영역시조-한시선/김양락(3)-아직 채 읽지 못했지만 노력하심에 경의를 표합니다./박민흠

[박민흠]

깊은 솔밭 나의 집

정거

쑥대 사립문 앞에 노송 한 그루

백년의 풍우에 용트림을 하였구나

해 다 진 하늘 이고 눈 서리에 묻힌 골짝

우람하게 버티고 선 그 모양이 헌헌하다.

松山幽居

鄭矩

蓬蓽門前一老松 百年春雨養髥龍

暮天霜雪埋窮壑 看取亭亭特殊容

어느 가을 날

권우

대나무 푸른 그늘 서탑 위에 어려 있고

국화꽃 맑은 향기 옷자락을 적시는데,

낙엽 또한 힘찬 기운 솟아나는가.

비바람을 맞으며 뜨락에 어지럽네.

秋日

權遇

竹分翠影侵書榻 菊送淸香滿客衣

落葉亦能生氣勢 一庭風雨自飛飛

A Hut with a Pine

Jeong Geo¹⁷³⁾

Before my brushwood gate there stands an ancient pine,

Twisting like a dragon through hundreds of years of storms.

When the wintry valleys are buried in frost and snow,

Its stately figure always stands out green and great.

An Autumn Day

Kweon U¹⁷⁴⁾

When bamboos invade my desk with green shadow,

And chrysanthemums steep my clothes with scent,

The falling leaves, as if to restore their spirit,

Are flying in the yard in wind and rain.

정백용에게

정이오

이월이 언뜻 가고 삼월이 가까운지

아련한 봄기운이 꿈인 듯 돌아오네.

아름다운 계절을 천금에 비기랴.

뉘 집에 술 익고 꽃이 활짝 피었을까?

次寄鄭伯容

鄭以吾

二月將闌三月來 一年春色夢中回

千金尙未買佳節 酒熟誰家花正開

영월의 흉보를 듣고

양녕대군

용은 어디로 날아가신고.

영월 땅의 구름도 슬퍼라.

쓸쓸한 시월의 밤하늘

창궁도 통곡하며 하소연하네.

聞寧越凶報

讓寧大君

龍御歸何處 愁雲起越中

空山十月夜 痛哭訴蒼穹

To Jeong Baek Yong

Jeong Yio¹⁷⁵⁾

When February is giving place to March,

The spring of the year returns as in dreams,

O season fair, worth thousands of pounds of gold!

Who has good rice wine and a flower garden?

On Hearing Sad News from Yeongweol

Prince Yangnyeong¹⁷⁶⁾

Where is the dragon¹⁷⁷⁾ at flight?

At Yeongweol¹⁷⁸⁾ sad is the cloud.

In the dreary October night,

The blue sky is mourning loud.

고령사에서

신석조

산골짜기 밭 곁으로 감돌아 오솔길

보광금전이 바위산에 우뚝하네.

천 년 묵은 나무에 넝쿨이 엉켜있고

시냇물은 하얗게 돌뿌리를 감도네.

저문 날 경쇠소리 구름 밖에 흐르고

차가운 달빛 속에 범종소리 아른아른.

불경 마친 내 마음 부처같이 고요하고

솔바람만 솔솔 쑥내음을 실어오네.

寓高嶺寺

辛碩祖

谷轉山圃一逕遙 普光金殿起岩峯

千年樹老蒼藤合 兩岸溪回白石饒

日暮磬聲雲外落 夜寒鍾影月中搖

羲經讀破天君靜 只有松風送藾簫

오로재에 은퇴하며

정종

세상에 누가 부귀 대신 가난을 따를까.

두메산골 파묻혀서 귀가 멀어 그럴레라.

하늘을 보라, 골고루 선심을 베풀어서

하찮은 초가에도 어김없이 봄이 푸르네.

退休吾勞齋

鄭種

世間從富不從貧 藏踪幽谷耳聾人

猶有乾坤無厚薄 數椽茅屋亦靑春

At Koryeong Temple

Sin Seokjo¹⁷⁹⁾

A lane meandering in the valleys and hillside gardens

Leads to the lofty main shrine on the rocky peak,

Where the green young vines entangle the age-old trees.

In the valleys brooks bolt their way white o'er stones.

The clanging sounds of hand bells reach the clouds;

The tremors of the big bell echo in the cold moon.

My mind is buddha-tranquil: I‘ve finished saying my prayers.

The pine wood sends me melodious songs in the wind.

Retiring to the Oro House

Jeong Jong¹⁸⁰⁾

I am deaf in one ear, keeping to the countryside.

But I know the world is obedient to riches, not poverty,

But Providence is neither too free nor too miserly.

In the humble thatched cottage the spring will also abide.

고향길에 오르며

장수

고향은 여태까지 날 기다려 주었건만

오늘사 나귀 몰아 그곳엘 돌아왔네.

나지막한 처마에 대 그림자 기울고

산빛은 집집마다 빈틈없이 쏟아지네.

혁거세 죽고 나서 남은 성터에

지금도 사택은 그대로 남아 있는데

적막한 옛집에는 날 꾸짖을 어른 없어

벼슬살이 첫해보다 더더욱 서러워라.

歸鄕有感

張修

故鄕如待我 今日卽停驢

竹影低簷短 山光滿閣虛

天城赫居後 公館壽同餘

臨眺趨庭寂 愁添宦謫初

남포의 이별

김종서

강두에서 님 보내려니 슬픔이 하도할사

악기도 줄이 끊겨 이별 노래 못 부르네

하늘이여 풍백에게 원정을 명하시어

하룻밤만 대동강에 저문 파도 일구소서.

南浦

金宗瑞

送客江頭別恨多 管絃處斷不成歌

天敎風伯阻征旆  一夕大同生晩波

On Returning Home

Jang Su¹⁸¹⁾

Though home has waited many a year for me,

Only today I come on my lazy donkey!

Bamboo shadows reaching down the eaves,

To every house the hill its deep colors heaves!

The ancient castle built by Hyeokgeose¹⁸²⁾

Has left an official house until today.

I regret in seeing the silent and vacant yard

Where for my misdeed my parent chided me hard.

At Nampo

Kim, Jongseo¹⁸³⁾

How grievous it is to part at the river's side!

The broken strings can‘t tune a farewell strain.

Oh, Heaven, tell the Wind to wage a campaign,

And raise this evening in the stream a big tide.

영월군의 누각에서

단종

원한 품은 새가되어 왕궁을 물러나서

깊은 산중 외톨이로 쓸쓸한 이 몸.

밤마다 뜬눈으로 날을 지새니

해가 가면 갈수록 설음만 쌓이는데

새소리도 끊어진 골 달 밝은 새벽이면

봄의 골짝 핏물이요 지는 꽃도 핏빛이라.

하늘도 귀가 멀어 내 애소를 못 듣는데

어찌하여 설은 나만 유독 귀가 밝은고.

寧越郡樓作

端宗

一自寃禽出帝宮 孤身隻影碧山中

假眠夜夜眠無假 窮恨年年恨不窮

聲斷曉岑殘月白 血流春谷落花紅

天聾尙未問哀訴 何奈愁人耳獨聰

자규루

단종

달 밝은 밤 촉의 혼백 구슬픈 울음소리,

시름에 겨운 이 몸 누각에 오른다.

네가 우는 소리에 내 마음 괴롭고야

네가 울지 않으면 내 슬픔도 가시리. 

시름에 겨운 사람 내 말을 들어두오.

춘삼월엔 자규루에 오르지 말지어다.

子規樓

端宗

月白夜蜀魄啾 含愁情依樓頭

爾啼悲我聞苦 無爾聲無我愁

寄語世上苦勞人 愼莫登春三月子規樓

At a Pavilion of Yeongweol

King Danjong¹⁸⁴⁾

Leaving the palace, a bird of sorrow,

I'm alone in a mountain remote.

I'm deprived of sleep, night by night,

Sorrow increasing, year by year.

At moonlit dawn when birds are dumb,

Red leaves fall on the streams of blood.

When Heaven's too deaf to hear my pleas,

How come only my ears are so keen?

The Cuckoo House

King Danjong

The cuckoo singing in the moonlit night,

Broken-hearted, I climb the Cuckoo House.

The bitter song you sing makes me sadder;

Please stop your elegy, and my sorrow will ebb.

I hereby warn that those who are in trouble

Should not climb the Cuckoo House in March.

형을 받을 때

성삼문

북소리 둥둥 울어 내 목숨 재촉할 때

눈을 돌려 바라보니 서산에 해가 지네.

황천 가는 길목에는 주막도 없다는데

오늘밤을 뉘 집에서 묵어야 하나.

受刑時

成三問

擊鼓催人命 回頭日欲斜

黃泉無一店 今夜宿雖家

함길도 절도사가 되어

유응부

장군기 앞세우고 오랑캐를 진압하니

모래바람 잠잠할 제 병사들 낮잠 잔다.

오천 준마는 버드나무 밑에 울고

사냥 매 삼백 마리 망루 앞에 앉았어라

爲咸吉道節度使作

兪應孚

將軍持節鎭戎 沙塞塵晴士卒眠

駿馬五千嘶柳下 豪鷹三百坐樓前

At the Time of Execution

Seong Sammun¹⁸⁵⁾

Drums are beating to take my life away;

I turn my head and see the sun fall bright.

No inn is on the Tartarian way, they say:

Who shall I stay with for this very night?

As Commander-in-Chief of Hamgildo¹⁸⁶⁾

Yu Weungbu¹⁸⁷⁾

I conquered the barbarians Brandishing the General's standard;

Now as the sandstorm is tranquil, so my soldiers slumber.

Five thousand steeds are heighing under the willow trees,

While three hundred hawks are at rest on the watchtower.

서강의 한식

남효온

어둑한 울 밖으로 저녁 연기 피어나고 

한식이라 동풍에 강물조차 맑아라.

만선을 기뻐하며 상인들 말하기를,

버드나무 꽃 필 시절 고향 그립다.

西江寒食

南孝溫

天陰籬外夕煙生 寒食東風夜水明

無限滿船商客語 柳花時節故鄕情

단종의 자규사에 화답한다

조상치

뻐꾹 뻐꾹 뻐꾹새

빈 하늘 달빛보고 무삼 하소하는가.

파촉 산천 그리워 날고 싶다만

못 가네. 못 가네. 나는 못 가네.

뭇새들은 제가끔 편히 둥지 틀었는데

왜 너 홀로 꽃가지에 피를 토해 우느냐

외로운 네 모습이 초췌하여도

너를 돌아보는 이 아무도 없어.

오호라 네 마음만 원한을 품었으리.

원통한 의사충신 늘어만 가서 손을 꼽아보아도 헤아릴 수 없어라. 

奉和端宗子規詞

曺尙治

子規啼子規啼 夜月空山何所訴

不如歸不如歸 望裏巴岑飛欲度

看他衆鳥摠安巢 獨向花枝血謾吐

形單影孤貌憔悴 不肯尊崇誰爾顧

鳴呼人間寃恨豈獨爾

義士忠臣增慷慨 不平屈指難盡數

Hansik at the River

Nam Hyo-on¹⁸⁸⁾

Out of the darkening fence the smoke rises thick;

The river is clearer in the breezy night of Hansik.

Those fishmongers with their boat full of fish will say,

“The willow blossoms never bloom but we think of home away.”

Written in Response to Danjong's Cuckoo Song

Jo Sangchi¹⁸⁹⁾

“Cuckoo, cuckoo, cuckoo,¹⁹⁰⁾

What are you crying for in the moonlight?”

“I can't come, can't come

To Shu, though I would fly back.”

While all your kind are content to perch in their nests,

You spit out your blood alone on the blooming bough.

Is your lonesome grief-stricken form a phantom?

None looks back to find your dignified shape!

Alas, you are not the only one in sadness­everyone is!

Righteous and loyal people in grief on the increase,

It's impossible to count their number on my fingers.

산수 병풍

김수온

이 고운 산수를 어느 신이 만드신가.

천만 가지 화초가 저마다 봄이로다.

돌아서서 다시 보니 모두가 꿈결 같다.

너와 나의 옳고 그름 또한 누가 알아주리.

題山水屛

                                     金守溫

描山描水摠如神 萬草千花各自春

畢竟一場皆幻境 雖知君我亦非眞

김상국에게

조수

아침에 서리 내려 유난히도 추운 날

먼길을 가시려면 쓸쓸도 하겠구려.

먹고 자는 인생살이 다를 바가 없어도

몸가짐 때문에 어려움 겪나보오.

잘되고 못되고는 운수 탓이니

하늘 땅에 사사로움 어디 있으리.

사람 마음 아는 것은 백주 뿐이니

한 잔을 들이키고 곤드래가 되어봄세.

呈金相國

趙須

今朝零露冷 履遠獨凄其

處世同炊침 持身若累碁

浮沈元有數 覆載本無私

白酒可人意 頹然一中之

On a Screen of Natural Scenery

Kim Suon¹⁹¹⁾

None but a god could create all these waters and hills.

Every grass and flower is blessed by the season,

Which, looked back a second time, is but illusion;

Who knows whether you and I are real or false?

Lines to Kim Sangguk

Jo Su

Cold is the frosty morning;

Your trip will be sad and dreary.

Life is the same everywhere,

But behavior may cause mishaps.

Rising and falling is our lot;

Nature you know is really impartial.

Only good liquor knows our mind;

Why, come and drink, and get drunk. 

남포

이극감

눈 녹자 불어 오른 강물 위에는

밤마다 들려오는 죽지가¹⁹²⁾ 가락소리.

나를 두고 가신 임 그리움에 겨워서

천리 밖의 내 마음을 푸른 물에 띄우네.

南浦

李克堪

江上雪消江水多 夜來聞唱竹枝歌

與君一別思何盡 千里春心送碧波

북정에 즈음하여

남이

백두산의 바윗돌은 칼 갈아 닳아지고

두만강 물은 군마가 마셔 없앴네.

사나이 이십에 나라 편케 못하면

후세의 어느 누가 대장부라 이르리.

北征時作

南怡

白頭山石磨刀盡 豆滿江水飮馬無

男兒二十未平國 後世雖稱大丈夫

At the river

Yi Geuggam¹⁹³⁾

Over the river swollen with melting snows

Are heard melodious songs in the night.

I send along on the rippling waves my heart

That's laden with the burning thought of you.

At a Campaign in the North

Nam Yi¹⁹⁴⁾

Worn out are the rocks of Baekdu with grinding the swords;

Drunk up is the River Duman¹⁹⁵⁾ by the steeds.

If a man of twenty's unable to bring his country

To peace, who in the future will regard him worthy?

어부

성간

깊은 산 깊은 골 연기 한 줄기

속세와 멀어서 백구만 노니는 곳.

늙은 어부 속셈은 본시 없지만

영 넘어 강과 달은 모두가 내 거라네.

漁夫

成侃

數疊靑山數谷煙 紅塵不到白鷗邊

漁翁不是無心者 關嶺西江月一般

우제

류방선

띠를 엮어 집안을 손질하고,

대를 심어 울타리 만들며

산중에 사는 이 작은 멋은

해가 가도 나 혼자만 알지.

偶題

柳方善

結茆仍補屋 種竹故爲籬

多少山中味 年年獨自知

The Fisher

Seong Gan¹⁹⁶⁾

See the smoke that rises among deep valleys,

Where the free doves aren't defiled by worldly dust.

The old fisher who lives there has for gold no lust,

But the rustic scenes belong to him, he judges.

A Casual Poem

Ryu Bangseon¹⁹⁷⁾

I repair the roof with slender withes,

And hedge my house by planting bamboos.

These petty joys of rural life

Are never known to any but me.

연꽃을 따다가

홍만종

어여쁜 아가씨가 연꽃을 따려고

못가에 배를 묶고 둑을 지나다

말 탄 총각 눈에 띄자 부끄러워서

살짝이 웃으며 꽃 속으로 사라지네.

採蓮曲

洪萬宗

被美採蓮女 繫舟橫塘渚

羞見馬上郞 笑入荷花去

A Lass and Lotus Flowers

Hong Manjong¹⁹⁸⁾

A beautiful lass, to pick lotus flowers,

Moors the boat on the dike and crosses the bar.

She is so shy to see a lad on horseback

She smiles and hides herself among the flowers.

Koryo	Joseon
태조 Taejo 918-943	태조 Taejo 1392-1398
혜종 Hyejong 943-945	정종 Jeongjong 1398-1400
정종 Jeongjong 945-949	태종 Taejong 1400-1418
광종 Gwangjong 949-975	세종 Sejong   1418-1450
경종 Gyeongjong 975-981	문종 Munjong   1450-1452
성종 Seongjong 981-997	단종 Danjong   1452-1455
목종 Mokjong 997-1009	세조 Sejo   1455-1468
현종 Hyeonjong 1009-1031	예종 Yejong   1468-1469
덕종 Deokjong 1031-1034	성종 Seongjong   1469-1494
정종 Jeongjong 1034-1046	연산군 Yeonsan-gun  1494-1506
문종 Munjong 1046-1083	중종 Jungjong   1506-1544
순종 Sunjong 1083	인종 Injong   1544-1545
선종 Seonjong 1083-1094	명종 Myeongjong   1545-1567
헌종 Heonjong 1094-1095	선조 Seonjo   1567-1608
숙종 Sukjong 1095-1105	광해군 Gwanghaegun 1608-1623
예종 Yejong 1105-1122	인조 Injo   1623-1649
인종 Injong 1122-1146	효종 Hyojong   1649-1659
의종 Uijong 1146-1170	현종 Hyeonjong   1659-1674
명종 Myeongjong 1170-1197	숙종 Sukjong   1674-1720
신종 Sinjong 1197-1204	경종 Gyeongjong   1720-1724
희종 Huijong 1204-1211	영조 Yeongjo   1724-1776
강종 Gangjong 1211-1213	정종 Jeongjong   1776-1800
고종 Gojong 1213-1259	순종 Sunjong   1800-1834
원종 Weonjong 1259-1274	헌종 Heonjong   1834-1849
충렬왕 King Chungryeol 1274-1308	철종 Cheoljong   1849-1863
충선왕 King Chungseon 1308-1313	고종 Gojong   1863-1907
충숙왕 King Chungsuk 1313-1330, 1332-1339	순종 Sunjong   1907-1910
충혜왕 King Chunghye 1330-1332 1339-1344
충목왕 King Chungmok    1344-1348
충정왕 King Chungjeong    1348-1351
공민왕 King Gongmin    1351-1374
우왕 King Wu       1374-1388
창왕 King Chang(1388-1389)
공양왕 King Gongyang(1389-1392)

The Dynasties of Koryo and Joseon

제1편 Part I

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1) U Tak (1263-1343) was a great scholar at the end of the Koryo Dynasty. King Chungseon committed adultery with his father's concubine. U saw it and sued for the king's apology. After that he resigned his office and went home to Yean. The king summoned him to office, but he rejected his proposal and devoted himself to learning.

2) Yi Jonyeon (1269-1343) served as royal secretary. He was involved in a plot against King Chungseon and was imprisoned. But he was proven innocent of the crime and was released from his exile. When King Chunghye was restored to the throne, he was appointed head of the Royal Academy. He reproved the king for his lechery again and again in vain, and resigned his office.

3) Yi Jono (1341-1371) was a Royal Adviser, who impeached, in 1366, the rude monk Sindon. He was degraded, and later died from wrath.

4) Yi Saek (1328-1396) was royal tutor to King U. His literary name was Mogeon. He left 55 volumes of his works. This poem alludes to the fall of Koryo, and the rise of the Joseon Dynasty.

5) Kil Je (1353-1419) was a civil servant at the close of the Koryo dynasty. He resigned his office and returned to his home to take care of his old mother. He didn't come to office in the new regime because he was unwilling to serve two dynasties. Instead, he taught students at home.

6) Songdo, now Geseung, was the capital city of Koryo for four hundred and seventy-five years. After the fall of Koryo, the royal seat of Joseon was Seoul.

7) Yi Bangweon (1367-1422) later became Taejong, the third king of the Joseon Dynasty, succeeding his eldest brother. His father Yi Seonggye founded Joseon, and he was the companion in the foundation of New Kingdom. This poem is a test to the former king of Koryo dynasty's loyal subject, Jeong Mongju who remained loyal to the last king and kingdom. The following poem If I be Killed is Jeong's answer to this one.

8) Weon's literary name was Wungok, meaning a clouded valley. When Koryo began to fall, he went to Mt. Chiak near Weonju, and farmed, looking after his parents. He taught sometime the young prince (later King Taejong of Joseon). Hereafter he lived a hermit life, declining the royal call to the office.

9) That is, The Terrace of The Full Moon. It was the site where the royal palace of the Koryo Dynasty stood.

10) Jeong (?-1398) was a partner of Yi Seonggye in founding the Joseon dynasty. But later he was killed by the Prince Bangweon, who became the third king of Joseon.

11) The bridge is in Jaha district, which is part of Gesung City, in the middle of the Korean Peninsula. Geseong was the capital city of Koryo.

12) Sung (1338-1423) was a high ranking official of Koryo, and became Prime Minister when the Joseon Dynasty started.

13) Hwang (1363-1452) served the last kings of Koryo and the first four kings of the Joseon Dynasty. He is regarded as the most eminent minister in history. He was Prime Minister in the reign of Sejong the Great.

14) In making liquor, that is, makgeolli, or farmer's wine of rice and other materials, a sieve is used. Therefore the sieve retailer's departure means that the wine is almost good to drink.

15) Kim Jongseo (1398-1453) served three kings of Joseon, and was killed by Prince Suyang, uncle to the present king, Danjong. He was opposed to Suyang's ambition to become a king by dethroning his nephew. This poem was written when he was commander-in-chief of the army in the north.

16) Byeon (1369-1430) whose literary name was Chunjeong (Spring Garden) revised the History of Koryo, and his post in the government rose to Minister of Courtesy. He left Collected Works of Chunjeong and a couple of sijos.  

17) Sung Sammun (1418-1456), whose literary name was Keunbo, was a important staff of Saejong the Great. He was later killed by King Sejo as he and other courtiers tried to restore King Danjong to the throne. Collected Works of Sung Keunbo. 

18) The name of the mountain sounds the same as the name of the Uncle-Prince who, dethroning his Nephew-King Danjong, acceded to the throne himself. The writer of this poem was one of the six dead subjects who were killed for protesting against the new king's immoral action.

19)  Mt. Suyang is another name for Mt. Lei Shou in Shan Xi Province of China. Yi and Je are the abridged names of Baikyi and Sukje, who they say ran to the mountain taking an oath not to take anything from the new state when theirs fell, but, ironically, they gathered brackens to save their lives. Their Chinese names sound Bai Yi and Shu Ji.

20) Bak, too, was one of the six courtiers who were killed by Suyang. See the note 19.

21) Yi (1417-1456) was one of the six dead subjects who, with Seong and other high officials, plotted a restoration of the dethroned king and was killed. Also see note 19.

22) Wang escorted the dethroned king, Prince Nosan, to Yeongweol at the time of exile in 1457. Then Wang was head of constabulary force. See the notes 15, 17, and 18.

23) Nam Yi (1441-1468) was a son of Princess Jeongseon, daughter to King Taejong. He became Minister of Army at the age of twenty-seven. He was envied by people and falsely accused of a plot against the present regime.

24) Baekdu is the highest mountain in Korea.

25) Prince Weolsan (1454-1488) was the elder brother of King Sungjong.

26) Seongjong (1457-1498), one of the greatest kings of the Joseon Dynasty, asked his subject, Yu Hoin (1445-1494), holding a meagre post, when he resigned his office to take care of his old mother who lived at Hapcheon, to change his mind. The king treasured his writing, loyalty, and his calligraphy, but above anything else, his personality.

27) These are three feudal dynasties during the warring era (403-221 B.C.) of the ancient China when learning was most honored.

28) Tang and Yu are two legendary sages of Ancient China, when peace and prosperity flourished, that is, in the Golden Age of Yao and Shun.

29) King Sungjong (1469-1494) used to enjoy songs and women at parties with his courtiers. Sochunpung (Smiling Spring Breeze) who was a famous gisaeng in Yeongheung, a town in the north-east of Korea, after filling the king's cup with wine, did the same to the prime minister singing this poem.

30) The militant courtiers, on hearing the previous song, were not very happy. But both of the parties were happy again when she sang this and the following song one after the other. She was Teng and the former party Chu, and the other, Zhai.

31) Qi and Chu were two dominant ones of the seven kingdoms in the Age of Warring States (475-221 B.C.).

32) Song Sun (1493-1583) whose literary name was Myeonangjeong was Mayor of Seoul City. He was one of the forerunners of natural poems. Besides A Collection of Myeonang, he left many sijos, and a narrative poem, A Song of Myeonang.

33) King Myeongjong sent chrysanthemums to the scholars in the court, saying they should return a poem for the flowers. Song Sun wrote this poem and dedicated it to the king.

34) Song In (1516-1584), a prominent man of letters and high office, was a nobleman who married a princess of Jungjong. His literary name was Yiam. Collected Works of Yiam.

35) An (1494-?), a good hand at calligraphy and brush drawing, passed the state examination in 1519, and was a provincial legislator.

36) Kweon (1532-1587) learned from Yi Hwang (See note 41), the greatest scholar of Oriental Metaphysics in the Joseon Dynasty. He passed the state examination but did not take office. Instead he taught students. He wrote nineteen sijos.

37) People regarded Seo (1489-1546) as one of the three wonders of Kaeseong, the Cascade of Bagyeon, the gisaeng Hwangjini, nicknamed Myeongweol, that is, the Bright Moon. This poem is supposed to have been written thinking of Hwangjini, who had been his pupil. See the next note.

38) Whang was a famous gisaeng in Gaeseong. Her nickname was Myeongweol, the Bright Moon. Her uncommon beauty and talents charmed great scholars and men of letters. Among them was a Buddhist monk called Jijok, who was excommunicated because of her. She left sixty excellent sijos.

39) The original rendering is ‘Byeokgyesu', which is a pun. There was a man of royal family known by this name. Literally, it is a ’clear brook' or ‘clear water.' Myeongweol, too, has a double meaning; literally, it is ‘the bright moon,' but really it is her nickname.

40) Im Je (1549-1587). His literary name was Baekho, that is, White Lake. He was in a high position in the royal court. But disgusted by the party strife, he resigned to return to a life of nature. He left allegorical stories, History of a Flower, and A Story of a Grief-Stricken Castle, and three pieces of Sijo. This Sijo was written while he was on his way to his new post of Governor of Pyeongan Province, when he occasionally passed by the grave of Hwang Jini, a noted gisaeng, who had loved him. See the notes 38 and 39.

41) Gyeryang (1513-1550) was a famous gisaeng at Buan, Jeolabukdo. Her real name was Yi Hyang Keum, and her literary name was Maechang, or Gyesaeng. She was a good singer and player of the geomungo. She was also a good writer of Hansi poems.  She had been deeply in love with Yu Higyeong (1545-1636), who left Collected Works of Choneun, and A Handbook of Mourning Rituals.  Choneun was his literary name. But after he went up to Seoul leaving her behind, she didn't hear from him. She, however, lived alone without any contact with men. Her lover Yu was a man of unusual sincerity and honor.

42) Yi (1467-1555), whose literary name was Nongam, was one of the highest-ranking officers in the reigns of Kings Yonsan and Jungjong. Collected Works of Nongam.

43) This poem was given to a gisaeng, called Hanu, which means Cold Rain. His allusion touched her, and she answered him with the following poem.

44) This poem, written by a gisaeng called Hanu, is the response to the preceding poem.

45) Jung ChulJeong Cheol (1536-1593), whose literary name was Songgang, was a civilian servant in the mid-Joseon period and one of the most celebrated poets of the time. After years of royal service in the palace, he spent three years as magistrate of Gangweon, Jeolla, and Hamgyeong Provinces, and later as minister. His major poems are A Song of Gwandong Province, the Instructions, Reminiscence of a Beauty, Reminiscence of a Beauty, Continued, Other Poems of Seongsan, Collected Works of Songgang, Longer Songs of Songgang, Other Collected Works of Songgang, and more than seventy sijos.

46) He is addressing the people of Gangweondo where he is magistrate.

47) The counterpart of the line is missing.

48) The ‘scholar’ has a connotation with a person called Go Jebong, or Go Gyeongmyung, who was a scholar of the Royal Library where the kings' writings were kept and managed. Later he fought against the Japanese, organizing a civil armed forces during the Japanese Invasion of 1592, and was killed together with his son.

49) Namsan means a ‘southern hill’. Many cities have a Namsan. Therefore it is not identifiable.

50) Yi Weonik (1547-1634), whose literary name was Ori, meaning a village of sultan's parasols, was a man of straightforward character. As a great grand-grand son of Taejong, the third king of Joseon, he took the highest offices, rising to the post of the Prime Minister under King Injo. He left an ode, A Laborer's Answer to his Master, The Collected Works of Ori, etc.

51) Bak (1561-1642), whose literary name was Nogye, worked as a high ranking naval officer, and was a great writer. Collected Works of Nogye, seven narrative poems, and sixty-eight Sijos.

52) Kim Yuk (1580-1658). His literary name was Jamgok, meaning a valley in the water, after various offices he became Prime Minister in 1752.

53) Seong Un (1497-1579) passed the state examination but he didn't take office. Collected Works of Daegok. Daegok is his literary name.

54) Sin Heum (1566-1628), whose literary name was Sangchon, participated in the war as a naval officer when Japanese invaded in 1592. And after the Mongolian Invasion of 1627, he became Prime Minister. He was a great scholar and statesman. He left Collected Works of Sangchon. 

55) Yi Myeonghan (1595-1645), whose literary name was Baekju (White Sand Bar), served in such official position as Chief Secretary, Minister of Domestic Affairs, and Chief Advisor to King Injo. the sixteenth king of Joseon. He left eight sijos.

56) The lover, or the lord in the Joseon period was, in a sense, a being in dreams. It was yearned for but not real. It was in their mind but was not present in reality. The characteristic of the lover to the people of Joseon was only cherished but not really possessed. The lover here is also an ideal object of yearning.

57) Kim (1580-1656) was mayor of Seoul, Minister of Law and Punishment, magistrate of Gyunggi Province. He wrote 22 sijos.

58) Koreans like to drink with boiled fish as accompaniment.

59) Bak's literary name was Unae (Cloud-covered Precipice). The poet lived in the last period of the Joseon Dynasty. He published a collection of Sijos, titled Gagok Wonlyu (meaning the Fountainhead of Songs) in 1876. He left 15 Sijos. The following Sijo resembles this one in content.

60) A medieval woman's love is depicted in geometrical design. Her love was all patience and affection, which was typical of the amorous people in the Joseon Dynasty.

61) Human affection is individualized; it is not absolute, but relative. The writer describes his or her solitude as relative affection.

62) Myeongok was a giseng, a woman who entertained male customers in a drinking establishment.

63) ‘Song’ is a Hanja word for Sol, that is, pine. But the gisaeng who wrote the poem is not identified. The poem shows that she would not love every man. She might be devoted to someone.

64) Maehwa (Plum Blossom) was a gisaeng in Pyongyang. Nothing of her life is known. She left eight sijo poems.

65) Not identified.

65) Not identified.

제2편 Part II

제2편 Part II

66) Maeng Saseong (1360-1438), pen-named Old Buddha, survived two dynasties, Koryo and Chosen, serving Sejong the Great as one of the highest officials. This poetic sequence was composed after he retired from office, enjoying his leisurely life in the rural areas.

67) Yi Yi (1536-1584), Yulgok by literary name, was tutored by his mother Saimdang, He passed the state examination at the age of thirteen. He passed the higher state examination, and took office in the court. Resigning his office as King's Advisor in 1568, he went down to his hometown Haeju, where he devoted himself to learning. Called by King Seonjo again to office in 1581, he worked for the state. He was counterpart of Yi Hwang (1501～1576) in Zhu Zi's philosophy.

68) This is really Mt. Suyang of Haeju (Hwanghaedo) where the poet was teaching his pupils when he was 42. This sequence is a parody of Nine Songs of Mui (in Chinese, Wu Yi) by Zhu Zi.

69) Mooi (Wu Yi, in Chinese) is a mountain in Fujian Province in China of which Zhu Zi (1130-1200) had written a sequence composed of nine poems.

70) Chu Hsi is also called Chu Tzu, or Chu Fu Tzu (1130-1200) a Chinese philosopher whose synthesis of Neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life.

71) The silvery screen here denotes a precipice with white flowers.

72) Name of a streamlet.

73) The original expression‎ is ‘golden wheels and duck's feet’, that is, the geomungo, a six-stringed traditional instrument.

74) A mountain.

75) Yun Seondo (1587-1671) was a civilian servant of the Mid-Joseon period. His literary name was Gosan. As a student of the Royal Academy he opposed the tyranny of Yi Icheom, a powerful nobleman, and was exiled to Hamgeongdo. With the Coup d'Etat of King Injo (1623) he was released from the exile and was appointed as Prosecutor in Chief. He resigned the post and returned home to the country. Later he became tutor to the prince (1628), but was again charged for not paying a visit to the king on Namhan Mountain where he was making an escape from the enemies during the Barbarian Invasion of 1636 and exiled to Yeongdeok, Kyeongsangdo. He returned to royal service in 1668. As one of the heads of the South Party, however, he was beaten in the party strife against the West Party. He was exiled a third time to Samsu, one of the remotest northern villages. He spent most of his life in remote lands, and was deeply learned in history, medicine, theories of divination, and geography. He was especially talented in Sijo writing. He added many new words to the Korean language. With Jeong Cheol, he is one of the two greatest poets of the Mid-Joseon period. He left Posthumous Works of Gosan.

76) The original expression‎ can be translated ‘the fountain below the deepest earth’. It almost coincides with Styx, in that it is often alluded to death.

77) This is an allusion to an event in an ancient Chinese legend. When asked to work for the emperor, Chao Fu and Xu You washed his ears in the water, and that led his cow to the head of the spring to let it drink. 

78) See the note 45(Part I Sijo) of Sijo.

79) This is the book in which Confucius' thoughts about filial duties are recorded.

80) The book in which Zhu Zi's ideas about the etiquettes in the actions and speech between men and women are described.

81) Such terms as ‘uncle’ and ‘nephew’ are very often addressed to unknown older and younger men than the speaker.

82) Dosan is a district of Andong, Gyeongsangbukdo, where Yi' built a private school and taught his pupils.

83) Yi Hwang (1501-1570), whose literary name was Toegye, served two kings, Kings Jungjong and Injo as one of the high ranking officials. Resigning his office in 1545 as a result of party strife, he went down to his home and established a primary institute and taught pupils. He left a book, Complete Works of Toegye.

84) The Beautiful One refers to the king.

85) Meaning ‘he plateau under the cloud.’

86) Wallak means ‘enjoying the pleasures’; Je means a ‘house.’

86) Wallak means ‘enjoying the pleasures’; Je means a ‘house.’

제3편 Part Ⅲ

제3편 Part Ⅲ

87) 좁은 곳에서 아웅다웅하는 것을 장자(壯子)는 와각지쟁 (蝸角之爭), 즉 달팽이의 뿔 위에서 싸운다라고 했다.

88) This temple was at Gaepung, Gyeonggido. A diplomat called Yi Jayeon was fascinated by the beautiful surroundings of Gamro Temple in China. When he returned home to Koryo, he built another Gamro Temple at Gaepung, Gyeonggido. But it no longer exists.

89) Kim Busik (1075-1151) was a scholar, civil servant, and historian who wrote A History of the Three Kingdoms called Samgooksagi. He is said to have written a score of books, all of which unfortunately do not exist.

90) Choe Chung (?984-1068), passing the state examination for civilian affairs, served five kings from Mokjong (997-1009) to Munjong (1046-1083), of the Koryo Dynasty, as a civil servant. He was especially interested in education, and taught many young scholars of the day at his private school. His honorary title given after his death was Lord Munheon. He was later called the Confucius of the Eastern Country. Posthumous Manuscripts of Lord Choe Munheon.

91) The geomungo is a traditional six-stringed musical instrument of Korea.

92) Yi Jahyeon (1061-1125) was a scholar in the Koryo Dynasty. Passing the state examination for civilian affairs, he worked for the royal court for years. He resigned all his office and went home to Cheongpyeong Mountain, near Chuncheon. Visiting Nanzing in 1117, he was awarded clothing by the empress and princess of Emperor Uijong. He devoted himself to Shan all his life, and left The Secrets of Shan, Songs etc.

93) A kind of musical instrument.

94) Jeong Jisang (?-1135) was a famous man of letters and civil servant in the reign of King Injong of the Koryo Dynasty. He was a great occultist, and advised the king to move the king's seat from Gaeseong to Pyeongyang. Being suspected of being involved in The Rebellion of Myocheong (1135), he was killed. A master calligrapher, he was well versed in the science of divination, the Buddhist Scriptures, and the philosophy of Lao-tze and Chung-tze. He left Living on the Mountain, and Collected Advice of Jeong.

95) Nampo, a harbor in the south.

96) The river runs through the City of Pyeongyang.

97) Hyeon was a provincial unit. Geumyanghyeon was in the north of Gangweondo, now Tongcheon.

98) Go Jogi (?-1157), pennamed Kyerim, served the kings Injong and Euijong of the Koryo Dynasty as an upright civil official. This poem is said to be his only work that exists.

99) Gangdong means the East of the River. The river implies the Daedong in Pyeongando. He was once an army officer of the North Western Region.

100) Now a city in the west of Kyeongsangnamdo Province.

101) Jinyang is the province where Jinju City of today belonged.

102) Jindo is a small island in the southern sea of the Korean Peninsula, and Byeokpa means ‘blue waves,' and a Jeong usually means’ a tower or a pavilion overlooking the sea, river, or a beautiful sight.’

103) Peng Ze Ling. Peng Ze is a place name where Tao Yuan Ming (365-427), one of the greatest poets of ancient China, took office. Ling is the head officer of a district.

104) Wu Ling is an imaginary place of great beauty, equivalent to Tempe of Ancient Greece. Tao Yuan  Ming invented the place in his Peach Blossoms.

105) A legendary sacred mountain on which panacea grows. ‘Shan’ means ‘mountain’.

106) Two rivers, Xiao Xiang are in Hu Nan Province, China. The nightly rain falling here at the spot where the rivers come together is said to be one of the eight noted sights from the hills.

107) Yi Inro (1152-1220), whose literary name was Ssangmyeongje, was a scholar in the Koryo Dynasty. Passing the state examination, served King Myeongjong as Advisor-in-Chief. He liked to write poems together with his friends, the so-called Seven Sages of the Riverside. Besides being a poet, he was an eminent calligrapher. He left Collected Works of Ssangmyeongje, To Pass Away the Time of Leisure, and others.

108) Yi Kyubo (1168-1241), whose literary name was Baegungeosa (Hermit on the White Cloud), held various office under two kings, Sinjong and Gojong. As one of the best writers of the Koryo Dynasty, his poetic style was vigorous and full of energy. He wrote some books of stories, such as A Story by Baegun, and left many poems.

109) 당나라의 왕파가 과거에 오르기 전에 양주의 절에 묵으면서 중에게 밥을 얻어먹었다. 그 후 그가 절도사가 되어 그 절에 놀러 가서 그곳 목란원(木蘭院)에서 시를 지었다. “20년전에 이 원에서 놀 적에 목란꽃이 피고 원이 처음 이룩되었는데, 오늘날 그때 그곳에 다시 오니 나무는 늙어 꽃이 없고 중은 머리가 희어졌구나.” (二十年前此院遊 木蘭花發院新修 如今再到經行處 樹老無花僧白頭)

110) Bubyeok Pavilion was a garret of Yeongmyeong Temple built about one thousand years ago. It is one of the eight celebrated sights of Pyeongyang.

111) Yi Hon (1252-1312) served King Chungryeol of the Koryo Dynasty as Minister of Arts. He was an eminent composer of shorter poems

112) Yeongmyeongsa is a temple in Pyeongyang of North Korea. It was built in 392 and was burnt down during the Chino-Japanese War in 1894. Its main shrine was rebuilt in 1922. The tower referred in the poem was built during the early Koryo Dynasty. On the walls of it are inscribed stone Buddhas. It is one of the national treasures of North Korea.

113) A plateau located in the west of Masan, a city on the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. This was a place Choe Chiweon, one of the most noted poets of Silla, loved to visit.

114) Chae Hongcheol (1262-1340), whose literary name was Jung-am, passing the state examination in the reign of King Chungryeol, Koryo, held the office of provincial governor of Jangheung. For a time after he resigned the post, he was well read in Buddhism and music. He left a number of hansis and Collected Works of Jung-am.

115) Choe Hu, that is, Choe Seungro (927-989) was a civil servant of the Koryo Dyasty. At the age of twelve, he impressed the king by reciting Confucius' Didactics in his presence. He contributed, by royal orders, to reforming the kingdom in many fields, such as society, diplomacy, the army systems, religion, and taxes. It is said that he climbed the plateau one day and wrote poems.

116) A poet of Tang called Choe Ho wrote a poem on the wall of the Pavilion of Yellow Crane, “It‘s many a day since the yellow crane disappeared with a man on its back, leaving the pavilion here.”

117) Sigyeong-am was the name of a celebrated monk in Koryo, who left an allegorical song, The History of Jeong the Servant. It describes one of the Buddhist ideas that every individual can be made a Buddha.

118) Yi Am (1297-1364), whose literary name was Haengchon, meaning a ‘village of ginkgo trees,’ was a government official and a diplomat, and later one of the three prime ministers. He served Kings Chungsuk, Chunghye, and Gongmin. He was also famed as a calligrapher.

119) Sin Suk was a eunuch officer in the reign of Uijong (1146-1170), Koryo, who accused another eunuch officer for abusing his official power, but he himself was deprived of his place and went back home.

120) Baek Weonhang, whose dates of birth and death are unknown, won the first place in the civil service examination in 1279 in the reign of King Chungryul. He took such offices as Royal Secretary and others, and took part in exiling the wicked Chae Hongcheol and his party.

121) Kim Gu (1211-1278), whose literary name was Jipo, wrote chronicles of the kings Sinjong, Hwijong, and Gangjong. Collected Works of Jipo.

122) Yi Jangyong (1201-1272) participated in compiling the chronicles of Sinjong, Hwijong, and Gangjong. He was deeply interested in Buddhism, and left two religious writings.

123) I. e., a folding screen with pictures and brush writings.

124) Jo Ingyu (1227-1308) learned the language of Yuan as soon as he began to work in the royal court, and frequented Yuan as a diplomat. Later he tutored the prince.

125) Yi Jonyeon (1269-1343), who had two literary names, Maeundang, meaning a house of plums and clouds, and Baekhwaheon, meaning a garden of a hundred flowers, rose to be the Great Doctor of the Royal Academy; He is said to have been a great writer, but only one sijo exists.

126) Yi Seong (1251-1325) passed the state examination when he was very young. He didn't remain in his posts very long but resigned them every time he was appointed. Learning was his greatest interest.

127) Kim Weonbal, whose literary name was Gukpa, went to Yuan, that is, Mongolia, and served there as a high military officer and head of scholars.

128) Yi Gamji (in the age of Gojong) was one of the so-called Seven Riverside Sages; Yi Inro, O Saejae, Im Chun, Jo Tong, Hwang Bohang, and Ham Sun, and himself. They were called thus because they often got together to enjoy drinks and poems.

129) Choe Ja (1188-1260), besides holding high posts both in the court and in the provinces, was a celebrated writer of poems, and, together with Yi Inro, he was an important critic of literature.

130) Cheongsim has the connotation of the mind empty of care, or a clean conscience.

131) Yeoheung is the ancient name of Yeoju, Kyeonggi Province.

132) Seol Munu's literary name was Jukjeong. He was a high-ranking official in the Royal Academy.

133) Wang Baek’s real surname was not Wang, but Kim. He was involved in the Revolt of Jojeok, and the next year after it was settled he was dismissed from his post of King Chungryeol's secretary.

134) Choe Weonu was a civil servant in the reign of King Gongmin of the Koryo Dynasty.

135) Hansik usually falls on the fifth of April. It is a day when Koreans visit the tombs of their deceased ancestors, and make offerings.

136) See the note 20.

137) Yi (1287-1367), one of the greatest scholars, writers and a diplomats of Koryo, whose literary name was Igjae, went over to Yuan, when the next king Chungseon was on the throne, and studied classics. He left the Collected Works of Igjae, Miscellanies of Igjae, On Filial Duties, and others.

138) An ancient kingdom in China, flourished until the 3rd century B.C. This allusion may be translated ‘the far-off China.'

139) According to a legend, the queens' names were Ehwang and Nuying, daughters to Tangyao. The two were married to King Yushun, who died while on an inspection trip in the south. The sister queens, missing their husband, shed their tears in the Xiaoxiang River, and were drowned there. After that, the bamboo by the river turned scarlet as the color of their teardrops.

140) Yi Dalchung (?-1385), whose literary name was Jejeong, was a Confucius scholar in the Koryo Dynasty. For advising the royal priest Sindon to refrain from drink, he was dismissed from his office. After the priest was killed, he was restored as Lord Gyerim. Collections of Jejeong.

141) Little is known of his life except that he was a high ranking official in the royal library and academy in Koryo.

142) The Yeongnam Pavilion is located at Milyang, a small town in the south of Korea. It is very beautiful, looking down the Nagdong River.

143) One of the Three Valleys of China. This is located in the north of Wuxia, Sichuan Province. The river flowing before the precipitous valley is very dangerous for sailors. 

144) The Song of Yangguan is a poem of farewell by Wang Wei (699?-761?), A Poem Sending Off Two Diplomats of Yuan which reads: The morning rain wets the dust in the castle, But fresh and green are the willows in the Guest House. Drink up another glass of wine, my lords. You'll not be strangers to people of Yangguan.

145) Kim Jean (?-1368), who was a civil servant to King Gongmin of the Koryo Dynasty. He plotted with the Royal Secretary Kim Jeong to kill the wicked Buddhist Monk, Sindon, But, to the contrary, he was killed by the murderers sent by the monk.

146) Yi Saek (1328-1396) whose literary name was Mogeun was taught by Yi Jehyeon. When he was young, he went over to Yuan, where he worked as one of the members of the Committee of History and in the National Academy, and studied Oriental Metaphysics. He took high-ranking offices back in Koryo, and achieved a great many policies, such as in farming, education, national defence, and Buddhism. He opposed the Rebellion of Yi Seonggye, and was exiled. After Joseon was founded, Yi Seonggye, who respected the learned, summoned him to state affairs, but the scholar declined. Poems of Mogeun, Collected Works of Mogeun.

147) This pavilion was built on a hillside of Pieongyang at the beginning of the Koryo Dynasty. Unfortunately it was burnt down during the Korean War of 1950. The North Korean government rebuilt it in 1956 and 1959.

148) That is, Vega, the brightest star in the northern constellation Lyra, and fourth brightest in the night sky. According to a legend, the Weaver Girl, one of the daughters of the King of Heaven, married a Cow Boy, the star Altaea. But they loafed away after the marriage. The King was so angry that he placed the girl in the east of the milky way, and the other in the west. The ravens and the magpies pitied them, and built a bridge across the milky way on every seventh of July (lunar calendar) for them to get together. This bridge is called the Bridge of Ravens and Magpies. These two stars, in fact, appear near the Zenith of the Zodiac, so that they are supposed by the ancient people to meet once a year in the summer.

149) Jeong Mongju (1337-1392) was a civil servant at the end of the Koryo Dynasty. His literary name, Poeun. Besides civil affairs in the state, he achieved brilliant tasks as diplomat in Yuan and Japan. He became Doctor of Seong-Gyun-Guan Academy in about 1364. He opposed to Yi Seonggye's Rebellion and was killed. Collected Works of Po-Un.

150) Gil Jae (1353-1419), whose name was Yaeun, was a scholar of Oriental Metaphysics. He was taught by such great scholars as Yi Saek, Jeong Mongju, and Gweon Geun, He became Doctor of the Academy in 1388. In 1400, he was appointed Doctor of Great Scholarship by Yi Bangweon, the third king of Joseon, but he declined, saying that he would not serve two masters. Collected Writings of Yaeun, Collected Writings of Yaeun Continued, Methods of Speech and Action Recommended by Yaeun.

151) A small village then in the middle of the Korean Peninsula.

152) Weon Cheonseok was a hermit who went to a deep mountain with his parents, sometimes meeting such upright person as Yi Saek, when he saw the society and royal court of Koryo getting into unrelievable disorder. It is said that he wrote six history books but he burned them up. Taejong, the third king of Joseon, was eager to summon him to the state affairs, but he refused his proposals. He left one sijo describing his feeling of the fall of his nation.

153) Jo Un Heul (1332-1404), whose literary name was Seokgan, resigning his office, lived a hermit life On a mountain. He always rode a cow, and composed poems such as Riding a Cow, and Songs by Seokgan. He again held offices in 1388, and died in Gwangju. Collected Works of of Seokgan, Model Poems of the Three Han Dynasties.

154) Now a city, near Seoraksan, in Kangweondo. Then it was a rather big castle city.

155) Song In (1516-1584) whose literary name was Yiam, married King Jeongjong's third step-daughter. He made friends with such great scholars as Yi Hwang, Yi Yi, and Seong Hon. He wrote lots of calligraphies and poems. Collected work of Yiam.

156) Gyeongpodae is a pavilion on the Lake of Gyeongpo by the seaside of Kangreung.

157) Yeom Heung Bang (?-1388) stood first in the state examination for civil servants in the reign of King Gongmin. His literary name was Dongjeong. He achieved great deeds both as a military leader and a scholar. Later, however, he had swayed merciless political power over the common people. He was executed by the king. He left Collections of Dongjeong.

158) According to an old Chinese legend, Tang Yao asked a hermit called Xu You about national policies. Xu, on hearing his words, washed his ears because he thought filthy words had disgraced them.

159) Na Ong (1320-1376) was royal tutor of King Gongmin. He was one of the three noted Buddhist monks of the day. He saw his friend's death at the age of twenty, and took orders as a Buddhist priest. In 1348 he went to Yuan and was taught by a noted Indian priest. He became the greatest preacher.

160) He cites Zhuang Zi, who said, “I struggled and struggled all my life, only to fail."

161) Jeong Dojeon (137-1398), whose pen name was Sambong, meaning Three Peaks, passed the state examination in the reign of King Gongmin, Koryo, and later became a doctor of the Royal Academy. He played the dominant part in founding the Joseon Dynasty, assisting Yi Seonggae, who became the first king of the kingdom. Being a master of Confucianism, he compiled thirty seven volumes of Koryo history with other scholars. He worked in many fields: army strategy, diplomacy, administration, history, and Oriental metaphysics, and left many books and poems, including Song of Mr. Nab, and Hymn to the New Capital City, Collected Works of Sambong, etc.

162) Seong Nam is the South of the Castle. The ‘Castle’ has a connotation of the Capital City, Seoul.

163) Kweon Keun (1352-1409) was a scholar and civilian minister of the two dynasties, Koryo and Joseon. He was devoted to Oriental Metaphysics and literature. His literary name was Yangchon. He was a great scholar of Chinese classics, and a noted writer. Besides Four Books and Five Canons Annotated, and other historical writings, he left Collected Works of Yangchon, and Sangdae Byeolgok. (Sangdae was another name for the Board of Inspection in the late Koryo and early Korean Eras. And the Byeolgog was a song for the plain official life and the pride of his family stock.)

164) Cheongmyeong, meaning ‘Clear Day,' falls on the 4th of April, and is one of the 24 days that mark the change of seasonal weather.

165) 두보杜甫의 춘망春望이라는 시에 國破山河在 城春草木深 感時花淚 恨別鳥驚心 烽火連三月 家書抵萬金 白頭搔更短 渾欲不勝簪 (나라는 망하여도 산하는 남아 있어 성안에 봄이 오니 초목만 무성하구나. 시국을 생각하니 꽃도 눈물을 뿌리게 하고 이별을 한탄하니 새도 마음을 놀라게 한다. 봉홧불이 석 달이나 계속되니 집에서 오는 편지는 만금에 해당한다. 흰 머리를 긁으니 다시 짧아져서 온통 비녀를 이겨내지 못할 것 같구나) 라는 시에서 딴 구절.

166) Yu Chang (?-1421), a civilian servant in both Koryo and Joseon, whose literary name was Seonam, instructed Yi Seonggae, the founder of the Joseon Dynasty, in Confucianism. He left The Collected Works of Seonam.

167) Goseong is a small fishing village in the south of the Korean Peninsula. He was exiled there by the instigation of the monk Sindon towards the end of Koryo dynasty.

168) Seong (1338-1423) served King Gongmin of Koryo, and later helped Yi Seonggye found a new nation. His last title was Prime Minister in the reign of king Taejong. He was a celebrated writer of poems and calligrapher.

169) Cited from Du Fu's Waiting for the Spring,

169) Cited from Du Fu's Waiting for the Spring,

      I see signal fires for three successive months.

      I see signal fires for three successive months.

      A letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold.

170) Yi (1362-1431) came to office in the reign of King Gongmin of Koryo. Later he helped found Joseon in 1392. He objected to King Taejong appointing Prince Chungnyeon as the Prince Apparent, for Chungnyeong was not the eldest prince, but the fourth. Accordingly he was exiled. He left The Collected Poems of Hyeongjai (his literary name).

171)  Fu Chun and Pan Xi are allusions. The former is a mountain in China, where, according to a legend one hermit, Yan Zi Ling, refusing the offer of a high post from his Emperor, enjoyed the hermit life and died there. The latter is a small brook, where one Jiang Tai Gong waited, fishing with a straight hook, for a good time to come.

172) Yi (1345-1405), whose literary name was Ssangmaedang, was a civil servant of Koryo and Joseon. He was talented as poet and calligrapher.  He helped compile A Brief History of the Three Kingdoms. An allegorical story, The Life of Mr. Paper, and Collected Works of Ssangmaedang.

173) Jeong Geo, pennamed Unhakje (meaning a House in the Clouded Valley), was mayor of the capital city and a cabinet minister. He was a man of integrity, and an eminent hand at calligraphy.

174)  Kweon U (1363-1419). His literary name was Maeheon, that is, House of Plum Trees. He held office in the reign of King Gongmin of Koryo, and lectured in history to the prince Chungnyeong, later Saejong the Great. Collected Works of Maeheon.

175) Jeong participated in writing the Chronicles of King Taejo (1413). Collected Works of Kyoeun (his literary name), A Diary at a Powder Mill.

176) Yangnyeong (1394-1462) was the first Prince of King Taejong and grandfather to the deceased. At first he was the Heir Apparent to the King. But later he was deposed from his post, and his fourth brother was appointed Heir, who became Sejong. The Great. After that, he wandered all over the country, making friends with poets.

177) The dragon is the symbol of king.

178) Yeongweol is a small village in Gangweon Province, to the east of Seoul. Danjong, the sixth king (1452-1455) of Joseon, was killed here at the age of sixteen(1457). Yielding his throne to his uncle Prince Suyang in 1455, he had been in exile here degraded as Prince Nosan.

179) Sin (1407-1459), whose literary name was Yeonbingdang, was favored by Sejong, the Great, and worked in the House of Sages, compiling The Chronicles of King Sejong, etc. Literary Works of Yeonbingdang.

180) Jeong (?-1476), pennamed Oroje, passed the state examination in military part in the reign of Sejong the Great. He achieved meritorious deeds when Yi Jingok revolted in 1453 and Yi Siae in 1467. Oro means ‘aged reading.' Je is a house.

181) Jang Su was one of the two inspectors in the Board of Inspection during the reign of Sejong the Great.

182) The first king of Silla, who reigned from 57 B.C. to 4 A.D.

183) Kim Jongseo (1390-1453) was the most powerful nobleman in the court of King Sejong. But in spite of his valor as a soldier and wisdom as a civilian, he and his son were killed by Prince Suyang, who was uncle to the present king Danjong, and who aimed at the throne. He left two sijos and Invincible Military Strategies.

184) King Danjong (1441-1457) was the most tragical king of Joseon. He succeeded to the throne in 1452 at the age of thirteen. In 1455 his uncle Suyang dethroned and exiled him to Yeongweol in Gangweondo, near Gangneung, where he was killed.

185) Seong (1418-1456) was one of the six subjects executed for opposing the dethronement of King Danjong by his uncle, Prince Suyang, later King Sejo, and were put to death. Seong's literary name was Maejukheon, meaning House of Plums and Bamboos. He was an upright scholar in the reign of Sejong the Great, was one of the leading members of the Congregation of the Sages, and worked on the creation of the Korean alphabet, Hangeul.

186) Hamgildo was the northern frontier province of Joseon along the Yalu.

187) Yu (?-1456) was a civil and militant courtier, and one of the six subjects executed by King Sejo, for they tried to restore King Danjong's throne usurped by Sejo, the king's uncle.

188) Nam (1454-1492), whose literary name was Chugang, the Autumn River was one of the Six Unexecuted Subjects. He advised King Sejo to restore the tomb of Queen Hyeondeok, mother of the late King Danjong. Failing in his attempt, he wandered all over the country, and finished his life. Stories of the Six Subjects, Collected Works of Chugang, On Demons, and others.

189) Jo's dates of birth and death are not known. He was offered a high post in the royal cabinet by King Sejo after the usurpation, but resigned. He made an epitaph of his own to show he was not a subject of the king, "Here lies the one who served the king as scholar while Prince Nosan reigned." Nosan is king Danjong's title after he was deposed. Now nothing of his writings exists: he burned up all of his works at his death.

190) According to legend, when an ancient Chinese emperor of Shu died, his soul was transformed into this bird. The bird in this legend reminds us of the nightingale in Greek mythology. Shu was the farthest western part of China, now Sichuan Province.

191) Kim (1410-1481) started the official career in the reign of Sejong the Great, and was loved by King Sejo, and served King Seongjong as a high official. His literary name was Sigu. He was an eminent scholar of the day. Translations: the Buddhist Scriptures, and Instructions of a Ming Emperor. Collected Works of Sigu.

192) 죽지가는 향토의 자연, 풍습, 인정을 읊은 노래

193) Yi (1427-1465) compiled with Sung Sam-Moon and other scholars such books as the Chronicle of the Nation, A Governor's Handbook, A Medical Encyclopaedia, etc. He was Minister of Laws and Punishment.

194) Nam (1441-1468) ranked first in the state examination for military officers in the reign of Sejong the Great when he was 17, and became Minister of Military Affairs at the age of 27. One official envied his fast promotion. He was falsely accused of rebellion, and killed in 1468, in the reign of King Yejong.

195) Mt. Baekdu is the highest mountain in the north of Korea. The Duman has its fountainhead in it.

196) Seong Gan (1427-1456), pennamed Jiniljae, was Doctor of the House of Sages. He was greatly talented as poet and calligrapher, but he died young. He left a miscellany, Collected Works of Jiniljae.

197) Ryu (1388-1443), whose literary name was Taejae, was taught by such great scholars as Kweon Keun and Byeonn Gyeryang. He was involved in a rebellion case and was exiled to a remote village in the south. King Sejong favored him for his learning in state affairs and economics. Collected Works of Taejae.

198) Hong (1643-1725) was a literary critic who wrote critical essays on the values of literature and criticized the songs of Jeong Cheol in his Sunoji. Besides this he wrote or compiled many books of literature.

http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kyoon/sijo.htm