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◯ A PRACTICAL CHINESE GRAMMAR FOR FOREIGNERS1)Thirty years of experience in teaching foreign students basic Chinese have brought to our attention the needs for a simple and practical modern Chinese grammar for beginners of Chinese as a foreign language. 2)In order to enable the users of this book to master the basic grammatical rules of Chinese and apply them to speaking and reading, we have emphasized the following points: 3)1. We have briefly dealt with the most frequently used grammatical rules and explained them theoretically in as nontechnical a way as possible. To fasciliate their understang, we have further illustrated them with many examples and tables. 4)2. We have highlighted the classification and features in the function of words and phrases. 5)3. A subheading is given in each section to enumberate the points that call for special attention in view of the difficulties foreigners may encounter and errors they are liable to make in learning Chinese. 6)4. We have tried to make examples useful and realistic and most of the words use in them can be found in A PRACTCAL LIST OF COMMONLY USED CHINESE WORDS FOR FOREIGNERS (published by the Beijing Language Institute, 1981). 7)5.Various exercises are provided at the end of each section/chaper and a list of grammatical terms as well as a key to all the exercises are given at the end of the book. 8)In the course of compilation, Li jinghui and Liu Yinglin participated in discussing and making the first draft of the writing scheme and part of the content of this book. 9)The English traslator are: Zhang Zhanyi and Zhang Xiaozhong (ChaptersⅠandⅡ); Lu Jianji(Ⅲ~Ⅴ) and Li Changlan(ChapterⅥ~Ⅹ). 10)The compilers would like to express their sincere thanks to Professor Yuan Henian of the Beijing Foreign Language Institute who read and revised the English translation of ChaptersⅠandⅡand Lu Jianji who read through the English traslation of all the other chapters. 11)It is our hope that those who are learning Chinese as beginners will find the book a useful companion which gives them a general picture of modern Chinese grammar and guides them in applying the correctly. 12)Compiled by Li Dejin, Cheng Meizhen Beijing Language Institute June, 1982 CONTENTS Chapter One Introduction Chapter Two Parts of Speech•Words•Classification of Words•Conversion of Parts of Speech Sextion Ⅰ NounsExercise 1 Sextion Ⅱ VerbsExercise 2 Sextion Ⅲ Auxiliary VerbsExercise 3 Sextion Ⅳ AdjectivesExercise 4 Sextion Ⅴ NumeralsExercise 5 Sextion Ⅵ Measure WordsExercise 6 Sextion Ⅶ PronounsExercise 7 Sextion Ⅷ AdverbsExercise 8 Sextion Ⅸ PrepositionsExercise 9 Sextion Ⅹ ConjunctionExercise 10 Sextion Ⅺ ParticlesExercise 11 Section XII Interjections Section XIII Omomatopes *Table 1 Relationships Between the Parts of Speech and the eLements of a Sentence Chapter Three Phrases•Phrases•Clssification of Phrases•The Basis for Clssifying Phrases Sextion ⅠThe Coordinative PhrasesExercise 12 Sextion Ⅱ The Subjecta-Predicate PhraseExercise 13 Sextion Ⅲ The Verb-Object PhraseExercise 14 Sextion Ⅳ The Endocentric PhraseExercise 15 Sextion Ⅴ The Numeral-Measure Wors PhraseExercise 16 Sextion Ⅵ The Complementary PhraseExercise 17 Sextion Ⅶ The Phrase LocalityExercise 18 Sextion Ⅷ The Appositive PhraseExercise 19 Sextion Ⅸ The Set Phrase Sextion Ⅹ The Prepostional PhraseExercise 20 Sextion Ⅺ The 的 -PhraseExercise 21*Table 2: Phrase and Their Functions Chapter Four Sentence ElementsSextion ⅠThe SubjectExercise 22 Sextion ⅡThe PredicateExercise 23 Sextion Ⅲ The ObjectExercise 24 Sextion Ⅳ The AttributiveExercise 25 Sextion Ⅴ The Adverbial AdjunctExercise 26 Sextion Ⅵ ComplementsExercise 27Exercise 28Exercise 29Exercise 30Exercise 31*Table 3: Relationships Between the Parts of Speech, Phrases and Complements of Different KindsExercise 32Chapter Five The Simple Sentences•Definition•The Basic Structure of the Simple Sentence•Functions of the Simple Sentence•Diagram Showing the Classification of Sentences Part One Classification of Sentences in Terms of Structure Sextion ⅠSentence with Verbal PredicatesExercise 33 Sextion Ⅱ The Sentence with an Adjectival PredicateExercise 34 Sextion Ⅲ The Sentence with a Normial PredicateExercise 35 Sextion Ⅳ The Sentence with a S-P Phrase as the PredicateExercise 36 *Table 4: Four Types of S-P SentencesExercise 37 Sextion Ⅴ The Subjetless -Sentence Sextion Ⅵ The One -Word/Phrase Sentence Sextion Ⅶ The Elliptical Sentence*Table 5: Three Kinds of Non-S-P SentenceExercise 38 Parts Two Classification of Sentences in Terms of Function Sextion Ⅷ The Declarative Sentence Sextion Ⅸ The Interrogative Sentence *Table 6: The seven Types of Questions Exrecise 39 Sextion Ⅹ The Imperative Sentence Sextion Ⅺ The Exclamatory Sentence*Table 7: The Four Types of Sentences Classified in Terms of FunctionExercose 40 Chapter Six Aspects of an Action•Definition•Common Ways of Indicating Aspects Sextion ⅠThe Progressive Aspect of an ActionExercise 41 Sextion Ⅱ The Continuous AspectExercise 42 Sextion Ⅲ The Perfect Aspect of an actionExercise 43 Sextion Ⅳ An Action that Is going t Take PlaceExercise 44 Sextion Ⅴ Actions as Past ExperienceExercise 45 *Table 8: The Five Aspects of an Action Chapter Seven Sentences with SpecialVerb Predicates Sextion ⅠThe 是-SentenceExercise 46 Sextion Ⅱ The 有-SentenceExercise 47 Sextion Ⅲ The 把-SentenceExercise 48 Sextion Ⅳ The 被-SentenceExercise 49 Sextion Ⅴ The Sentence With Verbal Constructions in SeriesExercise 50 Sextion Ⅵ Pivotal the SentenceExercise 51 Sextion Ⅶ Existential the SentenceExercise 52*Table 9: Sentences Special Verbal Predicates Chapter Eight Ways of Expressing Comparision Sextion ⅠUsing 比 새 Express ComparisonExercise 53 Sextion Ⅱ Using 跟 to Express ComparisionExercise 54 Sextion Ⅲ Using 有 to Express ComparisonExercise 55 Sextion Ⅳ Using 象 to Express ComparisonExercise 56 Sextion Ⅴ Using 不如 to Express ComparisonExercise 57 Sextion Ⅵ Using 越来越 to Express ComparisonExercise 58*Table 10: Six Ways of Expressing Comparison Chapter Nine Ways of Expressing Emphasis Sextion Ⅰ Emphasis Expressed by Interrogative Pronouns Exercises 59 Sextion Ⅱ Using 哪儿....啊to Express Emphasis Exercises 60 Sextion Ⅲ Using 不是...吗 to Express Emphasis Exercises 61 Sextion Ⅳ Using 连...都(也) to Express Emphasis Exercises 62 Sextion Ⅴ Using the Adverb 是 to Express Emphasis Exercises 63 Sextion Ⅵ Using the Adbverb 就 to Express Emphasis Exercises 64 Sextion Ⅶ Using Double Negation to Express Emphasis Exercises 65 Sextion Ⅷ Using 是...的 to Express Emphasis Exercises 66 Chapter Ten Complex Sentences•Definition•Grammatical Features•Types of Complex Sentences SectionⅠCoordinate Complex Sentences SectionⅡCoordinate Complex Sentences and Coorelatives SectionⅢSubordinate Complex Sentences SectionⅣ Subordinate Complex Sentences and the Coorelatives SectionⅤ Contracted Complex Sentences Exercise 67 AppendixⅠList of Grammatical Terms AppendixⅡKey to the Exercises AppendixⅢ Reference Books