|
심미적 참신함을
기대하며 ~
영어 이야기 2061
novelty
|nɑːvlti
참신함,
색다른
왼쪽 귀가 가려우면 욕하는 것이며
오른 쪽 귀가 가려우면 누군가 칭찬하는 것이다
If your left ear is itching or burning, someone is speaking evil of you, they say.
But if the right ear is burning or itching, it’s a sign someone is speaking well of you."
또 다른 미신은
News or NOVELTY : When you feel a strong craving, your ears are itch.
새로운 뉴스나 진기한 것을 강력히 바랄 때
귀가 가렵다고 한다."는 것이 서양 사람 (특히 영어권)의 미신이다.
novelty 는 고대 프랑스어 novelete 이 그 뿌리인데
'새로움' 또는 '변화'라는 뜻이다.
novely 의 뿌리가 변화라는 것을 보면서
Charles Darwin 의 명언이 생각났다.
It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent,
but the one most responsive to change.
살아남은 종(種)의 최고의 강함도 아니고 가장 지능이 강한 것도 아니지만
변화에 가장 빠륵게 반응하는 것이다.
요즈음 젊은이들은 '젊은 피'라고 추켜 세우지만
새롭게 변화할 능력이나 마음이 없으면
젊음의 자격을 상실하는 것이다.
Most of us are fond of NOVELTY.
우리들의 대부분은 참심함을 애호한다.
구체적으로 설명하면 ~
Those who are high in openness to experience just crave NOVELTY, diversity, new ideas or travel
can keep young
참신함, 다양함, 새로운 아이디어 또는 여행등에 대한
경험에 확트인 사람들은 젊음을 유지할 수 있다.
그러나 불행하게 그 참신함이 어떤 방향으로 가야 하는지
잘 모르는 사람들이 많다.
NOVELTY a lot of people want to get is not an aesthetic concern but that of commerce,
많은 사람들이 얻기를 원하는 참신함이 심미적이지 않고
상업인 관심이라는 것이다
상업적이든 심미적이든 상관없이 ~
People are naturally curious and like to buy NOVELTIES,
especially when they are financially accessible.
사람들은 새로운 것에 자연적 호기심을 갖고
그런 것들을 산다.
특히 재정적 가능성이 있을 때
그러나 ~
After a few days, however, the NOVEL'TY fades and wears off.
며칠 지나면 신섬함은 시들고 사라진다.
I hope your NOVELTY standard is higher than usual.
나는 당신의 참신의 기준이 평소보다 더 높기를 희망한다
News or Novelty" When you feel a strong craving, your ears are said to itch.
Most of us are fond of NOVELTY
After a few hours, however, the NOVEL'TY wears off.
Seeing people queuing for food was a novelty.
The novelty of the opinion is also alluded to.
언급하다
People are naturally curious and like to buy novelties, especially when they are financially accessible.
To be called beautiful was a novelty in his experience.
Novelty is a concept of commerce, not an aesthetic concept.
미적 개념
It turns out it's because the novelty standard is too low.
Since her novelty on men standard was too low.
Since her novelty on man's standard was too low.
People who are high in openness to experience just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.
People who are high in openness to experience just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.
They are novel, but we are willing to try novelties.
People are naturally curious and like to buy novelties, especially when they are financially accessible.
접근 가능한
I am simply offering a political judgement with prejudice but without great novelty or sagacity. I am simply offering a political judgement of no great novelty or sagacity.
The premise of replicability is that the scientific community can correct for these flaws.
전제
To be called beautiful was a novelty in his experience.
But of course the novelty faded, and numbers began to decline.
Replicability is a subtle and nuanced topic, especially
when discussed broadly across scientific and engineering research.
replicabilityLlewellyn E. van Zyl Ph.D.
HappyBytes
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Is Positive Psychology Science or Snake Oil?
Exploring the controversies and criticisms
of positive psychology.
Posted July 6, 2023
Reviewed by Devon Frye
KEY POINTS
Critics raise concerns about the theories, frameworks, methods and interventions driving positive psychology.
Positive psychology employs some poor measurement instruments and flawed research designs.
Skepticism about its empirical evidence and replicability highlights the need for increased scientific rigor.
Positive psychology is a Western-centric, neo-liberal ideology that can, at times, cause harm.
Positive psychology is a field within psychology that aims to uncover the secrets of human flourishing and well-being.
It focuses on promoting happiness, resilience, and optimal functioning, and has gained widespread popularity in practice.
However, like any discipline, it has its critics who have questioned various aspects of positive psychology ranging from its novelty, to the validity of the theories, tools, and interventions on which it is built.
novelty (n.)
late 14c., novelte, "quality of being new," also "a new manner or fashion, an innovation; something new or unusual," from Old French novelete "newness, innovation, change; news, new fashion" (Modern French nouveauté), from novel "new" (see novel (adj.)). Meaning "newness" is attested from late 14c.; sense of "useless but decorative or amusing object" is attested by 1888 (as in novelty shop, by 1893). An earlier word was novelry (c. 1300).
also from late 14c.
1520s, "that may be replied to" (a sense now obsolete), from stem of Latin replicare (see reply (v.)) + -able. Scientific meaning "that may be duplicated, that may be repeated experimentally" is from 1953, from replicate (v.). Related: Replicability.
also from 1520sreplicate (v.)
early 15c. (Chauliac), replicaten, "repeat," from Late Latin replicatus, past participle of replicare "to reply, repeat," in classical Latin "fold back, fold over, bend back," from re- "back, again" (see re-) + plicare "to fold" (from PIE root *plek- "to plait").
Meaning "to copy, reproduce, make a replica of" is from 1882, a back-formation from replication. The scientific sense of "repeat (an experiment) and get a consistent result" is by 1923. Genetic sense is recorded from 1957. Related: Replicated; replicating; replicative.
late 14c., replien, "respond verbally, make an answer; make opposition, retaliate," from Old French replier "to reply, turn back," from Late Latin replicare "to reply, repeat," in classical Latin "fold back, fold over, bend back," from re- "back, again" (see re-) + plicare "to fold" (from PIE root *plek- "to plait").
The classical literal sense of "to fold back, turn or fold (something) back" is attested from early 15c. in English but is not now used. Modern French répliquer is formed directly from the Latin verb and used in the sense of "to replicate," also "to reply," while replier, reploier is for the literal senses "to fold, fold up, curl up." Related: Replied; replying.
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A recent systematic literature review on the criticisms of positive psychology, co-authored by myself and Gaffaney, Van Der Vaart, Dik, and Donaldson (2023), revealed that critics thought positive psychology:
lacked proper theorizing and conceptual thinking
was problematic as far as measurement and methodologies were concerned
was seen as a pseudoscience that lacked evidence and had poor replication
lacked novelty and self-isolated from mainstream psychology
was a
decontextualized
neo-liberal ideology that caused harm
was a capitalistic venture
In this article, I will delve into these concerns and discuss the path forward toward a more inclusive, ethical, and scientifically sound discipline.
Llewellyn E. van Zyl
Summary of the Main Criticisms and Critiques of Positive PsychologySource: Llewellyn E. van Zyl
1. Lacks proper theorizing and conceptual thinking.
Critics argue that positive psychology lacks a unifying theory that underpins its philosophy of science. They claim that it fails to provide a clear set of ideas and principles on how positive psychological phenomena should be understood and approached. In reality, positive psychologists have actively debated the philosophical beliefs driving the discipline to establish a consensus as to the most suitable methods, terminologies, and types of theories required to take the field forward.
Recent contributions by researchers such as Ciarrochi, Wissing, Lomas, Seligman, and others have aimed to clarify the philosophical position of positive psychology and provide explicit criteria for theory development, methods, and approaches. They emphasize the need for contextually relevant theories, cultural and linguistic approaches, qualitative and mixed-method methodologies, and advanced computational analysis. Positive psychology should also embrace alternative perspectives to enhance its understanding of positive psychological phenomena. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of embedding theories and methods within the meta-assumptions of positive psychology in order to clarify its view of human nature and positive psychological phenomena.
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Despite the progress, there are indeed still areas that require further clarification, including its meta-theoretical assumptions, and the development of a comprehensive theory of human development. Positive psychology should also embrace alternative perspectives, such as postpositivism and constructive interpretivism, to enhance its understanding of positive psychological phenomena. Moreover, the field should focus on ethical decision-making models and refrain from sensationalism.
By learning from other areas of psychology, positive psychology can adopt a multi-level interdisciplinary approach that appreciates diverse perspectives and encourages collaboration with adjacent fields. This approach allows for a more holistic understanding of human flourishing and acknowledges that explaining a phenomenon at one level does not exclude other levels. While complete consensus on all philosophical issues may be unrealistic, critics should recognize that fields like personality psychology operate with different theoretical perspectives and still contribute valuable insights through ideological pluralism and building upon each other’s findings and limitations.
THE BASICS
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2. Poor measurements and research methodologies.
Critics argue that positive psychology shows poor operationalization and measurement of its constructs, uses flawed methods, and over-relies on empirical research. They critiqued its heavy reliance on quantitative research and the use of self-report measures, its preference for cross-sectional designs, and making causal inferences based on anecdotal evidence.
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However, these issues are not unique to positive psychology but are prevalent in psychology as a whole. As a relatively new field, positive psychology has followed common research practices in its early stages, using simple methodologies and measures to explore novel phenomena.
To address these concerns, positive psychology should strive for more rigorous development and validation of measurement instruments that adhere to established guidelines. Researchers should critically evaluate new constructs and assessment measures while considering cross-cultural fairness.
Additionally, positive psychology should embrace more innovative and objective assessment methods and utilize longitudinal, experimental, qualitative, and mixed-method approaches. By moving away from reductionist thinking and engaging in more phenomenological work, positive psychology can deepen its understanding of psychological experiences.
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3. Perceived as a pseudoscience lacking evidence and replicability.
Critics argue that positive psychology makes false claims (e.g. developing positive states extends the longevity of cancer patients, exaggerates findings (e.g. a happy worker will always be a productive worker), and lacks replication of important studies (e.g. the effectiveness of the three good things intervention can not be replicated). While these critiques point to valid concerns, labeling positive psychology as a pseudoscience is an exaggeration. While there are inconsistencies in the terminologies and theories, positive psychological constructs are generally well-defined and testable.
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It is true, however, that the discipline faces challenges regarding self-correction, confirmation bias, exaggerated claims, and poor replication. Positive psychology should foster a culture of self-correction, open debate, and transparency to strengthen its scientific standing. Embracing open science practices, pre-registration of studies, and open peer review processes will enhance its credibility and mitigate biases, reinforcing scientific integrity.
Positive psychological journals should also invite reviewers from different fields as a means to be more open to scrutiny. This allows for open debate about issues but also provides an opportunity to learn and grow through different perspectives.
4. Lacks novelty and self-isolation from mainstream psychology.
Critics argue that positive psychology isolates itself from mainstream psychology, perpetuating a divide between the study of positive and negative aspects of human experience. However, the discipline builds upon historical contributions from other approaches (e.g. existentialism and the person-centered approach) and emphasizes the need for further development. Recent developments, such as Paul Wong’s work on the importance of suffering as a prerequisite for well-being/meaning, demonstrate a greater recognition of the value of “the negative” and thus shows a better alignment with mainstream psychology.
Challenges remain, such as the lack of clarity on the relationship between humanistic and positive psychology and the need to incorporate insights from other psychological approaches and domains. Positive psychology can benefit from integrating concepts from other domains, such as systems sciences, depth psychology, and advancements in neuroscience, decision sciences, environmental studies, etc. By addressing these challenges and embracing interdisciplinary perspectives, positive psychology can continue to advance our understanding of the human condition.
5. Seen as a decontextualized neoliberal ideology that causes harm.
Positive psychology was classified as a Western-centric, neo-liberal ideology where optimal functioning and human flourishing are seen as an individual enterprise and a consequence of one’s own life choices. Critics argue that it neglects the role of the context/environment in its understanding of positive phenomena, which in turn causes harm.
By assuming Western values as universal, positive psychology neglects indigenous knowledge, cultural perspectives, and social contexts in its explanations of positive phenomena, ultimately pathologizing normal human behavior, perpetuating stereotypes, and marginalizing certain groups. The lack of cultural sensitivity and applicability to non-Western cultures reinforces stigma and creates unrealistic expectations about mental health and well-being.
Positive psychology should adopt a more culturally relevant and cross-cultural approach to address these concerns. This includes incorporating indigenous perspectives, conducting cross-cultural studies, and developing holistic indigenous positive psychological theories, methods, and interventions. It is crucial to consider the unique experiences of marginalized groups and involve them as co-developers of theories and approaches through participatory action research.
Furthermore, positive psychology must establish ethical research and intervention guidelines to mitigate potential harm. By embracing these recommendations, positive psychology can evolve into a more inclusive and culturally sensitive field that better serves diverse populations.
6. Perceived as a capitalistic venture.
Critics contend that the commercialization of positive psychology fosters unrealistic expectations and capitalizes on people's “chronic unhappiness.” While commercialization exists, it is important to consider the underlying intent. Rather than labeling something as inherently good or evil, it is the intent driving such and the societal implications that determine their impact.
The popularity and commercial drivers behind positive psychological tools and techniques demonstrate their practical value and usefulness. Further, access to positive psychological resources is not limited to commercial ventures, as non-profit organizations and academic institutions also offer free access. However, positive psychology can narrow the supply and demand gap by fostering closer collaboration between science and practitioners and making more tools and techniques available to the public.
Conclusion
Although not all these criticisms and critiques are unique to positive psychology, they do provide a platform for self-reflection and improvement, allowing us to shape positive psychology into a discipline that meets the highest standards of scientific integrity and societal relevance. By heeding and actively engaging with these critiques, positive psychology can truly unlock the secrets of human flourishing and contribute to a more thriving and inclusive world.
References