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[dd1971]

Microwave auditory effect

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The microwave auditory effect, also known as the microwave hearing effect or the Frey effect, consists of audible clicks (or, with modulation, whole words) induced by pulsed/modulated microwave frequencies. The clicks are generated directly inside the human head without the need of any receiving electronic device. The effect was first reported by persons working in the vicinity of radar transponders during World War II. These induced sounds are not audible to other people nearby. The microwave auditory effect was later discovered to be inducible with shorter-wavelength portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. During the Cold War era, the American neuroscientist Allan H. Frey studied this phenomenon and was the first to publish^[1] information on the nature of the microwave auditory effect.

Dr. Don R. Justesen published "Microwaves and Behavior" in The American Psychologist (Volume 30, March 1975, Number 3).

Research by NASA in the 1970s^{[citation needed]} showed that this effect occurs as a result of thermal expansion of parts of the human ear around the cochlea, even at low power density. Later, signal modulation was found to produce sounds or words that appeared to originate intracranially. It was studied for its possible use in communications. Both the United States and USSR studied its use in non-lethal weaponry.^{[citation needed]}

Pulsed microwave radiation can be heard by some workers; the irradiated personnel perceive auditory sensations of clicking or buzzing. The cause is thought to be thermoelastic expansion of portions of auditory apparatus.^[2] The auditory system response occurs at least from 200 MHz to at least 3 GHz. In the tests, repetition rate of 50 Hz was used, with pulse width between 10–70 microseconds. The perceived loudness was found to be linked to the peak power density instead of average power density. At 1.245 GHz, the peak power density for perception was below 80 mW/cm². The generally accepted mechanism is the rapid (but minuscule, in the range of 10⁻⁵ °C) heating of the brain by each pulse, and the resulting pressure wave traveling through the skull to the cochlea.^[3]

The existence of non-lethal weaponry that exploits the microwave auditory effect appears to have been classified "Secret NOFORN" in the USA from (at the latest) 1998, until the declassification on 6 December 2006 of "Bioeffects of Selected Non-Lethal Weaponry" in response to a FOIA request. Application of the microwave hearing technology could facilitate a private message transmission. Quoting from the above source, "Microwave hearing may be useful to provide a disruptive condition to a person not aware of the technology. Not only might it be disruptive to the sense of hearing, it could be psychologically devastating if one suddenly heard "voices within one's head".

The technology gained further public attention when a company announced in early 2008 that they were close to fielding a device called MEDUSA (Mob Excess Deterrent Using Silent Audio) based on the principle.^[4]

Electroreception has also been studied in the animal world. Ritz et al., in Biophysical Journal,^[5] hypothesize that transduction of the Earth's geomagnetic field is responsible for the magnetoreception systems of birds. Specifically, they propose that this transduction may take place in a class of photoreceptors known as cryptochromes.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1 Primary Cold War-era research in the US
• 2 Peaceful applications
• 3 See also
• 4 Notes
• 5 References
• 6 External links

Primary Cold War-era research in the US[edit source | edit]

The first American to publish on the microwave hearing effect was Allan H. Frey, in 1961. In his experiments, the subjects were discovered to be able to hear appropriately pulsed microwave radiation, from a distance of 100 meters from the transmitter. This was accompanied by side effects such as dizziness, headaches, and a pins and needles sensation.

Sharp and Grove developed 'receiverless' wireless voice transmission technologies for the Advanced Research Projects Agency at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, in 1973. In the above mentioned journal entry to The American Psychologist, Dr. Don Justesen reports that Sharp and Grove were readily able to hear, identify, and distinguish among the single-syllable words for digits between 1 and 10 . Justesen writes, "The sounds heard were not unlike those emitted by persons with an artificial voice box(Electrolarynx). Communication of more complex words and of sentences was not attempted because the averaged densities of energy required to transmit longer messages would approach the [still] current 10mW/cm² limit of safe exposure."^[6]

Peaceful applications[edit source | edit]

A 1998 patent describes a device that can scare off birds from wind turbines, aircraft, and other sensitive installations by way of microwave energy pulses. Using frequencies from 1 GHz to about 40 GHz, the warning system generates pulses of milliseconds duration, which are claimed to be sensed by the birds' auditory systems. It is believed this may cause them to veer away from the protected object.^[7]

See also[edit source | edit]

• Biophoton
• Brain-computer interface
• Cosmic ray visual phenomena
• Electroreception
• Meteoroid#Sound - radio waves proposed as cause
• The Hum
• psychological manipulation

Notes[edit source | edit]

1. ^ Allan H. Frey (1962). "Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy". Journal of Applied Physiology 17: 689–692. PMID 13895081. Retrieved 21 August 2011. 
2. ^ Levy, Barry S.; Wagner, Gregory R.; Rest, Kathleen M. (2005). Preventing occupational disease and injury. American Public Health Association. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-87553-043-7. 
3. ^ Kitchen, Ronald (2001-10-02). Radio frequency and microwave radiation safety handbook. Newnes. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7506-4355-9. 
4. ^ Hambling, David (3 July 2008). "Microwave ray gun controls crowds with noise". New Scientist. 
5. ^ Ritz, Thorsten; Salih Adem and Klaus Schulten (2000). "A model for photoreceptor-based magnetoreception in birds". Biophysical Journal 78 (2): 707–718. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76629-X. ISSN 00063495. PMC 1300674. PMID 10653784. 
6. ^ D.R. Justesen. "Microwaves and Behavior", Am Psychologist, 392(Mar): 391–401, 1975.
7. ^ Kreithen ML. Patent #5774088 “Method and system for warning birds of hazards” USPTO granted 30 June 1998

References[edit source | edit]

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2009)

• R.C. Jones, S.S. Stevens, and M.H. Lurie. J. Acoustic. Soc. Am. 12: 281, 1940.
• H. Burr and A. Mauro. Yale J Biol. and Med. 21:455, 1949.
• H. von Gierke. Noise Control 2: 37, 1956.
• J. Zwislocki. J. Noise Control 4: 42, 1958.
• R. Morrow and J. Seipel. J. Wash. Acad. SCI. 50: 1, 1960.
• A.H. Frey. Aero Space Med. 32: 1140, 1961.
• P.C. Neider and W.D. Neff. Science 133: 1010,1961.
• R. Niest, L. Pinneo, R. Baus, J. Fleming, and R. McAfee. Annual Report. USA Rome Air Development Command, TR-61-65, 1961.
• A.H. Frey. "Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy." J Applied Physiol 17 (4): 689–92, 1962.
• A.H. Frey. "Behavioral Biophysics", Psychol Bull 63(5): 322–37, 1965.
• F.A. Giori and A.R. Winterberger. "Remote Physiological Monitoring Using a Microwave Interferometer", Biomed Sci Instr 3: 291–307, 1967.
• A.H. Frey and R. Messenger. "Human Perception of Illumination with Pulsed Ultrahigh-Frequency Electromagnetic Energy", Science 181: 356–8, 1973.
• R. Rodwell. "Army tests new riot weapon", New Scientist Sept. 20, p 684, 1973.
• A.W. Guy, C.K. Chou, J.C. Lin, and D. Christensen. "Microwave induced acoustic effects in mammalian auditory systems and physical materials", Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 247:194–218, 1975.
• D.R. Justesen. "Microwaves and Behavior", Am Psychologist, 392(Mar): 391–401, 1975.
• S.M. Michaelson. "Sensation and Perception of Microwave Energy", In: S.M. Michaelson, M.W. Miller, R. Magin, and E.L. Carstensen (eds.), Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Nonionizing Radiation. Plenum Press, New York, p 213-24, 1975.
• E.S. Eichert and A.H. Frey. "Human Auditory System Response to Lower Power Density Pulse Modulated Electromagnetic Energy: A Search for Mechanisms", J Microwave Power 11(2): 141, 1976.
• W. Bise. "Low power radio-frequency and microwave effects on human electroencephalogram and behavior”, Physiol Chem Phys 10(5): 387–98, 1978.
• J.C. Lin. Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications, Thomas, Springfield Ill, p 176, 1978.
• P.L. Stocklin and B.F. Stocklin. "Possible Microwave Mechanisms of the Mammalian Nervous System", T-I-T J Life Sci 9: 29–51, 1979.
• H. Frolich. "The Biological Effects of Microwaves and Related Questions", Adv Electronics Electron Physics 53: 85–152, 1980.
• H. Lai. “Neurological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation” In: J.C. Lin (ed.), Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems vol 1, Plenum, NY & London, p 27-80, 1994.
• R.C. Beason and P. Semm. "Responses of neurons to an amplitude modulated microwave stimulus", Neurosci Lett 333: 175–78, 2002.
• J.A. Elder and C.K. Chou. "Auditory Responses to Pulsed Radiofrequency Energy", Bioelectromagnetics Suppl 8: S162-73, 2003.

External links[edit source | edit]

• Seaman, Ronald L., “Transmission of microwave-induced intracranial sound to the inner ear is most likely through cranial aqueducts,“ Mckesson Bioservices Corporation, Wrair US Army Medical Research Detachment. (PDF)
• Lin, J.C., 1980, “The microwave auditory phenomenon,“ Proceedings of the IEEE, 68:67–73. Navy-NSF-supported research.
• Lin, JC., "Microwave auditory effect- a comparison of some possible transduction mechanisms". J Microwave Power. 1976 Mar;11(1):77–81. 1976.
• Guy, A.W., C.K. Chou, J.C. Lin and D. Christensen, 1975, Microwave induced acoustic effects in mammalian auditory systems and physical materials, Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 247:194–218
• Fist, Stewart, "Australian exposure standards". Crossroads, The Australian, March 1999.
• Microwave auditory effects and applications, James C. Lin; Publisher: Thomas; ISBN 0-398-03704-3
• Malech, Robert G., "US3951134 : Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brain waves". April 20, 1976.
• McMurtrey, John J., "Inner Voice, Target Tracking, and Behavioral Influence Technologies". Nov. 14, 2004.
• US Department of Defense, Air Force Research Laboratory comprehensive review on RFR-auditory effect in humans
• Thijs VMJ. Application #WO1992NL0000216 “Hearing Aid Based on Microwaves” World Intellectual Property Organization Filed 1992-11-26, Published 1993-06-10.
• Kohn B. “Communicating Via the Microwave Auditory Effect” Defense Department Awarded SBIR Contract # F41624-95-C9007, 1993.
• “Auditory Responses to Pulsed Radiofrequency Energy” Bioelectromagnetics Suppl 8: S162-73, 2003.
• Suppes P, Lu Z, and Han B. “Brain wave recognition of words” Proc Natl Acad Sci 94: 14965-69, 1997.
• Suppes P, Han B, and Lu Z. “Brain-wave recognition of sentences” Proc Natl Acad Sci 95: 15861-66, 1998.
• Assadullahi R and Pulvermuller F. “Neural Network Classification of Word Evoked Neuromagnetic Brain Activity” In: Wermter S, Austin J, and Willahaw D (eds.) Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: Emergent Neurocomputational Architectures Based on Neuroscience Heidelberg Springer, p 311-20, 2001.
• Smith C. “On the Need for New Criteria of Diagnosis of Psychosis in the Light of Mind Invasive Technology” J Psycho-Social Studies 2(2) #3, 2003.
• McMurtrey JJ. “Microwave Bioeffect Congruence with Schizophrenia” In press, 2003.

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[dd1971]

하실 수 있는 한가지 방법은 구글번역기에서 영문을 일본어로 일본어를 다시 한국어로 돌려서 보시면 읽기가 좀 수월하다고 합니다. 제가 번역해 드리기에는 제 정성이 부족하고, 이딴 걸로
게임시나리오 돌리는 방송주체측 및 어느집단이 꼴보기 싫어서 가끔 제가 필요하다 싶은 정보만 긇어다 올리곤 합니다.
마컨기술에 전문가수준인 분들 사이트에 많습니다. 여쭤보시면 다 아실거에요. 문제는 취합하다보면 환청에만도 마이크로웨이브, 저주파, 극저주파, 초음파, 음파 기타등등 사용되는 것이 많다는 결론밖에 다다르지 않아서
저는 항상 참고만 합니다. 그리고 웬만한 내용은 차라리 그림자정부를 외우세요. 웬만한 것은 이미 거기에

[dd1971]

아, 저한테도 이런 현상이 나타나네요. 방송주최측이라고 썼는데, 주체측으로 바뀌어 있고, 긁어다라고 썼는데, 긇어다로 바뀌어 있네요. 자주 안보던 현상이었는데....... 그대로 둡니다.

[dd1971]

잘 다루어지고 있습니다.

[미소777]

도서관에도 있어요. 굿이 사보지 않으셔도 되는데...

그책 쓰신 분은 캐나다 가서 살고 있더군요.