers the bicycle and is known as the captain, pilot, or steersman; the rear rider only pedals and is known as the stoker, navigator, or rear admiral. On most tandems the two sets of cranks are mechanically linked by a timing chain and turn at the same rate. As time has moved on so has the use of ‘Captain’ and ‘Stoker‘ as terms for riders of a tandem. As both are seen as riders the use of the words ‘front rider’ and ‘rear rider’ are far more descriptive to modern Tandem riders.

< A tandem mountain bike >	< A unicycle >

supermarket: a very large shop that sells food, drinks, and things that people need regularly in their homes <ex> That supermarket sells articles of all kinds.

※ A supermarket, also called a grocery store in some parts of North America, is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments. It is larger in size and has a wider selection than a traditional grocery store and it is smaller than a hypermarket or superstore.

commute: to regularly travel a long distance to get to work <ex> Jim commutes to Manhattan every day.

weight: how heavy and fat someone is <ex> You shouldn’t worry about your weight. <ex> She’s lost a lot of weight.

snap: ① to break with a sudden sharp noise, or to make something break with a sudden sharp noise <ex> A twig snapped under my feet. ② to move into a particular position suddenly, making a short sharp noise, or to make something move like this <ex> The pieces just snap together like this. ③ to say something quickly in an angry way <ex> ‘What do you want?’ Mike snapped. ④ [INFORMAL] to take a photograph <ex> Dave snapped a picture of me and Sonia.

congested: ① full of traffic <ex> London’s roads are heavily congested. ② a part of your body that is congested is very full of liquid, usually blood or mucus (≒ blocked) <ex> The arteries in his neck had become fatally congested.

bicker: to argue, especially about something very unimportant <ex> I wish you two would stop bickering.

후기(1024).doc

[앨리카]

으흐 탐 쨩.. 지각만 안하면 더 짱..ㅎ

[TOM aka MOOK]

pessimistic v⊙..⊙v (I won't be punctual)

[Sunny82]

고집쟁이 탐 옵하! 늦으면 궁둥짝을 때리겠어 이제! ㅋㅋ ^^;

[Koosy]

ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ 탐형님도 기쎈 울 여성 멤버들한테는 꼼짝 못할듯..ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ

[TOM aka MOOK]

─ _ ─ ㅎㄷㄷㄷ