Explanation of Incoterms 2000

[hotlip]

<Group E Departure>
EX WORKS
(... named place)
≪Ex works≫ means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at the
disposal of the buyer at the seller's premises or another named place (i.e. works,
factory, warehouse, etc.) not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle.
This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller, and the buyer has to
bear all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the seller's premises
However, if the parties wish the seller to be responsible for the loading of the goods on
departure and to bear the risks and all the costs of such loading, this should be made
clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale (Refer to
Introduction paragraph 11.) .This term should not be used when the buyer cannot carry
out the export formalities directly or indirectly. In such circumstances, the FCA term
should be used, provided the seller agrees that he will load at his cost and risk.

THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must render the buyer, at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining, where applicable, (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14.), any
export licence or other official authorisation necessary for the export of the goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
А) Contract of carriage
No obligation(Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation(Refer to Introduction paragraph 10)
A4 Delivery
The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the named place of
delivery, not loaded on any collecting vehicle, on the date or within the period agreed
or, if no such time is agreed, at the usual time for delivery of such goods. If no specific
point has been agreed within the named place, and if there are several points available,
the seller may select the point at the place of delivery which best suits his purpose.
А5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay all costs relating to the goods
until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4. 4.

A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice as to when and where the goods will
be placed at his disposal.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10)
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of placing the
goods at the buyer's disposal. The seller must provide at his own expense packaging
(unless it is usual for the particular trade to make the goods of the contract description
available unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that
the circumstances relating to the transport (for example modalities, destination) are made
known to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages issued or
transmitted in the country of delivery and/or of origin which the buyer may require for
the export and/or import of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through
any country. The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary
information for procuring insurance.

THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any export and import licence or
other official authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction
paragraph 14.) , all customs formalities for the export of the goods.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation(Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation(Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4 and A7/B7.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods
? from the time they have been delivered in accordance with A4;and
? from the agreed date or the expiry date of any period fixed for taking delivery which
arise because he fails to give notice in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the
goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say clearly set aside or
otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4; and
? any additional costs incurred by failing either to take delivery of the goods when they
have been placed at his disposal, or to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7
provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to
say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10), all duties, taxes and other
charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon export.
The buyer must reimburse all costs and charges incurred by the seller in rendering
assistance in accordance with A2.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period
and/or the place of taking delivery, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must provide the seller with appropriate evidence of having taken delivery.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection, including inspection
mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.

<Group F Main Carriage Unpaid>
FCA
FREE CARRIER
FREE CARRIER
(... named place)
≪Free Carrier≫ means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the
carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place. It should be noted that the chosen
place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at
that place. If delivery occurs at the seller's premises, the seller is responsible for
loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.
This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multimodal
transport.
≪Carrier≫ means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or
to procure the performance of transport by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a
combination of such modes.
If the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to receive the goods, the seller is
deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are delivered to
that person.
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS

A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable, (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14 ), all
customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10 ). However, if requested by the buyer
or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the
contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer's
risk and expense. In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract and, if he
does, shall promptly notify the buyer accordingly.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10 )
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the
buyer, or chosen by the seller in accordance with A3 a), at the named place on the date
or within the period agreed for delivery. Delivery is completed;
a) If the named place is the seller's premises, when the goods have been loaded on the
means of transport provided by the carrier nominated by the buyer or another person
acting on his behalf.
b) If the named place is anywhere other than a), when the goods are placed at the
disposal of the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer, or chosen by the
seller in accordance with A3 a) on the seller's means of transport not unloaded.
If no specific point has been agreed within the named place, and if there are several
points available, the seller may select the point at the place of delivery which best suits
his purpose.
Failing precise instructions from the buyer, the seller may deliver the goods for carriage
in such a manner as the transport mode and/or the quantity and/or nature of the goods
may require.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
? all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in
accordance with A4; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14 ), the costs of customs
formalities as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in
accordance with A4. Should the carrier fail to take delivery in accordance with A4 at
the time agreed, the seller must notify the buyer accordingly.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the usual proof of
delivery of the goods in accordance with A4.
Unless the document referred to in the preceding paragraph is the transport document,
the seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining a transport document for the contract of carriage (for example a
negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document, an
air waybill, a railway consignment note, a road consignment note, or a multimodal
transport document).
When the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the
particular trade to send the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to
the transport (for example modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before
the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of delivery and/or of origin
which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and, where necessary, for
their transit through any country.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring insurance.
THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS

B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14 ) , all
customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transit through any
country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage The buyer must contract at his own expense for the carriage of
the goods from the named place, except when the contract of carriage is made by the
seller as provided for in A3 a).
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10 ).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods
?from the time they have been delivered in accordance with A4;and
? from the agreed date or the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery which arise
either because he fails to nominate the carrier or another person in accordance with A4,
or because the carrier or the party nominated by the buyer fails to take the goods into
his charge at the agreed time, or because the buyer fails to give appropriate notice in
accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to
the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract
goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must pay ? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been
delivered in accordance with A4; and
? any additional costs incurred, either because he fails to nominate the carrier or
another person in accordance with A4 or because the party nominated by the buyer fails
to take the goods into his charge at the agreed time, or because he has failed to give
appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been
duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified
as the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14 ) , all duties, taxes and other
charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of
the goods and for their transit through any country.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the name of the party designated in
A4 and, where necessary, specify the mode of transport, as well as the date or period
for delivering the goods to him and, as the case may be, the point within the place
where the goods should be delivered to that party.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith and in contracting for carriage
in accordance with A3 a).
The buyer must give the seller appropriate instructions whenever the seller's assistance
in contracting for carriage is required in accordance with A3 a).

FAS
FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP
(... named port of shipment)
≪Free Alongside Ship≫ means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed
alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to
bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.
The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
THIS IS A REVERSAL FROM PREVIOUS INCOTERMSVERSIONS WHICH
REQUIRED THE BUYER TO ARRANGE FOR EXPORT CLEARANCE.
However, if the parties wish the buyer to clear the goods for export, this should be
made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.
This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS

A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable(Refer to Introduction paragraph 14.), all
customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10). b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
A4 Delivery
The seller must place the goods alongside the vessel nominated by the buyer at the
loading place named by the buyer at the named port of shipment on the date or within
the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
? all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in
accordance with A4; and
? where applicable(Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the costs of customs formalities
as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export.
A7 Notice to the buyer The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the
goods have been delivered alongside the nominated vessel.
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered
alongside the nominated vessel.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the usual proof of
delivery of the goods in accordance with A4.
Unless the document referred to in the preceding paragraph is the transport document,
the seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining a transport document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a
non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document).
When the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraphs may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the
particular trade to ship the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to
the transport (for example modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before
the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of shipment and/or of
origin which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and, where necessary,
for their transit through any country.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring insurance.
THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), all
customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transit through any
country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the
named port of shipment.
Б) b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods
? from the time they have been delivered in accordance with A4;and
? from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery which arise
because he fails to give notice in accordance with B7, or because the vessel nominated
by him fails to arrive on time, or is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier
than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have
been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise
identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4; and
? any additional costs incurred, either because the vessel nominated by him has failed to
arrive on time, or is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time
notified in accordance with B7, or because the buyer has failed to give appropriate
notice in accordance with B7 provided, however, that the goods have been duly
appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as
the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), all duties, taxes and other
charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of
the goods and for their transit through any country.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and
required delivery time.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection, except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.

FOB
FREE ON BOARD
(... named port of shipment)
≪Free on Board≫ means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship's
rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and
risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the
seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea or inland
waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship's
rail, the FCA term should be used.
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS

A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14) , all
customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10)
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10)
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods on the date or within the agreed period at the named
port of shipment and in the manner customary at the port on board the vessel
nominated by the buyer.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have passed the ship's rail at the named port of
shipment.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
? all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have passed the ship's rail at
the named port of shipment; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14) , the costs of customs
formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable
upon export.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in
accordance with A4.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the usual proof of
delivery in accordance with A4.
Unless the document referred to in the preceding paragraph is the transport document,
the seller must render the buyer, at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining a transport document for the contract of carriage (for example, a
negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document, or
a multimodal transport document).
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the
particular trade to ship the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to
the transport (for example modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before
the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of shipment and/or of
origin which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and, where necessary,
for their transit through any country.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring insurance.

THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), all
customs formalities for the import of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit
through any country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the
named port of shipment.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods
? from the time they have passed the ship's rail at the named port of shipment; and
? from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery which arise
because he fails to give notice in accordance with B7, or because the vessel nominated
by him fails to arrive on time, or is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier
than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have
been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise
identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have passed the ship's rail at the
named port of shipment; and
? any additional costs incurred, either because the vessel nominated by him fails to
arrive on time, or is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time
notified in accordance with B7, or because the buyer has failed to give appropriate
notice in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been duly
appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as
the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), all duties, taxes and other
charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of
the goods and for their transit through any country.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and
required delivery time.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.

Group C Main Carrier Paid

CFR
COST AND FREIGHT
(... named port of destination)
≪Cost and Freight≫ means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship's
rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to
bring the goods to the named port of destination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to
the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of
delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer.
The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used
only for sea and inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the
goods across the ship's rail, the CPT term should be used.

THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14) , all
customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.

A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract on usual terms at his own expense for the carriage of the
goods to the named port of destination by the usual route in a seagoing vessel (or
inland waterway vessel as the case may be) of the type normally used for the transport
of goods of the contract description.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10)
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment on the
date or within the agreed period.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have passed the ship's rail at the port of shipment.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay ? all costs relating to the goods
until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and
? the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the
goods on board and any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge which
were for the seller's account under the contract of carriage; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the costs of customs formalities
necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export,
and for their transit through any country if they were for the seller's account under the
contract of carriage.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in
accordance with A4 as well as any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to
take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to take the goods.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must at his own expense provide the buyer without delay with the usual
transport document for the agreed port of destination.
This document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill or
an inland waterway document) must cover the contract goods, be dated within the
period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the
port of destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in
transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer (the negotiable bill of
lading) or by notification to the carrier.
When such a transport document is issued in several originals, a full set of originals
must be presented to the buyer.
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraphs may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the
particular trade to ship the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the transport of the goods arranged by him. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of shipment and/or of
origin which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and, where necessary,
for their transit through any country.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring insurance.
THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), , all
customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transit through any
country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10)
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must accept delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they
have passed the ship's rail at the port of shipment.
The buyer must, should he fail to give notice in accordance with B7, bear all risks of
loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period
fixed for shipment provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the
contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4; and
? all costs and charges relating to the goods whilst in transit until their arrival at the
port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller's account under
the contract of carriage; and
? unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and
charges were for the seller's account under the contract of carriage; and ? all additional
costs incurred if he fails to give notice in accordance with B7, for the goods from the
agreed date or the expiry date of the period fixed for shipment, provided, however, that
the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside
or otherwise identified as the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14) , all duties, taxes and other
charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of
the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through any country unless included
within the cost of the contract of carriage.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods
and/or the port of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the transport document in accordance with A8 if it is in
conformity with the contract.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.

CIF
COST, INSURANCE
AND FREIGHT
(... named port of destination)
≪Cost, Insurance and Freight≫ means that the seller delivers when the goods pass
the ship's rail in the port of shipment.
The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named
port of destination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any
additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from
the seller to the buyer. However, in CIF the seller also has to procure marine insurance
against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.
Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The
buyer should note that under the GIF term the seller is required to obtain insurance
only on minimum cover (Refer to Introduction paragraph 9.3). Should the buyer wish to
have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as much expressly
with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements.
The GIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used
only for sea and inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the
goods across the ship's rail, the CIP term should be used.

THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14) , all
customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract on usual terms at his own expense for the carriage of the
goods to the named port of destination by the usual route in a seagoing vessel (or
inland waterway vessel as the case may be) of the type normally used for the transport
of goods of the contract description.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10)
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment on the
date or within the agreed period.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have passed the ship's rail at the port of shipment.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6. pay
? all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in
accordance with A4; and
? the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the
goods on board; and
? the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b); and
? any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge which were for the seller's
account under the contract of carriage; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the costs of customs formalities
necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export,
and for their transit through any country if they were for the seller's account under the
contract of carriage.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in
accordance with A4 as well as any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to
take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to take the goods.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must, at his own expense, provide the buyer without delay with the usual
transport document for the agreed port of destination.
This document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill or
an inland waterway document) must cover the contract goods, be dated within the
period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the
port of destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in
transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer (the negotiable bill of
lading) or by notification to the carrier.
When such a transport document is issued in several originals, a full set of originals
must be presented to the buyer. Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to
communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraphs may be
replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the
particular trade to ship the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the transport of the goods arranged by him. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of shipment and/or of
origin which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and, where necessary,
for their transit through any country.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring any additional insurance.




THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), , all
customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transit through any
country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10)
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must accept delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they
have passed the ship's rail at the port of shipment.
The buyer must, should he fail to give notice in accordance with B7, bear all risks of
loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period
fixed for shipment provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the
contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3, pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4; and
? all costs and charges relating to the goods whilst in transit until their arrival at the
port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller's account under
the contract of carriage; and
? unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and
charges were for the seller's account under the contract of carriage; and
? all additional costs incurred if he fails to give notice in accordance with B7, for the
goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period fixed for shipment,
provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to
say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), all duties, taxes and other
charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of
the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through any country unless included
within the cost of the contract of carriage.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods
and/or the port of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the transport document in accordance with A8 if it is in
conformity with the contract.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.
The buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring insurance.

СРТ
CARRIAGE PAID TO
(... named place of destination)
≪Carriage paid to...≫ means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier
nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to
bring the goods to the named destination. This means that the buyer bears all risks and
any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.
≪Carrier≫ means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or
to procure the performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a
combination of such modes.
If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk
passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier.
The CPT term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term may be used
irrespective of the mode of transport including multimodal transport.
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), all
customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract on usual terms at his own expense for the carriage of the
goods to the agreed point at the named place of destination by a usual route and in a
customary manner. If a point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller
may select the point at the named place of destination which best suits his purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 or, if
there are subsequent carriers to the first carrier, for transport to the agreed point at the
named place on the date or within the agreed period.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
? all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in
accordance with A4 as well as the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a),
including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of
destination which were for the seller's account under the contract of carriage; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the costs of customs formalities
necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes or other charges payable upon export,
and for their transit through any country if they were for the seller's account under the
contract of carriage.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in
accordance with A4 as well as any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to
take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to take the goods.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense, if customary, with the usual
transport document or documents (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a
non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document, an air waybill, a railway
consignment note, a road consignment note, or a multimodal transport document) for the
transport contracted in accordance with A3.
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the
particular trade to send the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the transport of the goods arranged by him. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of dispatch and/or of origin
which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and for their transit through
any country.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring insurance.

THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), all
customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transit through any
country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
b) Contract of insurance No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must accept delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they
have been delivered in accordance with A4.
The buyer must, should he fail to give notice in accordance with B7, bear all risks of
the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period fixed for delivery
provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to
say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4; and
? all costs and charges relating to the goods whilst in transit until their arrival at the
agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller's account
under the contract of carriage; and
? unloading costs unless such costs and charges were for the seller's account under the
contract of carriage; and
? all additional costs incurred if he fails to give notice in accordance with B7, for the
goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period fixed for dispatch, provided,
however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say,
clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), all duties, taxes and other
charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of
the goods and for their transit through any country unless included within the cost of
the contract of carriage.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the
goods and/or the destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the transport document in accordance with A8 if it is in
conformity with the contract.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.

CIP
CARRIAGE AND
INSURANCE PAID TO
(... named place of destination)
≪Carriage and Insurance paid to...≫ means that the seller delivers the goods to the
carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage
necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means that the buyer bears
all risks and any additional costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.
However, in CIP the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer's risk of
loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.
Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.
The buyer should note that under the CIP term the seller is required to obtain insurance
only on minimum cover (Refer to Introduction paragraph 9.3). Should the buyer wish to
have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as much expressly
with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements. ≪Carrier≫ means
any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the
performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of
such modes.
If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk
passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier.
The CIP term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term may be used
irrespective of the mode of transport including multimodal transport.
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (54, all customs formalities necessary for
the export of the goods. B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable(Refer to Introduction paragraph 10) , all
customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transit through any
country.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract on usual terms at his own expense for the carriage of the
goods to the agreed point at the named place of destination by a usual route and in a
customary manner. If a point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller
may select the point at the named place of destination which best suits his purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller must obtain at his own expense cargo insurance as agreed in the contract,
such that the buyer, or any other person having an insurable interest in the goods, shall
be entitled to claim directly from the insurer and provide the buyer with the insurance
policy or other evidence of insurance cover.
The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good
repute and, failing express agreement to the contrary, be in accordance with minimum
cover of the Institute Cargo Clauses (Institute of London Underwriters) or any similar
set of clauses. The duration of insurance cover shall be in accordance with B5 and B4.
When required by the buyer, the seller shall provide at the buyer's expense war,
strikes, riots and civil commotion risk insurances if procurable. The minimum insurance
shall cover the price provided in the contract plus ten per cent (i.e. 110 %) and shall be
provided in the currency of the contract. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation(Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 or, if
there are subsequent carriers to the first carrier, for transport to the agreed point at the
named place on the date or within the agreed period.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
? all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in
accordance with A4 as well as the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a),
including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of
destination which were for the seller's account under the contract of carriage; and
? the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b); and
? where applicable (58, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as
all duties, taxes or other charges payable upon export, and for their transit through any
country if they were for the seller's account under the contract of carriage.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in
accordance with A4 as well as any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to
take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to take the goods.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense, if customary, with the usual
transport document or documents (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a
non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document, an air waybill, a railway
consignment note, a road consignment note, or a multimodal transport document) for the
transport contracted in accordance with A3.
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the
particular trade to send the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the transport of the goods arranged by him. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately. .
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of dispatch and/or of origin
which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and for their transit through
any country.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring any additional insurance.
THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must accept delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they
have been delivered in accordance with A4.
The buyer must, should he fail to give notice in accordance with B7, bear all risks of
the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period fixed for delivery
provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to
say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4; and
? all costs and charges relating to the goods whilst in transit until their arrival at the
agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller's account
under the contract of carriage; and
? unloading costs unless such costs and charges were for the seller's account under the
contract of carriage; and
? all additional costs incurred if he fails to give notice in accordance with B7, for the
goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period fixed for dispatch, provided,
however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say,
clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), all duties, taxes and other
charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of
the goods and for their transit through any country unless included within the cost of
the contract of carriage.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the
goods and/or the destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the transport document in accordance with A8 if it is in
conformity with the contract.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.
The buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring any additional insurance.

Group D Arrival
DAF
DELIVERED
AT FRONTIER
(... named place)
≪Delivered at Frontier≫ means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed
at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded, cleared for
export, but not cleared for import at the named point and place at the frontier, but
before the customs border of the adjoining country. The term ≪frontier≫ may be used
for any frontier including that of the country of export. Therefore, it is of vital
importance that the frontier in question be defined precisely by always naming the point
and place in the term.
However, if the parties wish the seller to be responsible for the unloading of the goods
from the arriving means of transport and to bear the risks and costs of unloading, this
should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale
(Refer to Introduction paragraph 11).
This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport when goods are to be
delivered at a land frontier. When delivery is to take place in the port of destination, on
board a vessel or on the quay (wharf), the DES or DEQ terms should be use
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS

A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract. B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official
authorisation or other document necessary for placing the goods at the buyer's disposal.
The seller must carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14). , all
customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods to the named place of delivery
at the frontier and for their transit through any country.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
i) The seller must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods to the
named point, if any, at the place of delivery at the frontier. If a point at the named
place of delivery at the frontier is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller
may select the point at the named place of delivery which best suits his purpose.
ii) However, if requested by the buyer, the seller may agree to contract on usual terms
at the buyer's risk and expense for the on-going carriage of the goods beyond the
named place at the frontier to the final destination in the country of import named by
the buyer. The seller may decline to make the contract and, if he does, shall promptly
notify the buyer accordingly.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
A4 Delivery
The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of
transport not unloaded at the named place of delivery at the frontier on the date or
within the agreed period. B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
? in addition to the costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until such
time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14)., the costs of customs formalities
necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes or other charges payable upon export
of the goods and for their transit through any country prior to delivery in accordance
with A4.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice of the dispatch of the goods to the
named place at the frontier as well as any other notice required in order to allow the
buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to take delivery of
the goods.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
i) The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the usual document or
other evidence of the delivery of the goods at the named place at the frontier in
accordance with A3 a) i).
ii) The seller must, should the parties agree on on-going carriage beyond the frontier in
accordance with A3 a)
ii), provide the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, with the through
document of transport normally obtained in the country of dispatch covering on usual
terms the transport of the goods from the point of dispatch in that country to the place
of final destination in the country of import named by the buyer.
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is agreed or usual for
the particular trade to deliver the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the delivery of the goods at the frontier and for the subsequent transport to
the extent that the circumstances (for example modalities, destination) are made known
to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of dispatch and/or origin
which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and, where necessary, for
their transit through any country.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring insurance.
THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official
authorisation or other documents and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction
paragraph 14)., all customs formalities necessary for the import of the goods, and for
their subsequent transport.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14).
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14).
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they
have been delivered in accordance with A4.
The buyer must, should he fail to give notice in accordance with B7, bear all risks of
loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed
period for delivery provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the
contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4 including the expenses of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods
from the arriving means of transport at the named place of delivery at the frontier; and
? all additional costs incurred if he fails to take delivery of the goods when they have
been delivered in accordance with A4, or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided,
however, that the goods have been appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly
set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the cost of customs formalities
as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods and for
their subsequent transport.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period
and/or the point of taking delivery at the named place, give the seller sufficient notice
thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the transport document and/or other evidence of delivery in
accordance with A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.
If necessary, according to A3 a) ii), the buyer must provide the seller at his request and
the buyer's risk and expense with the exchange control authorisation, permits, other
documents or certified copies thereof, or with the address of the final destination of the
goods in the country of import for the purpose of obtaining the through document of
transport or any other document contemplated in A8 ii).









DES
DELIVERED EX SHIP
(... named port of destination)
≪Delivered Ex Ship≫ means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at
the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at the named port of
destination.The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods
to the named port of destination before discharging. If the parties wish the seller to
bear the costs and risks of discharging the goods, then the DEQ term should be used.
This term can be used only when the goods are to be delivered by sea or inland
waterway or multimodal transport on a vessel in the port of destination.
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official
authorisation or other documents and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction
paragraph 14), all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for
their transit through any country.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named
point, if any, at the named port of destination. If a point is not agreed or is not
determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named port of destination
which best suits his purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
A4 Delivery
The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer on board the vessel at the
unloading point referred to in A3 a), in the named port of destination on the date or
within the agreed period, in such a way as to enable them to be removed from the
vessel by unloading equipment appropriate to the nature of the goods.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
? in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until such
time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the costs of customs formalities
necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes or other charges payable upon export
of the goods and for their transit through any country prior to delivery in accordance
with A4.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice of the estimated time of arrival of the
nominated vessel in accordance with A4 as well as any other notice required in order to
allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to take
delivery of the goods.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the delivery order and/or
the usual transport document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable
sea waybill, an inland waterway document, or a multimodal transport document) to
enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the port of destination.
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is agreed or usual for
the particular trade to deliver the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the delivery of the goods at the frontier and for the subsequent transport to
the extent that the circumstances (for example modalities, destination) are made known
to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of dispatch and/or of origin
which the buyer may require for the import of the goods.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring insurance.

THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official
authorisation and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), all
customs formalities necessary for the import of the goods.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10). b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they
have been delivered in accordance with A4.
The buyer must, should he fail to give notice in accordance with B7, bear all risks of
loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed
period for delivery provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the
contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4, including the expenses of discharge operations necessary to take delivery of
the goods from the vessel; and
? all additional costs incurred if he fails to take delivery of the goods when they have
been placed at his disposal in accordance with A4, or to give notice in accordance with
B7, provided, however, that the goods have been appropriated to the contract, that is to
say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the costs of customs formalities
as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period
and/or the point of taking delivery in the named port of destination, give the seller
sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the delivery order or the transport document in accordance with
A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.


DEQ
DELIVERED EX QUAY
(... named port of destination)
≪Delivered Ex Quay≫ means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at
the disposal of the buyer not cleared for import on the quay (wharf) at the named port
of destination. The seller has to bear costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to
the named port of destination and discharging the goods on the quay (wharf).The DEQ
term requires the buyer to clear the goods for import and to pay for all formalities,
duties, taxes and other charges upon import.
THIS IS A REVERSAL FROM PREVIOUS INCOTERMS VERSIONS WHICH
REQUIRED THE SELLER TO ARRANGE FOR IMPORT CLEARANCE.
If the parties wish to include in the seller's obligations all or part of the costs payable
upon import of the goods, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this
effect in the contract of sale (Refer to Introduction paragraph 11).
This term can be used only when the goods are to be delivered by sea or inland
waterway or multimodal transport on discharging from a vessel onto the quay (wharf)
in the port of destination. However if the parties wish to include in the seller's
obligations the risks and costs of the handling of the goods from the quay to another
place (warehouse, terminal, transport station, etc.) in or outside the port, the DDU or
DDP terms should be used.
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official
authorisation or other documents and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction
paragraph 14), all customs formalities for the export of the goods, and for their transit
through any country.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named
quay (wharf) at the named port of destination. If a specific quay (wharf) is not agreed
or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the quay (wharf) at the named
port of destination which best suits his purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10)..
A4 Delivery
The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer on the quay (wharf)
referred to in A3 a), on the date or within the agreed period.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
? in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until such
time as they are delivered on the quay (wharf) in accordance with A4; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the costs of customs formalities
necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export
of the goods and for their transit through any country prior to delivery.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice of the estimated time of arrival of the
nominated vessel in accordance with A4, as well as any other notice required in order
to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to
take delivery of the goods.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the delivery order and/or
the usual transport document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable
sea waybill, an inland waterway document or a multimodal transport document) to
enable him to take the goods and remove them from the quay (wharf).
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the
particular trade to deliver the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the delivery of the goods. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of dispatch and/or origin
which the buyer may require for the import of the goods. The seller must provide the
buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for procuring insurance.

THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or official
authorisation or other documents and carry out, where applicable(Refer to Introduction
paragraph 14), all customs formalities necessary for the import of the goods.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10). b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they
have been delivered in accordance with A4.
The buyer must, should he fail to give notice in accordance with B7, bear all risks of
loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed
period for delivery provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the
contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4, including any costs of handling the goods in the port for subsequent transport
or storage in warehouse or terminal; and
? all additional costs incurred if he fails to take delivery of the goods when they have
been placed at his disposal in accordance with A4, or to give notice in accordance with
B7, provided, however, that the goods have been appropriated to the contract, that is to
say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the cost of customs formalities
as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods and for
their subsequent transport.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period
and/or the point of taking delivery in the named port of destination, give the seller
sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the delivery order or transport document in accordance with A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.

DDU
DELIVERED
DUTY UNPAID
(... named place of destination)
≪ Delivered duty unpaid≫ means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer,
not cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the
named place of destination. The seller has to bear the costs and risks involved in
bringing the goods thereto, other than, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph
14), any ≪duty≫ (which term includes the responsibility for and the risks of the
carrying out of customs formalities, and the payment of formalities, customs duties,
taxes and other charges) for import in the country of destination. Such ≪duty≫ has to
be borne by the buyer as well as any costs and risks caused by his failure to clear the
goods for import in time.
However, if the parties wish the seller to carry out customs formalities and bear the
costs and risks resulting therefrom as well as some of the costs payable upon import of
the goods, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the
contract of sale (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14).
This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport but when delivery is to
take place in the port of destination on board the vessel or on the quay (wharf), the
DES or DEQ terms should be used.
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence and other official
authorisation or other documents and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction
paragraph 14), all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for
their transit through any country.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named
place of destination. If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice,
the seller may select the point at the named place of destination which best suits his
purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation(Refer to Introduction paragraph 14).
A4 Delivery
The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer, or at that of another
person named by the buyer, on any arriving means of transport not unloaded, at the
named place of destination on the date or within the period agreed for delivery.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
? in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until such
time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the costs of customs formalities
necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export
and for their transit through any country prior to delivery in accordance with A4.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice of the dispatch of the goods as well as
any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measures which are
normally necessary to enable him to take delivery of the goods.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense the delivery order and/or the
usual transport document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea
waybill, an inland waterway document, an air waybill, a railway consignment note, a
road consignment note, or a multimodal transport document) which the buyer may
require to take delivery of the goods in accordance with A4/B4.
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the
particular trade to deliver the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the delivery of the goods. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than
those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of dispatch and/or of origin
which the buyer may require for the import of the goods.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring insurance.


THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official
authorisation or other documents and carry out, where applicable (Refer to Introduction
paragraph 1), all customs formalities necessary for the import of the goods.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they
have been delivered in accordance with A4.
The buyer must, should he fail to fulfil his obligations in accordance with B2, bear all
additional risks of loss of or damage to the goods incurred thereby.
The buyer must, should he fail to give notice in accordance with B7, bear all risks of
loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed
period for delivery provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the
contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4; and
? all additional costs incurred if he fails to fulfil his obligations in accordance with B2,
or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been
duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified
as the contract goods; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the costs of customs formalities
as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period
and/or the point of taking delivery at the named place, give the seller sufficient notice
thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the appropriate delivery order or transport document in
accordance with A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the
seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.


DDP
DELIVERED DUTY PAID
(... named place of destination)
≪Delivered duty paid≫ means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer,
cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named
place of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing
the goods thereto including, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), any
≪duty≫ (which term includes the responsibility for and the risk of the carrying out of
customs formalities and the payment of formalities, customs duties, taxes and other
charges) for import in the country of destination.
Whilst the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP represents
the maximum obligation. This term should not be used if the seller is unable directly or
indirectly to obtain the import licence.
However, if the parties wish to exclude from the seller's obligations some of the costs
payable upon import of the goods (such as value-added tax : VAT), this should be
made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale (Refer to
Introduction paragraph 11). If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of
the import, the DDU term should be used.
This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport but when delivery is to
take place in the port of destination on board the vessel or on the quay (wharf), the
DES or DEQ terms should be used.
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent
electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of
conformity which may be required by the contract.
A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export and import licence and
other official authorisation or other documents and carry out, where applicable (Refer to
Introduction paragraph 14), all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods,
for their transit through any country and for their import.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named
place of destination. If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice,
the seller may select the point at the named place of destination which best suits his
purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
A4 Delivery
The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer, or at that of another
person named by the buyer, on any arriving means of transport not unloaded at the
named place of destination on the date or within the period agreed for delivery.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.
A6 Division of costs
The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay
? in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until such
time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and
? where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), the costs of customs formalities
necessary for export and import as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable
upon export and import of the goods, and for their transit through any country prior to
delivery in accordance with A4.
A7 Notice to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice of the dispatch of the goods as well as
any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measures which are
normally necessary to enable him to take delivery of the goods.
A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the delivery order and/or
the usual transport document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable
sea waybill, an inland waterway document, an air waybill, a railway consignment note,
a road consignment note, or a multimodal transport document) which the buyer may
require to take delivery of the goods in accordance with A4/B4.
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document
referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data
interchange (EDI) message.
A9 Checking - packaging - marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality,
measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the
goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the
particular trade to deliver the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is
required for the delivery of the goods. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Other obligations
The seller must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or
equivalent electronic messages mentioned in B10 and reimburse those incurred by the
buyer in rendering his assistance herewith.
The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for
procuring insurance.

THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities
The buyer must render the seller at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining, where applicable (Refer to Introduction paragraph 14), any
import licence or other official authorisation necessary for the import of the goods.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10).
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation (Refer to Introduction paragraph 10)
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in
accordance with A4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they
have been delivered in accordance with A4.
The buyer must, should he fail to fulfil his obligations in accordance with B2, bear all
additional risks of loss of or damage to the goods incurred thereby.
The buyer must, should he fail to give notice in accordance with B7, bear all risks of
loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed
period for delivery provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the
contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B6 Division of costs
The buyer must pay
? all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A4; and
? all additional costs incurred if he fails to fulfil his obligations in accordance with B2,
or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been
duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified
as the contract goods.
B7 Notice to the seller
The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period
and/or the point of taking delivery at the named place, give the seller sufficient notice
thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
The buyer must accept the appropriate delivery order or transport document in
accordance with A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such
inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Other obligations
The buyer must render the seller, at the latter's request, risk and expense, every
assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages issued or
transmitted in the country of import which the seller may require for the purpose of
making the goods available to the buyer in accordance therewith.