WHO Radiofrequency and microwaves

[산사랑]

WHO Radiofrequency and microwaves (세계보건기구 WHO 의 전파와 마이크로파 보고서)

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전파와 마이크로파 를 쐬는것 만으로 신경쇠약성 장애가 발생한다는 내용인데요.

두통 피로 쇠약감 어지럼증 기분변화 혼란 불면증 같은 증상이 생긴다고 합니다.

뇌의 칼슘이 유출된다는 보고도 있었구요.

다시 보니 이명현상에 대해서도 나오네요.

7.4 신경계 및 행동적 영향

마이크로파 방사선이 **중추신경계(CNS)**와 행동에 미치는 영향은 생물학적 영향 연구 분야 전체에서 가장 많은 논쟁의 대상이 되어 왔다. 이 주제에 대한 체코슬로바키아, 폴란드, 소련의 연구는 1950년대 초에 시작되었으며, 인간에게 미치는 마이크로파 영향에 관한 보고의 대부분이 이들 연구에서 나왔다.

체코슬로바키아, 폴란드, 소련에서 수행된 동물 연구와 임상 및 산업 조사 결과는 Marha 등(1971), Baranski & Czerski(1976), Presman(1968)에 의해 각각 정리되었다. 이들 연구의 기본적인 주장은 낮은 전력 밀도의 마이크로파 노출이 인간에게 신경쇠약성 장애(neurasthenic disorders)를 유발한다는 것이다.

보고된 주관적 증상에는 다음과 같은 것들이 있다.

• 두통

• 피로

• 쇠약감

• 어지럼증

• 기분 변화

• 혼란

• 야간 불면증

소형 실험동물에서는 입사 전력 밀도 10 mW/cm² 이하에서 만성적이고 반복적인 노출이 다음과 같은 결과를 초래한다고 보고되었다.

• 조건반사의 교란

• 행동 변화

이와 같은 연구는 쥐, 생쥐, 기니피그, 토끼, 개, 원숭이, 그리고 일부 경우에는 조류에서도 수행되었다.

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인간의 중추신경계가 낮은 수준의 마이크로파 노출에도 민감할 수 있다는 보고가 다수 제기되면서 이 주제에 대한 관심이 증가하였고, 그 결과 동물 중추신경계에 대한 연구도 확대되었다. 연구는 다양한 수준에서 수행되었으며 다음과 같은 범위를 포함한다.

• 분리된 신경에 대한 연구

• 영장류 행동 연구

이 연구들은 관찰된 효과가 열적(thermal) 영향 때문인지, 아니면 마이크로파 에너지가 중추신경계에 직접 작용한 결과인지를 규명하기 위해 수행되었다.

많은 연구 결과는 열 에너지의 불균일한 분포 또는 열 구배로 설명될 수 있다. 그러나 특정 진폭 변조(amplitude modulation)에 의해 뇌 조직에서 칼슘 유출(calcium efflux)이 증가하는 현상과 같은 일부 결과는 단순한 가열 효과만으로 설명하기 어렵다.

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147 MHz 방사선을 9–20 Hz 진폭 변조로 조사했을 때 병아리 전뇌에서 칼슘 유출과 함께 생체 전기 기능 교란이 관찰되었다.

그러나 진폭 변조 주파수가

• 6–9 Hz

• 20–35 Hz

범위일 때는 이러한 효과가 나타나지 않았다.

또 다른 연구에서는 고양이 뇌를 대상으로 **200 Hz에서 10 ms 펄스 방사선(20–50 mV/cm²)**을 조사했을 때 칼슘이 약 20% 증가하였다.

이러한 효과는 전자기장이 세포막과 직접 상호작용하기 때문일 가능성이 있으며, 이를 확인하기 위해서는 추가 연구가 필요하다.

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다른 연구에서는 진폭 변조 주파수와 전력 수준에 따라 뇌 조직의 칼슘 유출이 달라진다는 결과가 확인되었다.

• 약 9 Hz 부근에서 증가 시작

• 11–16 Hz에서 최대

• 20 Hz 이상에서는 사라짐

이 현상은 특정 주파수 범위에서만 발생하므로 **“주파수 창(frequency window)”**이 존재한다고 설명된다.

또한 전력 수준에 대해서도

• 0.5 mW/g에서 나타나기 시작

• 0.75 mW/g에서 증가

• 1.0 mW/g에서 감소

하는 패턴이 나타나 **“전력 창(power window)”**이 존재할 수 있다.

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뇌의 전기 활동은 **EEG(뇌파)**로 측정할 수 있으며 다양한 노출 조건에 의해 영향을 받을 수 있다.

• 40 mW/cm² 이상의 단기 노출 → EEG 패턴의 일시적 변화

• 2–5 mW/cm² 장기 반복 노출 →

  • 기본 리듬의 비동기화

  • 이후 EEG 파형의 평탄화

그러나 초기 연구 중 일부는 전극이나 전선이 전자기장을 교란했을 가능성 때문에 신뢰성이 의심되기도 한다.

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장기간 **저수준 또는 중간 수준 노출(약 1–5 mW/cm²)**을 받은 생쥐, 쥐, 토끼에서는 다음 현상이 보고되었다.

• 경련 유발 약물에 대한 감수성 증가

EEG 분석과 약리학 연구에 따르면 이러한 영향은 **중뇌의 망상체(reticular formation)**에서 발생할 가능성이 있다.

그러나 반복적인 마이크로파 노출 후 신경계 작용 약물에 대한 민감도 변화의 정확한 기전은 아직 명확하지 않다.

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일부 연구에서는 2450 MHz 마이크로파를 25–50 mW/cm² 전력 밀도로 단회 노출했을 때

• 토끼와 햄스터의 신경 조직에서

• 전자현미경 및 광학현미경으로 확인 가능한 구조적 변화

가 보고되었다.

또 다른 연구에서는 40–100 mW/cm²와 같은 높은 전력 밀도로 75일 동안 반복 노출된 쥐에서 다음과 같은 변화가 나타났다.

• 뇌 충혈

• 신경세포 핵 농축(pyknosis)

• 공포(vacuolization)

그러나 이러한 변화는 노출 종료 후 며칠 내에 가역적이었다.

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쥐의 혈액-뇌 장벽(BBB) 역시 마이크로파에 의해 영향을 받을 수 있다는 연구가 있다.

예를 들어

• 1.2 GHz

• 30분 노출

• 0.2 mW/cm² 펄스 방사선

• 2.4 mW/cm² 연속파

조건에서 혈액-뇌 장벽 투과성 증가가 관찰되었다.

하지만 다른 연구자들은 같은 결과를 재현하지 못했다.

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신경세포 수준에서도 변화가 관찰되었다.

예를 들어 1.5 GHz와 2.45 GHz 마이크로파에 노출된 신경세포에서는 발화 패턴 변화가 나타났다. 일부는 가열 때문일 수 있지만, 연구자들은 전기장 정류(rectification)와 같은 다른 메커니즘도 가능하다고 제안하였다.

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행동 연구에서는 다음과 같은 결과들이 보고되었다.

• 굶주린 쥐가 2.45 GHz 노출 시 먹이를 얻기 위한 작업을 중단

• 약 9 mW/g 흡수율에서 20분 후 작업 중단 발생

• 이는 열 효과와 관련된 것으로 해석됨

또 다른 연구에서는

• 918 MHz

• 10 mW/cm²

• 210시간 노출

조건에서 쥐의

• 운동 활동 감소

• 먹이 섭취 감소

가 나타났으며 역시 열 부하(thermal loading) 때문으로 해석되었다.

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원숭이를 대상으로 한 연구에서는 다음 결과가 보고되었다.

• 머리에 직접 5–25 W 에너지 조사

• 일부 동물에서 경련 발생

이는 뇌 내부에 **국소적인 고온 영역(hot spots)**이 생긴 결과로 해석된다.

그러나 10 W 노출을 하루 40분씩 5일간 실시한 경우에는 행동 수행 능력에 뚜렷한 저하는 나타나지 않았다.

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또한 인간에게서 **“마이크로파 청각(microwave hearing)”**이라는 감각 효과가 보고되었다.

사람은 펄스 마이크로파 노출 시 클릭음이나 윙윙거림을 들을 수 있다.

현재는 이 현상이 다음 과정으로 설명된다.

1. 미세하지만 매우 빠른 온도 상승

2. 열 팽창

3. 압력파 생성

4. 달팽이관(cochlea) 자극

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요약

마이크로파 및 RF 방사선이 신경계에 미치는 영향 연구는 다음과 같은 결론을 시사한다.

• 낮은 전력 밀도에서도 일부 변화가 관찰될 수 있음

• 1–5 mW/cm² 이상에서는 특정 장기의 비균일 가열이 발생할 가능성

• 그러나 열 효과 외의 다른 메커니즘을 완전히 배제할 수 없음

또한 행동 변화의 의미를 평가하기 어려운 이유는 다음과 같다.

• 낮은 전력 밀도에서의 열 효과와

• 생리적·심리적 반응 사이의 정량적 상관관계가 부족하기 때문

7.4 Nervous System and Behavioural Effects

Microwave radiation effects on the central nervous system and

behaviour have been the subject of most controversy in the whole

field of bioeffects. Czechoslovak, Polish, and Soviet investigations

on this subject commenced in the early fifties and have been the

source of most of the reports on the effects of microwaves on man.

Animal studies and clinical and industrial surveys in Czechoslovakia,

Poland, and the USSR have been summarized by Marha et al. (1971),

Baranski & Czerski (1976), and Presman (1968), respectively. The

basic assertion is that exposure to microwaves at low power densities results in neurasthenic disorders in man. Subjective comp1aints

such as headache, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, moodiness, confusion, and nocturnal insommia have been reported. In small experimental animals, chronic and repeated exposures at incident power

densities of 10 mW/cm2 or less have been reported to lead to disturbances in conditioned reflexes and to behavioural changes

(Kholodov, 1966; Presman, 1968; Petrov et al., 1970; Frey, 1971, 1977;

62

Marha, 1971; Lobonova, 1974; Galoway, 1975; Hunt et al., 1975;

Serdjuk, 1977; Cleary, 1978). Studies of microwave/RF exposure

effects on conditioned and normal reflexes, as well as on behaviour,

were carried out on mice, rats, guineapigs, rabbits, dogs, monkeys

and in some instances on birds (Romero-Sierra et al., 1974; Bigudel-Blanco et al., 1975; Bliss & Heppner, 1977).

Numerous reports of the sensitivity of the human CNS to

low level microwave exposure have stimulated interest in the subject with a consequent increase in studies on microwave effects on

the animal CNS (Cleary, 1977). Investigations have been conducted

at various levels of CNS organization and range from studies of

isolated nerves (McRee & Wachtel, 1977) to behavioural studies in

primates (De Lorge, 1976, 1979). These studies were established to

determine if the effects were thermally-induced or were the result

of the direct action of microwave-energy on the CNS. The results

of many studies can be explained by the nonuniform distribution

of thermal energy and/or thermal gradients, but the results of

others such as the increase in calcium efflux from cerebral tissu~,

due to specific amplitude modulation are difficult to explain on

the basis of heating.

Disturbances in the bioelectric function of the chick forebrain

with calcium efflux were observed following in vivo exposure to

147 MHz radiation, amplitude modulated at 9-20 Hz (Bawin et a:l.,

1975). 'I1hese effects could not be obtained when the frequency of

amplitude modulation was between 6 and 9 Hz or between 20 and

35 Hz. A 20°/o increase in calcium was also observed by Kaczmarek & Adey (1974) in the cat brain after in vivo exposure to

10 ms pulsed radiation at 200Hz, 20-50 mV/cm2 • Further research

is needed since these effects may depend on a direct interaction

of electromagnetic fields with the cellular membrane (Grodsky,

1975; Straub, 1978; Kolmitkin et al., 1979).

Blackman et al. (1979) recently confirmed the work of Bawin

and Adey and their coworkers, in finding that calcium efflux from

brain tissue depended on amplitude modu}ation frequency and

power levels. Increased calcium efflux appeared at amplitude modulation frequencies around 9 Hz, peaked from 11-16 Hz, and disappeared above 20 Hz as shown in Fig. 14. It can be said that a

"frequency window" exists for this phenomenon. Calcium efflux

appears at 0.5 mW/g, reaches higher values at 0.75 mW/g and

decreases at 1.0 roW /g. Thus, it can be sa1d that "!Power windows"

also exist. These may shift with frequency (Blackman et al., 1979).

The electrical activity of the brain, measured by means of an

EEG, may be influenced by a wide variety of exposure regimes.

Acute single exposures to 40 mW/cm2 or more, induce transient

changes in EEG patterns. Early experimentation in this area has

been summed up by Kholodov (1966). Long-term, repeated exposures of dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, frogs, and mice at power densities

63

~ 20

:::

Qj

+ 15

-5

Control U

No field

0.5 3 6 9 11 16 20 25 35

Frequency of amplitude modulation (Hz)

Fig. 14. Effects of amplitude modulated radiofrequency fields (147 MHz) on calcium efflux from isolated forebrain of neonatal chick (From:

Bawin et al. (1975).

between 2 and 5 mW/cm2 were reported to lead to alterations, such

as the desynchronization of basal rhythms and later a flattening

in EEG tracings (Baranski & Edelwejn, 1968; Bychkov & Dronov,

1974; Bychkov et al., 1974; Gillard et al., 1976). However, these

earlier reported effects are questionable since experiments were

carried out using EEG electrodes or wires that significantly perturbed the field.

Mice, rats, and rabbits subjected to long-term, low or mediumlevel (about 1-5 mW/cm2) exposure were reported to show an

increased susceptibility to convulsant drugs (Baranski & Edelwejn,

1968; Servantie et al., 1974, 1975; Krupp, 1977). Detailed analyses

of EEG data and results of pharmacological studies indicate that

the reticular formation of the midbrain is the structure in which

exposure to microwaves and RF may induce effects at low incident

power density levels.

The mechanism of changed susceptibility to drugs acting on the

nervous system, particularly convulsant drugs, after repeated microwave exposures is unclear. On the other hand, as the action of

many drugs is well understood, the phenomenon may serve to

clarify mechanisms of action of microwave and RF radiation on

the nervous system (Czerski, 1975). The phenomenon has practical

implications in the case ,of the medication of microwave workers.

Structural changes in the nervous tissue of rabbits and hamsters

which were demonstrable by electron and light microscopy, were

reported following single exposures to 2450 MHz microwaves at

power densities of 25-50 mW/cm2 (Baranski, 1967; Baranski &

Edelwejn, 1979; Albert & De Santis, 1975; Albert, 1979). In their

study on rabbits subjected to single or repeated exposures to continuous or pulsed microwaves (2950 MHz), Baranski & Edelwejn

64

(1974) did not find any effects on acetylcholinesterase activity after

long-term exposure (2 h/day for 3-4 months to 3.5-5 mW/cm12).

Brain hyperaemia, pyknosis, and vacuolization of nerve cells

were observed in rats repeatedly exposed for 75 days to 3- and

10-cm microwaves at high power densities {40-100 mW/cm2)

(Tolgaskaya et al., 1962; Tolgaskaya & Gordon, 1973). These effects

were less pronounced following exposures at 10-20 mW/cm2 and

with exposure to 3-cm microwaves- compared with 10-cm microwaves at the same power density. The effects were reversible,

several days after termination of ,the experiment.

The blood-brain barrier of rats may be affected by pulsed and

continuous wave microwave radiation at 1.2 GHz (Frey et al., 1975).

A single exposure of 30 min at an average power density of 0.2 mW/

• cm2 pulsed and 2.4 mW/cm2 continuous wave radiation led to an

increase in permeability. In another study on rats, Oscar & Hawkins

(1977) found temporary alterations in permeability following single

20-min exposures to 1.3 GHz radiation at power densities of about

1 mW/cm2 pulsed and 3 mW/cm2 cw. Many other investigators

including Merrit (1977) and Sutton & Carrell (1979) were unable to

reproduce these experimental results.

In studies by Wachtel et al. (1975), exposure of individual neurons

to 1.5 GHz and 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at a dose rate of

approximately 10 mW/g had a marked effect on the firing pattern

of Aplysia neurons. Although heating may have been partially

responsible, the authors suggest that other factors are needed to

explain the effect. Rectification of the applied field in nerve tissue

could explain the observed effects. ·

The threshold power density required to evoke potentials in the

bra:in stem of cats using nonperturbing electrodes was found to be

approximately 0.03 mW/cm2 with a peak of 60 mW/om2 for frequencies between 1.2-1.5 GHz (Frey, 1967).

Stverak et al. (1974) found that rats having an inherent predisposition to epileptic seizure after sound stimulation showed reciuced

sensitivity of this phenomenon following long-term (4 h/day for

10 weeks) exposure to 2850 MHz radiation, pulsed for 10 ftS, repetition frequency 769.2 Hz, at an average power density of 30 mW/cm2•

Behavioural perturbations in rats in the form of work stoppage

have been reported by Justesen & King (1970) and Lin et al. (1979).

Exposure of hungry unrestrained rats to 2.45 GHz microwaves at

a dose rate of approximately 9 mW/g caused stoppage of work for

food after 20 min of exposure in a multimode cavity (Justesen &

King, 1970). With restrained rats irradiated with near-fie'ld radiation at ,g18 MHz, the threshold dose rate for the effect was 8 mW /g

(Lin et al., 1979). It was calculated by Justesen (1978) that an

integral dose between 8 and 10 J/g was required for work stoppage

in hungry rats, e.g., 23 min exposure to an average power density

of 20 mW/cm2 at 600 MHz (resonant frequency for the rat) or 46 min

65

5

exposure to the same power density at 400 MHz. The work stoppage

was found to be related to the specific absorption rate, suggesting

a thermal basis for the effect.

In studies by Moe et al. (1977), rats exposed for 210 h to 918-MHz

radiation at 10 mW /cm2 showed decreased locomotor activity and

food intake. This behavioural change could be attributed to thermal

loading, even though the animals were not under hyperthermic

stress.

The effeCts on exploratory activity, swimming, and discrimination involving a vigilance task were studied in rats exposed to

2.45 GHz pulsed radiation (Hunt et al., 1975). A dose rate of 6 mW/g

caused a moderate decrease in the level of exploratory activity and

swimming speed. The results were attributed to fatigue from thermal overexposure, since the eUect on vigilance discrimination was

observed to be directly related to induction of and recovery from

hyperthermia. Nearly lethal radiation (11 mW/g) initially produced

a marked degradation in performance, but the rats returned to the

trained level of proficiency after 1 h.

Microwave radiation was found to affect the behaviour of rats

conditioned to respond to multiple schedules of reinforcement

CThomas et a1., 1975). Ex;posure for 30 min to 2.86- and 9.6-GHz

pulsed radiation, and to 2.45-GHz cw radiation just before experimental sessions at power densities exceeding 5 mW /cm2 caused

significant alterations in behaviour.

Roberti et al. (1975) did not find any difference in the spontaneous motor activity of rats after exposure for periods totalling 408 h

to 10.7- and 3-GHz microwaves at power densities ranging from

0.5 to 26 mW/cm2• Classical Pavlovian methods were used by

Svetlova (1962) and Subbota (1972) to investigate reflex and conditioned reflex actions in microwave-irradiated dogs, by determining

the time of initiation of saliva secretion following the conditioning

stimulus, the latency time, and the number of drops secreted. After

lateral exposure to 10-cm microwaves for 2 h at power densities

ranging from 1-5 mW/cm2, the intensity of the response increased

on the opposite side, and the latency time was shortened. However,

following 70 h of exposure in 35 days (2 h/day), the conditioned

responses became identical to those before irradiation showing that

a gradual adaptation of the dogs' responses to successive microwave

exposures occurred.

Galloway (1>975) investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz cw microwave exposure on discrimination and acquisition tasks in trained

rhesus monkeys. The h-eads of the animals were exposed directly

with energy deposited at rates rangin,g from 5 to 25 W (for a 1.2 kg

head the resulting average dose rate was between 4 mW/g and

21 mW/g). Before testing, the monkeys were given a dose of 2.5 Jig

over 2 min. Convulsions occurred in all animals irradiate,d at 25 W

and in some at 15 W, an integral dose approaching 25 J/g (the dose

66

required to produce convulsions (Justesen, 1978)) was given. It is

apparent that hot spots were produced in the monkey's brains to

induce this effect. Exposure to 10 W for 5 days, for 40 min per day

did not produce any performance deficit, even in animals suffering

from skin burns and severe convulsions caused by exposure to high

power radiation.

The performance of a vigilance task was investigated in rhesus

monkeys after whole body exposure to 2.45 GHz far-field radiation.

Behaviour was not disrupted provided that increases in colonic

temperature did not exceed 1 °C. With a 1-h exposure, the threshold of behavioural disruption was 70 mWicm2 (De Lorge, 1976).

Exposure to continuous wave microwave radiation of 1.2 GHz

at average power densities of 10-20 m WI cm2 did not affect skilled

motor performance in monkeys even when the animals were positioned for maximum energy deposition in the brains and subjected

to three 2-h periods of exposure (Scholl & Allen, 1979).

A number of studies including some of those already discussed

and others for comparison are summarized in Table 15. The results

obtained by different investigators vary according to exposure conditions and the end-point investigated. Interpretation of these observations is difficult since many observations are either controversial

or contradictory. Data tend to be better substantiated at power densities above 5-10 mWicm2•

In 1961, Frey reported the sensory effect of "microwave hearing".

Man perceives an audible clicking or buzzing sensation on exposure

to pulsed radiation at low power densities. He (Frey, 1971) considered that the effect was caused by direct neural stimulation but

later studies by Foster & Finch (1974) and Chou et. al., (1977) have

strongly indicated that an electromechanical interaction occurs due

to thermal expansion. The threshold of microwave hearing is approximately 10 mJig per pulse and is independent of the pulse width

for pulses of less than 30 microseconds (Guy et al., 1975a). Microwave hearing is now thought to be caused by a small but fast rise

in temperature which, by thermal expansion, generates a wave of

pressure exciting the cochlea.

To summarize, it can be stated that studies on the effects of

microwavesiRF radiation on the nervous system indicate that exposure at low-power densities appears to induce detectable changes

in some cases (Cleary, 1977). WhHe there seems to be evidence that,

at sufficiently high intensities (above 1-5 m WI cm2), nonuniform

heating of various critical organs takes place in experimental animals, it is not possible at present to exclude other mechanisms.

Furthermore, it is difficult to eval‎‎uate the significancQ of microwave-induced behavioural effects because of the general lack of

quantitative correlations between thermal effects at low power densities and responses at the physiological or psychological levels of

analysis (Cleary, 1977).

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