방통대-무역영어(valediction)

[hotlip]

방통대-무역영어(valediction)

<valediction>

16C말 사생활의 보호받기 시작했다. 처음으로 인간은 자신의 정체성의 문제와 마주치었다.

앞선 세대들은 개인적인 신앙과 명예에 관심이 더 많았다. 이들은 그들의 생활이 교회와 봉건질서의 지배를 받았다는 사실을 반증하는 것이지만, 신흥 부르지아는 신앙과 명예보다는 진실성의 문제에 더 관심을 기울이기 시작했다.

지금도 습관적으로 쓰는 “Yours sincerely"라는 문구를 편지의 마지막에 덧붙이기 시작한 것도 이 시기였다. ‘진실하다 sincere'는 말은 원래 ’정결하다‘ ’순수하다, ‘더럽히지 않았다.’

는 뜻으로 사용되었다. 와인에도 ‘순수하다 sincere'는 표현을 썼다. 사람에게 쓰이면서 ’진실하다'는 용어는 ‘순수하고 독이 있다’는 의미를 갖게 되었다. 16C에는 이 말은 진실과 허위를 대비시키기 위해 사용하였다. -공감의 시대- Jermey Rifkin

In 1928 H. W. Fowler listed these phrases and their uses:

Yours faithfully (to unknown person on business)

Yours truly (to slight acquaintance)

Yours very truly (ceremonious but cordial)

Yours sincerely (in invitations and friendly but not intimate letters)

Yours sincerely or faithfully

In British English, valedictions have largely been replaced by the use of "Yours sincerely" or "Yours faithfully", a shorter form of the archaic "I am yours sincerely". "Yours sincerely" is typically employed in British English when the recipient is addressed by name and is known to the sender to some degree, whereas "Yours faithfully" is used when the recipient is not addressed by name (i.e. the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam").[5] One way to remember this is the saying "S and S never go together" (for Sir and Sincerely respectively) or remembering "Sir Faithful". When the recipient's name is known, but not previously met or spoken with, some people prefer the use of the more distant Yours faithfully, at the risk of annoying the recipient.

In the American English, "Sincerely yours" or "Sincerely" is commonly used in formal correspondence. "Faithfully yours" is rare. Other formulas such as "Best wishes" and "Best regards" (see below) are also common in formal correspondence. In contrast to British English (see above) there is no special convention for combining these with any particular salutation.

Yours truly,

Yours truly can carry either or both of two connotations: as a valediction, and by implication, as an informal reference by a person to themselves – "the speaker".

"Yours truly" is also used in professional correspondence when writing to a client by his name, but signing the letter in the name of the firm where neither "Yours faithfully" or "Yours sincerely" would be appropriate e.g. Dear Mr. Brown ................Yours truly, Smith & Jones

As valediction

Commonly appearing in the US as "Yours truly," or "Yours very truly," use in the UK was an indication that the signatory was of a higher status than the recipient. Since this could be regarded as offensive, and since most valedictions are designed to show respect to the recipient, or at the very least courtesy, it was rarely used and has now become entirely obsolete.

As self-reference

"Yours truly made the cake" – a more prudish way to say "I made the cake".

"If yours truly hadn't been sick that day..."

In this manner, one may sarcastically refer to a third person present in the conversation:

"Everything was going fine before yours truly, here, showed up..."

Yours aye

"Yours aye" is a Scottish expression‎[6] meaning "yours always"

Yours hopefully

"Yours hopefully" is occasionally used in letters of respect or complaint.[citation needed]

Yours, etc.

Used historically for abbreviated endings. Can be found in older newspaper letters to the editor, and often in US legal correspondence. "&c." may be seen instead of "etc." (see et cetera).

In Jane Austen books, some letters are signed Yours, etc. or Yours Sincerely, etc.

Regards, kind regards, best regards

Increasingly common in business usage, "Regards," "Kind regards" and especially "Best Regards" are often used as a semi-formal valediction in emails. In informal usage, "Best Regards" and "Kind Regards" are often abbreviated to "BR" or "KR". The use of "Kind Regards" is most likely derived from the more formal, "Kindest Regards," which is itself a phrase derived from the even more formal combination of "Kindest Regards, I remain,""yours" or "truly yours" or any one of a number of valedictions in common usage.[citation needed]

Miscellaneous

Other less formal expressions exist, often some variant of Best wishes such as All my best or, simply, Best. For family members or intimates, an expression‎ such as Your friend, Your loving son or (in the case of lovers) Your Albert may be used; or the name may simply be preceded with All my love or Love.

Less commonly, other adverbs or adverbial phrases may be used, in keeping with the tone of the letter, such as In solidarity or Fraternally. Christian clergy often use Yours in Christ, Sincerely in Christ, or Yours sincerely in Christ.

Within the United States military services, two complimentary closings are standard. Respectfully is used by a senior addressing a service member of lower rank. Very Respectfully or Respectfully Submitted are used by a junior addressing a service member of higher rank. The closing Very Respectfully may be abbreviated "V/R" in brief emails and short notes (or, similarly, "R/S" for Respectfully Submitted), but these closings are always written out in formal correspondence. http://www.tpub.com/content/administration/12966/css/12966_149.htm

Valedictions in e-mail

Valedictions in formal e-mail are similar to valedictions in letters: on the whole, they are variations of "regards" and "yours".[7][8] However, a wide range of popular valedictions are used in casual e-mail but very rarely in letters. These include:

Cheers

Thanks

Keep in touch

Take care

Warmly

Love

N/R

Best

Peace

All the best

GLHF (meaning: good luck, have fun)

Be well

E-mail messages, especially those used for very brief communication, are commonly signed off without valedictions, these being replaced by automatically appended signature texts. Some are not signed at all, since a sender's name is usually provided in the message headers.