고대 이집트 - 아툼과 오시리스

[사랑 은총 평화]

 

[아툼과 오시리스] Atum and Osiris
Dynasty 19, 기원전 1279 - 1212년
Wall painting from the tomb of Nefertari(Wife of Ramesses II)
Valley of the Queens, near Dier el-Bahri, Egypt

Atum

Double Crown을 쓴 최초의 인간 형상의 신.
Atum 의 뜻은 완벽한 자, 완전한 자

이집트 인들은 태초의 Nun 이라는 혼돈의 바다 에서 Atum이 홀연히 나타 나 Shu와 Tefnut을 만들어 낸다. 따라서 Atum은 양성(양성)의 신이고 "The Great He- She" 라고도 불린다.
이 신은 당초에는 대지의 신이었으나 후에 태양 신 Ra 와 연결되고 태양 중에서도 지는 해를 의미하여 Osiris 와도 연결 된다.

Osiris

대기의 여신 Nut과 대지의 신 Geb 사이에서 Osiris와 Seth의 형제 그리고 Isis 와 Nepthys의 자매가 태어 난다. Isis는 세상을 지배하는 왕이 된 Osiris의 아내가 되고 Seth는 Osiris의 권력을 탐내 Osiris를 죽여 토막낸 시신을 나일강에 버린다. Isis는 Nepthys의 도움을 받아 시신 조각을 찾아내고 Osiris를 살려 내지만 Osiris는 현세의 왕이 아닌 사후세계의 왕으로 죽은 자를 심판하는 신이 된다.

Osiris는 회색의 천으로 감싼 옷에 흰 왕관과 타조의 깃을 양쪽에 단 왕관을 쓰고 양 손에 Frail 과 Crook를 든 모습으로 표현된다. 죽은자의 신이며 부활의 신이기도 한 Osiris는 그래서 회색의 천으로 감싼 미이라의 옷을 입고 있다.

죽음과 부활의 순환은 창조의 의미를 부여하여 식물을 풍요롭게 하는 농업의 신으로도 추앙되었다

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Atum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about Atum, the Egyptian deity. For the Yu-Gi-Oh character, see Yugi Mutou.

Atum (alternatively spelled Tem, Temu, Tum, and Atem) is an import!!ant deity in Egyptian mythology, whose cult centred on the city of Heliopolis. His name is thought to be derived from the word 'tem' which means to complete or finish. Thus he has been interpreted as being the 'complete one' and also the finisher of the world, which he returns to watery chaos at the end of the creative cycle. As creator he was seen as the underlying substance of the world, the gods and all things being made of his flesh or alternatively being his kas.

Atum is one of the most import!!ant and frequently mentioned gods from earliest times, as evidenced by his prominence in the Pyramid Texts, where he is portrayed as both creator god and father to the king. He is usually depicted as a man wearing either the royal head-cloth or the dual white and red crown of Upper Egypt, and Lower Egypt, reinforcing his connection with kingship. He is also sometimes shown as a serpent, the form which he returns to at the end of the creative cycle and also occasionally as a mongoose, lion, bull, lizard or ape.

Atum
in hieroglyphs

In the Heliopolitan Ennead cosmogony, he was considered to be the first god, having created himself, sitting on a mound (benben) (or identified with the mound itself), from the primordial waters (Nu). Early myths state that Atum created the god Shu and goddess Tefnut from his semen by masturbation in the city of Annu (the Egyptian name for Heliopolis)^[1], a belief strongly associated with Atum's nature as an hermaphrodite (hence his name meaning completeness). Strictly, the myth states that Atum ejaculated his Semen into his mouth, impregnating himself, possibly indicating autofellatio, which has lead many to misinterpret (euphemistically) the myth as indicating creation from mucus.

Later belief held that Shu and Tefnut were created by Atum having sex with his shadow, which was referred to as Iusaaset (also spelt Juesaes, Ausaas, Iusas, and Jusas, and in Greek as Saosis), meaning (the) great (one who) comes forth. Consequently, Iusaaset was seen as the mother and grandmother of the gods. The strength, hardiness, medical properties, and edibility, lead the acacia tree to be considered the tree of life, and thus the oldest, which was situated close to, and north of, Heliopolis, was said to be the birthplace of the gods. Thus, as the mother, and grandmother, of the gods, Iusaaset was said to own this tree.

In the Old Kingdom the Egyptians believed that Atum lifted the dead king's soul from his pyramid to the starry heavens.^[2]. By the time of the New Kingdom, the Atum mythos, merged with that of Ra, who was also the creator and a solar deity, their two identities were joined into Atum-Ra. But as Ra was the whole sun, and Atum became to be seen as the sun when it sets (depicted as an old man leaning on his staff), while Khepera was seen as the sun when it was rising.

Osiris

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Typical depiction of Osiris

Osiris
in hieroglyphs

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Osiris (Greek language, also Usiris; the Egyptian language name is variously transliterated Asar, Aser, Ausar, Wesir, or Ausare) is the Egyptian god of life, death, and fertility. He is one of the oldest Gods for whom records have survived and first appears in the pyramid texts around 2400 BC, when his cult is already well established. He was widely worshipped until the forceable suppression of paganism in the Christian era.^[1][2] Osiris was not only the redeemer and merciful judge of the dead in the afterlife, but also the underworld agency that granted all life, including sprouting vegetation and the fertile flooding of the Nile River. The Kings of Egypt were associated with Osiris in death such that as Osiris rose from the dead so would they, in union with him, inherit eternal life through a process of imitative magic. By the New Kingdom all men, not just pharaohs, were believed to be associated with Osiris at death if they incurred the costs of the assimilation rituals.^[3]

Osiris is the oldest son of the Earth god, Geb, and the sky goddess, Nut as well as being brother and husband of Isis, with Horus being considered his posthumously begotten son. He is usually depicted as a green-skinned pharaoh wearing the Atef crown, a form of the white crown of upper Egypt with a plume of feathers to either side. Typically he is also depicted holding the crook and flail which signify divine authority in Egyptian kings, but which were originally unique to Osiris and his own origin-gods (see below), and his feet and lower body are wrapped, as though already partly mummified. The information we have on the myths of Osiris is derived from allusions contained in the pyramid texts, and, much later, in narrative style from the writings of Plutarch^[4] and Diodorus Siculus.^[5]