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Adjectives

Adj Clauses

Adverbs

Agreement

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Conditionals

Confusing Words

Connectors

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Gerunds

Infinitives

Modals

Noun Clauses

Passive

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Present Tense

Punctuation

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Grammar-Quizzes contrasts points of grammar and provides examples, explanations, practices and interactive quizzes for adjectives, verbs, prepositions, clauses, phrases, expressions and much more!  This site, improved for faster loading and better accessibility, is available to instructors and their students without charge and is supported by Google Ads.  Please let me know if you find a page error.  Contact Info   Keyboard Options   Grammar-Quizzes Friends (Google Friends Connect )  GQ Cards   Last updated  07 Nov 2010

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Index

Adjective Modifiers

Adjective Summary	Adjective Summary: an index of summary content of adjective and modifier practices
Adj-Diagnostic	Adjective Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Adjective Order	Adjective Order: putting modifiers in natural sounding word order; a big, new, shiny, red wagon
Number Modifiers	Number Modifiers: using numbers as adjectives; a five-course meal, a six-step ladder
Noun Modifiers	Noun Modifiers: using nouns as adjectives; four-wheel drive
Modifiers to Adj	Modifiers to adjectives: quantities and adverbs: two feet high / tall / long; color modifiers: moss green, emerald green
Comparisons	Making comparisons: describing similarities and differences; the same, alike, unlike, different from, similar to
Same / As ... as	Same…as / As…as: comparing the similarity of two items; the same (noun) as, as (adj / adv) as
More / -er...than	More than / -er than: comparing the quality of two items or the manner of two actions:  more, less, -er ,than
Most / -est	Most / -est:  indicating the unique quality of an item in a group or unique manner of an action; most, least, -est, of all, ever
Much / More	Much / More: increasing the amount of something; much, more, too, many more and much more
Fewer / Less	Fewer / Less: decreasing the amount of something; fewer, less, count, non count nouns
A-Nationality	Nationality Names (Demonyms): referring to a person from a country (nouns and adjectives)
Part Adj 1 -ed / -ing	Participial Adjectives 1: agent vs. receiver;  amused vs. amusing; -ed vs. -ing endings
Part Adj 2 -ed / -ing	Participial Adjectives 2: ongoing vs. completed; a roasting  vs. roasted chicken; -ed vs. -ing endings
Participial Adj Quiz	Participial Adjective Quiz: auto-correcting quiz; surprised vs. surprising, aged vs. aging

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Clauses	Adjective Clause Summary: an index of summary content of adjective clause (relative clauses, modifying clause) practices
Adjcl-Diagnostic	Adjective Clause Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
That	That: adding a descriptive clause for an inanimate noun ; that
Who-whom	Who & Whom: adding a descriptive clause for an animate noun
Whose	Whose: adding descriptive information for possessive nouns: whose
Of which / With	Of Which / With: adding possessive clauses (inanimate):  of which, with, that, whose
When-Where	When / Where: adding descriptive information for time or place: when, where and in/on/at which
Wh-ever	Wh-ever: using an indefinite pronoun to add a modifying clause: whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, however
All of which	All of Which: using a quantity phrase to add a modifying clause:  all of which / some of whom
That / Which	That vs. Which: adding a modifying clause to identify which noun; restrictive vs. non-restrictive; that, which
Some or All	Some or All: restrictive vs. nonrestrictive clauses; using commas
Which-clause	Which Clauses: using which to modify an entire clause; which (all of the preceding clause) vs. that (preceding noun)
Phrases [be]	That + [be] Deletion: removing wordiness from descriptive clauses: [who is] living
Particpl Phrases	Present Participial Phrases: Removing wordiness from descriptive clauses: [who lives] living
Adj Clause Qz	Adjective clause quiz: modifying clauses for possessives and quantifiers: whose, some of whose
Related pages
Particpl Phrases1	Participial Phrases 1: reducing clauses to modifying phrases: was located / located
Particpl Phrases2	Participial Phrases 2: reducing clauses to modifying phrases: served as / serving as
Ch 13 Adj Clauses	Review of chapter 13 in Azar v.3 "Understanding and Using English Grammar"

Adverbs

Adverb summary	Adverb Summary: an index of summary content of adverb practices
Adv-Diagnostic	Adverb Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Adv Uses	Adverb Uses: modifiers to other words; words modified by adverbs and word order
Adv for Manner1	Adverbs for Manner: telling how something is done: uses, word forms, spellings, adverb list, exceptions
Adv for Manner2	Adverbs for Manner: telling how something is done: placement within a sentence, word order, sentence adverbs
Adv for Time	Adverbs for Time: telling when an action happens: aspects of time; present, past, future, present perfect, progressive; next week
Adv Frequency	Adverbs Frequency: telling how often an action happens: usually, often, frequently, occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, never
Adv for Place	Adverbs for Place: expressing movement in a particular direction: out, out of, outside, behind, back, backward, etc.
Adv for Degree	Adverbs of degree:  intensifiers, modifying verbs, adverbs and adjectives: rather, extremely, totally; so, such, too, very, enough
Splitting verbs	Splitting Verbs: deciding on adverb placement; word order options, variations based of adverb type
After / Before	After / Before: adverbs used in mixed time frames - before, after, as soon as, when, while, as
By the time	By the Time: comparing relative events; future perfect: by the time
When / While	When / While: Introducing clauses of same-time activity: when, while
Adverb phrases	Adverb Phrases: shortening clauses to modifying phrases: when, while, before, after
Because phrases	Because Phrases: shortening because-clauses : same-time, earlier time
Adv Related Pages

Agreement

Agreement Summary	Agreement Summary: an index to summary content of sentence agreement practices
Agr-Diagnostic	Agreement Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
RegPluralNouns	Regular Plural Nouns: plural noun markers ending in -S: -s, -es, -ies, -ves
IrregPluralNouns	Irregular Plural Nouns: plural noun markers with other endings: -ee-, -en, -oes, -a, -ae, -ices, -i; varieties: fish vs. fishes
Irreg Plural Noun Practice	Irregular Plural Noun Practice: with irregular plural suffixes; -i, oes, -a, -es, -ves
IrregAgreement	Irregular Agreement: recognizing unusual singular or plural forms– exceptions; irregular agreement: English is vs. the English are
Final -S Prac	Final -S Practice: editing nouns and verbs for final -S / -ES; Final S sounds  Listening for final -s  [s] / [z] in words (audio)
3rd Person Agreement	3rd Person Agreement: agreement spelling patterns, irregular forms, checking verbs for agreement: third-person, final -s
Count and Non-count	Count/ Noncount: referring to mass nouns or units:  money vs. dollars, coins, cents  (the, this, that, these, those)
Group Nouns	Group Nouns: referring to items collectively:  equipment – computers; candy – candy bars
NonCnt/Cnt Prac 1	Count-Noncount Noun Practice 1: sentences with group (mass) nouns vs. items in the group: jewelry vs. rings
NonCnt/Cnt Prac 2	Count-Noncount Noun Practice 2: paragraph : lessons – homework; messages – communication
Quantity Phrases	Quantity Phrases: indicating how much or how many: some of, all of, the/a number of, none, neither...nor
Some / Any	Some / Any: indicating an indefinite quantity or number: some, any
Much-Many	Much/ Many: indicating quantity for count and noncount nouns much, many, so much, so many, much more, many more
Little / Few	Little / Few: indicating an insufficient amount: little, a little, few, a few
Quantifiers for Food	Food Quantifiers: referring to specific amounts:  slice, cup, stick, bottle, spoonful ; pig - pork; calf–veal
Complex Agreement	Complex Agreement: agreement in sentences with clauses and phrases; The monkey under the bananas is hiding.
ThereAgreement	There Agreement: using singular-plural agreement with there
Pronouns	Pronouns: using a pronoun to refer to a noun : he, she, we, they — him, her, us, them
Indefinite Pronouns	Indefinite pronouns: using agreement with possessive pronouns: everyone has his / their hat; gender neutral phrasing
Reflexive Pronouns	Reflexive pronouns: referring to oneself; referring to all or part: myself, yourself, himself, herself, oneself, itself, ourselves
Possessive Nouns	Possessive Pronouns:  indicating possession for people or groups: girl's vs. girls'
PossessivePronouns	Possessive Pronouns: indicating ownership: his, hers, ours, theirs; generalizations: one-one's, you-your (impersonal) , they-their
Common Mistakes	Common Mistakes: top 20 agreement errors: Everyone is;  two percent is; two-thirds of the book(s) is/are
Gender Agrmnt	Gender Neutral Agreement: using pronouns that include persons of both male and female genders: Everyone has his vs. their hat.
Sentence Edit	Sentence Edit: editing for articles, pronouns and singular-plural agreement
Paragraph Edit	Paragraph Editing: using agreement within an essay
Agr in Context	Agreement in Context: Identifying subject-verb agreement
Ch 6-8 Agreement	Chapter Review: singular – plural agreement  – Azar - Chapters 6, 7, 8  box-by-box review

Articles

Article Summary	Article Summary: an index to summary content of article practices
Art-Diagnostic	Articles Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
A-unspecific	A – Unspecific: referring to one as an example of all
A-specific	A – Specific: referring to one in particular
All/ The-class	All / The – class: Making generalizations about the group
The class/ A-unspec	The – Class / A – Unspecific: stating quality, characteristics and behavior; the lion vs. a lion
All / The-Specfic	All / The – Specific: referring to all vs. a specific, identified one; People (all)/ The people (specific)
The-Earlier Mention	The – Earlier Mention:  referring to an already known noun
The-Included Parts	The – Included Parts: in a city: the fire department, the doctor, the police department
The-Later Mention	The –Later Mention:  identified by information after the noun
The-SharedKnowl	The - Shared Knowledge: a noun identified by other means-uniqueness, name, or shared knowledge
A-Nationality	A - Nationality Names (Demonyms): referring to a person from a country (nouns and adjectives)
Landmarks	The – Landmarks: The Statue of Liberty, The Golden Gate Bridge
Geography	The – Geographical Features: The San Joaquin Valley
Countries	The – Countries:  The Republic of China, the Netherlands, the United Arab Emirates
Most-Most of the	Most / Most of the: referring to a quantity of an uspecific or specific group
Another/ The other	Another/ The other: referring to one more or the rest
2nd Mention Prac	First / Second Mention: a unidentified - the identified (indefinite-definite)
Identifying Nouns	The – many ways in which nouns can be identified (definite)
ArticleExpressions	Special Uses of the:  wars, eras, dates, worlds events
Superlatives	The – Superlatives: stating a unique degree of a noun; the best movie, the worst acting
Known-New	Known or New? The,  A, no marker  Sentence editing
Speaking-general	Speaking in General: sentence rephrasing;  discussing furniture: in general or specific article use
Paragraph-Edit	Paragraph Edit: A restaurant review; fill the blanks in with articles
Articles-In Context	In Context: Identifying article use; a 3-step process to determine which article to use;  luxury items on Survivor TV show.
PRINTED PRACTICES	Article Summary.pdf  |  ArticlesGeneric.pdf   |  Artprac.pdf

Conditional & Hypothetical Tenses

Conditional Summary	Conditional Summary: an index to summary content of conditional practices
Cond-Diagnostic	Conditional Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Pres-Future Real	Present & Future Real Situations: cause-effect facts, predictions, intent and requests: if, will, can, be going to, should, happen
Pres-Past Real	Present & Past Real Situations: cause-effect habits & customs; ; hypothetical statements: if, whenever
Present Unreal	Present Unreal Situations: strategizing with hypothetical statements; if, could, might, would
Past Unreal 1	Past Unreal Situations 1: analyzing with hypothetical statements; if, had had, would have
Past Unreal 2	Past Unreal Situations 2: analyzing an accident: if, could have, would have
Should/Could have	Should / Could have: late advice: analyzing past options and determining importance; should have, could have
Mixed Tenses	Mixed Tenses: hypothetical situations in mixed time frames: If you had fed the dog, she wouldn't be hungry now.
Implied Conditions	Implied Conditions: a real or unreal situation? If he has time, Jack will/ would cut the grass.
Wishes	Wishes: expressing wishes, regrets, upset, lost opportunity: wish, wish vs. if only!
Wish Agreement	Wish Agreement: tense agreement in conditional statements: My father wished I had gone / would go.
If / Unless	If / Unless: expressing conditions for desirable outcomes: if, unless, otherwise, only if vs. If only
If / Whether	If / Whether:  stating a condition vs. an alternative: if, whether
Omitting If	Omitting if: giving advice in hypothetical situations; rephrasing an if-clause: had, should, were
If / In Case	If / In Case: stating a conditioned vs. a precautionary action in the event, in case and should

Confusing Word Pairs (Troublesome Verbs)

Confusing Words Sum	Confusing Words Summary: an index to summary content of paired-word practices
Accept / Except	Accept / Except:  Is the action one of approving or rejecting?
Affect / Effect	Affect / Effect: Is it the cause or result?
Another/ The other	Another / The other:  Is it "one more" or "the rest"?
Because / Though	Because / Though:  Is it an expected or unexpected outcome?
During / In	During / In:   Is it a time with duration or an exact time?
Even / Though	Even / Even though:  Are you emphasizing something or stating an unexpected outcome?
For / Since	For / Since: Is it a quantity of time or a specific time?
Fewer / Less	Fewer / Less:  Are you decreasing the amount of a count or noncount noun?
If / In case	If / In case:  Is it a conditioned action or a precaution?
If only / Only If	If only / Only if:  Is it a regretful wish or a particular condition?
If / Unless	If / Unless:  Will the desired outcome be favorable or unfavorable?
If / Whether	If /Whether:  Is it a condition or an alternative?
Lie / Lay	Lie / Lay:   Who is lying down – the subject or the object?
Little / Few	Little / Few:  Is the quantity a "count" or a "noncount" noun?
Like / As	Like / As:  Are you comparing something to a noun or to a clause?
Make / Do	Make / Do: Is the action "creating" or "performing"?
Most / Most of the	Most / Most of the: Is the quantity or number for an unspecific or specific group?
Much / Many	Much / Many:  Is it a quantity for a count or a noncount noun?
Much / More	Much / More:  Are you increasing the amount of a count or noncount noun?
Rise / Raise	Rise / Raise:  Who/What is rising  – the subject or the object?
Say / Tell	Say / Tell:  Are you quoting or reporting?
Sit / Set	Sit / Set:  Who/What is sitting – the subject or the object?
So that / So… that	So that / So…that:   Are you stating purpose or emphasizing the quality of something?
Some / Any	Some / Any: Is it a quantity  in a positive or a negative sentence?
Used to /  Be used to	Use to / Be used to:  Is it a former habit or a habit you are becoming accustomed to?
When / While	When / While:  Is it a simultaneous activity of short or long duration?
Phrasal Verbs	Phrasal verbs (two-word verbs): do up, get up, give up, go after, have over, let on, look up, make over, etc.

Connectors

Connector Summary	Connector Summary: an index to summary content of connector, conjunction and transition word practices
Conn Diagnostic	Connector Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
FANBOYS	FANBOYS: joining independent clauses with coordinating conjunctions; for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
And / In addition	And/ In addition: joining sentence elements and sentences; and, as well as, and also, In addition, moreover, furthermore, besides
And so / too	And so / too: shortening a repeated verb in a joined clause:  and so do I, and I do too, but I don't
Both...and	Both...and: joining sentence elements with paired conjunctions; both...and, either... or, not only...but also, neither...nor, (or else)
But / But still	But / But still: stating contrast or contrary outcome; but, but still, while, whereas, in contrast to, yet, even so
But not / Except new	But not / Except:  stating an exception: but not, but for, nothing but, all but, except, except for, cannot help, cannot but, cannot help but
But / Though	But / Though: expressing defeat versus challenge; implied meanings; but vs. though
Because / of	Because of / In spite of: using adverbial prepositional phrases to introduce "cause"; because vs. because of ; though vs. in spite of
Consequently	Consequently: using a transition word to introduce an effect clause; consequently, therefore, as a result, for this reason, due to
Because-though	Because / Though: expected and unexpected outcomes; because, though
So-Such That	So that / Such that: emphasizing qualities and characteristics;  so . . . that  & such . . . that
So phrases	So Phrases: expressing purpose, cause-effect, or resultt;   so that,  so... that
Cause-Effect	Cause-Effect Review: expressing a cause and effect relationship; because, since, consequently, therefore, as a result, so
Indeed / Even	Indeed / Even: emphasizing unexpected or extraordinary details indeed, in fact, even, even though, even if whether or not
Connector Review	Connector Review: conjunctions, adverbs, and transition words; addition, alternative, cause-effect, comparison, condition, contrast, emphasis
Connector Edit	Connector Edit: finding conjunction, adverb and transition word errors; but, even, not only, because
Connector Paragr	Connector Paragraph: transitioning from one idea to the next; main cause, as a result, because
Parallel Phrasing	Parallel Phrasing:  joining like items with and and but; My English is improving slowly but surely.
SentenceEditing	Sentence Editing: correcting connector use: connectors, transitions, sentence boundaries and punctuation
Adverbial Phrases	Adverbial Phrases: shortening clauses to modifying phrases; before, after, while, when, since
Because Phrases	Because Phrases: shortening because-clauses to modifying phrases;  earlier and later time frames
Run-Ons	Run-on Sentences: punctuating simple and complex sentences
Fragments	Fragments:  recognizing complete versus incomplete sentences

Diagnostic Quizzes

Diagnostic Sum	Diagnostic Summary: an index to summary content of diagnostic practices
Diagnostic Beg 1	BEGINNING:  A grammar diagnostic page with study links.
Diagnostic Beg 2	BEGINNING:  A grammar diagnostic page with study links.
Diagnostic Int 1	BEGINNING-INTERMEDIATE:  Intermediate grammar diagnostic page with study links.
Diagnostic Int 2	BEGINNING-INTERMEDIATE:  Intermediate grammar diagnostic page with study links.
Diagnostic Int 3	BEGINNING-INTERMEDIATE:  Intermediate grammar diagnostic page with study links.
Diagnostic Int 4	BEGINNING-INTERMEDIATE:  Intermediate grammar diagnostic page with study links.
SECTION DIAGNOSTICS
Adj-Diagnostic	Adjective Diagnostic Quiz; a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Adjcl-Diagnostic	Adjective Clause Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Adv-Diagnostic	Adverb Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Agr-Diagnostic	Agreement Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Art-Diagnostic	Articles Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Cond-Diagnostic	Conditional Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Conn Diagnostic	Connector Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Ger-Diagnostic	Gerund Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Inf-Diagnostic	Infinitive Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Modal-Diagnostic	Modal Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
NounCl-Diagnostic	Noun Clause Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Passive Diagnostic	Passive Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Past-Diagnostic	Past Tense Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Prep Diagnostic	Preposition Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Pres Perf Diagnostic	Present Perfect Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Pres-Diagnostic	Present Tense Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Adj Clause Qz	INTERMEDIATE-ADVANCED:  Adjective clause – auto-correcting quiz
Modal Quiz	INTERMEDIATE-ADVANCED:  Modals – auto-correcting quiz
Noun Clause Qz	INTERMEDIATE-ADVANCED:  Noun clauses – auto-correcting quiz
Report Speech Qz	INTERMEDIATE-ADVANCED:  Reported speech – auto-correcting quiz
ADVANCED POINTS
Pop-Q Archive	ADVANCED:  Sentence examples that focus on improving awkward word choice or phrasing in English

Gerunds

Gerund Summary	Gerund Summary:  an index of summary content of gerund practices
Ger-Diagnostic	Gerund Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Gerund Subjects	Gerund Subjects: referring to activities; parallel phrasing, bulleted lists, spelling adding  -ing
Gerund Objects	Gerunds Objects: expressing attitudes about activities
Verb Phrs + Gerunds	Verbal Phrases before Gerunds: commenting on activities; insisted on going ; looking forward to seeing
Gerund Ind Obj	Gerunds with Indirect Objects: expressing attitudes about activities
By / With	By / With: stating means and methods;  by verb+ing, with a noun
For + Gerunds	For Followed by Gerunds: stating function by verb+ing, for verb+ing, to+verb
Preps +  Gerunds	Prepositions Followed by Gerunds: stating activities: about, against, after, before, by, for, from instead of, without
Special Verbs	Special Verbs Before -ing: stating observations, perceptions and opinion on experiences; see, hear, find, catch, watch, sit, stand, etc.
Gerund/ Infin Prac1	Gerund / Infinitive Practice 1:  verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
Gerund/ Infin Prac2	Gerund / Infinitive Practice 2:  verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
Verb Phrs Prac 1	Verbal Phrases 1: verbs + preposition phrases: about, against, after, for, etc.
Verb Phrs Prac 2	Verbal Phrases 2: verbs + preposition phrases: put off doing, keep from hearing, etc.
Verb Phrs Prac 3	Verbal Phrases 3: verbs + preposition phrases
By / With Prac	By / With Practice: means or method
Parallel Gerunds	Parallel Gerunds: using similar word forms in a series
Gerund Context	Gerunds in Context: identifying gerund use

Infinitives

Infinitive Summary	Infinitive Summary:  an index of summary content of infinitive practices
Inf-Diagnostic	Infinitive Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Infinitive Subjects	Infinitive Subjects: referring to activities, quotes and definitions; to be or not to be
Infinitive Objects	Infinitives as Objects: expressing intent and wishes; hope, wish, like, expect
Inf Indirect Objects	Infinitives with Indirect Objects: getting other people to do things; also, have, do, let, make
Infinitive Commands	Infinitive Commands: imposing one's will on others; advised, order, command, expect
It takes + Infinitive	It takes + Infinitive: expressing how much is needed; it takes X + infinitive
Too / Enough	Too / Enough: stating minimum and maximum requirements; too, enough
Adjective + Infinitve	Adjectives +Infinitives: expressing feelings and reactions; happy to see; amazed to find
It's + Infinitive	It's + Adjective + Infinitive: expressing opinion; It's difficult, easy, important, impossible to…
In order + Infinitive	In Order + Infinitive: stating purpose: in order to…
Infinitives In Context	In Context: identifying infinitives in an article
Related Pages
Gerund/ Infin Prac1	Gerund / Infinitive Practice 1:  verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
Gerund/ Infin Prac2	Gerund / Infinitive Practice 2:  verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
Splitting Verbs	Splitting Verbs: optimizing adverb placement; the split infinitive argument

Modal  Verbs

Modal Summary	Modal Summary:  an index of summary content of modal practices
Modal-Diagnostic	Modal Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Will / Might	Will / Might: expressing degrees of certainty: will, may, might could, may have, might have
Will / Would	Will / Would: expressing intent, expectation, refusal and disappointment: will, be going to
Would	Would: stating preference, request, habit or excuse: would, would have, would rather have
Should	Should: expressing expectation, convention or advice: should, will be, supposed to, ought to, should have
Could / Should	Could / Should: offering options and advice  should, should have, could, could have
Should / Must	Should/ Must:  expressing advisability and necessity; should, ought to, should have, must, had to, needed to
Must / Must have	Must/Must have: making guesses, inferences and conclusions: might /might have vs. must / must have
Can / Could	Can/ Could: expressing physical, mental and potential ability: can, could, be able to
May / Can	May/ Can: requesting permission and offering suggestions: may, can, could, would, shall, let's
Modal Agreement	Modal Agreement: complex sentences with mixed time frames: will, would, be-going-to, so that, said that, which, who, if ... then
Future Perfect	Future Perfect: making predictions: will finish, will have finished
Modal Review	Modal Review: meanings in present and past tense;
Modal Practice	Modal Practice: Means the Same!
Modal Quiz	Modal Quiz: auto-correcting quiz
Modals In Context	Modals in Context: identify modals and tense use in the context of an article
Related Pages
By the time	By the time: comparing relative events
Should/Could have	Should / Could have: late advice: analyzing past options and determining importance; should have, could have

Noun Clauses

Noun Clause Sum	Noun Clause Summary : index of summary content of embedded-question, statement, and command practices
NounCl-Diagnostic	Noun Clause Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Wh- Question Cls	Wh Question Clauses: Changing wh- questions to reported speech; tense agreement  She asked me how I was.
Yes/No Question Cls	Yes-No Question Clauses: Changing questions answered by yes or no to reported speech;  She asked me if I was sick.
Command Clauses	Command Clauses: Changing commands to reported speech  (subjunctive verb form)
Statement Clauses	Statement Clauses: changing statements to reported speech (quoted speech); same vs. earlier -time agreement.
Said Synonyms	Synonyms for Said: other words for reported speech; formal vs. informal agreement
That/What Clauses	That / What Clauses: using an entire clause as the subject of a sentence
It / There Subjects	It / There: Indicating weather, time, distance or existence
Azar Chapter Review 12	Chapter 12 review: noun clauses
Noun Clause Qz	Noun Clause Quiz:  auto-correcting quiz
Report Speech Qz	Reported Speech Quiz:  auto-correcting quiz
Related Pages
Infinitive Commands	Infinitive Commands: imposing one's will on others; advised, order, command, expect

Passive Voice

Passive Summary	Passive Summary:  an index of summary content of passive verb practices
Passive Diagnostic	Passive Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Focus on Object	Focus on the Object: changing the object to the subject of the sentence; I was born  (beginning – intermed. practice)
Focus on Project	Focus on the Project: focusing on the collective work rather than the team (intermed. – advanced practice)
By Phrases	By Phrases: deciding when to include the "agent"
Focus Ind Object	Indirect Objects as Subjects: placing emphasis on the receiver of the action
Never Passive	Never Passive: intransitive and stative verbs with no passive voice: happen
Get-Passives	Get Passives: understanding the subtle meanings of using get in passive sentences: It's not my fault; I did it myself; I got it done
Part Adj 1 -ed / -ing	Participial Adjectives 1: describing someone or something as the cause or the receiver of an emotion;  amused vs. amusing; -ed vs. -ing endings
Part Adj 2 -ed / -ing	Participial Adjectives 2: describing things with adjectives indicating ongoing versus completed states a roasting  vs. roasted chicken; -ed vs. -ing
Partcpl Adj Quiz	Participial Adjective Quiz: auto-correcting quiz
Particpl & Prep	Participial Adjectives and Prepositions:  describing emtional reactions; interested in, surprised at
Particpl + Prep Prac	Participles+Prepositions Practice:  known for; concerned with; accustomed to
Particpl Phrases1	Participial Phrases 1: reducing clauses to modifying phrases: was located / located
Particpl Phrases2	Participial Phrases 2: reducing clauses to modifying phrasess: served as / serving as
Been / Being	Been / Being: contrast the sounds/words; been and being
Passive in Context	Passive in Context: identifying passive sentences in the context of an article

Past & Past Perfect Tenses

Past Summary	Past Summary:  an index of summary content of past practices
Past-Diagnostic	Past Tense Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Past Complete	Past Complete: reporting past activities or events
Past Progressive	Past Progressive: temporary past activities and setting background information
Past Habits	Past Habits: past behavior vs. habits, past states of possession, mind, being: would, used to
Reporting Source	Reporting Source: telling source or emotional impact
Past Series	Past Series: reporting a past series of events
Past Perfect	Past Perfect & Progressive: contrasting earlier events from later events; past adverbs: before, after, when
Past Perf Edit	Past Perfect Edit: using the past tenses in context
Participles1	Past/ Participle Verb Forms: practice using irregular verb forms:  awake - lay
Participles2	Past/ Participle Verb Forms: practice using irregular verb forms:  let - wear

Prepositions

Preposition Summary	Preposition Summary:  an index of summary content of preposition practices
Prep Diagnostic	Preposition Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Preps for Time	Prepositions for Time: relating when: in, on, at
Preps for Place	Prepositions for place: relating where – in, on, at, aside, beneath, among, etc.
Prep Paragraph	Paragraph Practice:  using preposition of time and place: in, on, at
During / In	During / In: expressing duration vs. exact time: during, in
For / Since	For / Since: Indicating a quantity of time vs. a specific time: for, since
Phrasal Verbs	Phrasal Verbs: using two-word verb expressions: go about, go at, go away, go down, go off, go on, go out of, go over, go with.
Related Pages
Adv for Place	Adverbs for Place: expressing movement in a particular direction: out, out of, outside, behind, back, backward, etc.
Gerund Objects	Gerunds Objects: expressing attitudes about activities
Verb Phrs + Gerunds	Verbal Phrases before Gerunds: commenting on activities; insisted on going ; looking forward to seeing
Gerund Ind Obj	Gerunds with Indirect Objects: expressing attitudes about activities
Particpl & Prep	Participial Adjectives and Prepositions:  describing emtional reactions; interested in, surprised at
Verb Phrs Prac 1	Verbal Phrases 1: verbs + preposition phrases: about, against, after, for, etc.
Verb Phrs Prac 2	Verbal Phrases 2: verbs + preposition phrases: put off doing, keep from hearing, etc.
Verb Phrs Prac 3	Verbal Phrases 3: verbs + preposition phrases
Particpl + Prep Prac	Participles+Prepositions Practice:  known for; concerned with; accustomed to

Present & Present Progressive Tenses

Present Summary	Present Tense Summary:  an index of summary content of present tense practices
Pres-Diagnostic	Present Tense Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
General Truth	General Truth:  referring to occurrences in nature; stating facts vs. making observations: turns vs. is turning
Present Prac	General Truth Practice: talking about weather;  El Niño: is happens, comes, comes, drops
At the Moment	At the Moment:  indicating temporary activities; am, is, am working, am taking, am having
Habits and Customs	Habits, Customs and Routines:  referring to current activities – temporary vs. permanent; are preparing, are celebrating
Pres vs Progressive	Present Progressive: temporary habit or at the moment of speaking; is jogging / is listening -- is studying/ is taking classes
Scheduled Events	Scheduled Events: indicating planned acitivites and events; the exhibition returns / is returning / will return
States of Being	States of Being:  indicating existence and changes in states of existence; is, looks, seems, appears, resembles, becomes, gets, acts
Sensory States	Sensory States: indicating sensations and perceptions; hear, see, sounds, tastes, feels
Mental States	Mental States: indicating thinking, cognition and attitude; knows, believes, thinks, understands, recognizes, remembers, etc.
Possession States	Possessive States: indicating possession or ownership; have, belong, possess, own, hold
Emotion States	Emotional States: expressting emotional states; surprise, impress, please, astonish, amaze
Measurement States	Measurement States:  meaurement, weight, distance, height and count; measures, reaches, weighs, consists of, contains, includes, etc.
Special Adverbs	Tense Sequence:  comparing near and future events; before, after, as soon as, while, when etc.
Story Telling	Present Tense Narration: story telling; "This guy walks into a bar.."
Indirect Objects	Verbs with Indirect Objects: indicating receivers of actions; me, to me, for me  (dative verbs)
Present In Context	Present In Context: identifying present tense verbs
Related Page
Troublesome Verbs	Confusing Word Pairs: make/do, say/tell, lie/lay, rise/raise, sit/set
Never Passive	Never Passive: intransitive and stative verbs with no passive voice: happen
Mixed times	After / Before: adverbs used in mixed time frames - before, after, as soon as, when, while, as

Present Perfect Tense

Pres Perf Summary	Present Perfect Summary:  an index of summary content of present perfect tense practices
Pres Perf Diagnostic	Present Perfect Diagnostic Quiz: a diagnostic quiz to identify specific grammar points that need review
Up to Now	Up to Now: focusing on duration:  for, since, so far, to date
Duration/ Repetition	Duration/ Repetition: indicating continuous vs. reoccurring activity: several times
Permanent/Temp	Permanent/ Temporary: Indicating long- or short-term activity: since, ever since, for, this morning, all morning
Experience	Experience: referring to an action or activity in the unspecified past: ever, never, before
Ongoing	Ongoing: referring to an activity in progress
Just / Recently	Just/ Recently: relating the past to the present time frame: recently, just, lately
Already / Yet	Already/ Yet:  activities that occur sooner or later than expected: already, yet
Implied Meanings	Implied Meanings:  using adverb clues to understanding meaning
State of Mind	Present State-of-Mind: connecting the past to the present
Sentence Practice	Sentence Practice: matching verb tense and adverbs: up to now, so far, since, this year, in my life; last year, yesterday, then
Paragraph Practice	Paragraph Practice: matching verb tense with adverbs
For / Since	For/ Since: Indicating a quantity of time vs. a specific time
Participles1	Past/ Participle Verb Forms: practice using irregular verb forms:  awake - lay
Participles2	Past/ Participle Verb Forms: practice using irregular verb forms:  let - wear

Punctuation

Punctuation Sum	Punctuation Summary:  an index of summary content of punctuation practices
Compl Thought	Complete Thought: avoiding the "The Sentence to Nowhere"; writing a complete thought
Fragments	Fragments: recognizing incomplete versus complete sentences
Run-On Sentences	Run-on Sentences: punctuating simple and complex sentences; avoiding run-on sentences and fragments
Semicolons	Semicolons: punctuating joined phrases semicolons, commas, colons
Bullet Lists	Bullet lists: punctuating items in vertical lists; parallel phrasing, introductory phrases, colons, semicolons, periods, capitals
Hyphens	Hyphens & Capitalization in Headings:  linking words to clarify meaning; capitalization of hyphenated words in titles and headlines
Comma-series	Comma Series: punctuation & word play ; Word Play – clarifying word form meaning with punctuation: commas
Comma-comments	Commas, Parentheses and Dashes: inserting comments within sentences; commas, parentheses and dashes
COMMAS IN CLAUSES:
So vs so that	Using a comma with a so (result) but not with so that (purpose)
Punc-Conjunc	Using commas with coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Punc-WordOrder	Using a comma to mark a word order change
Punc-Conditional	Using a comma with a conditional sentence
Punc-Adv-Even	Using a comma with an adverb of emphasis - even
Punc-AdjClause	Using a comma with a non-restrictive clause
Punc-Restrictive	Using a comma with a clause to include "all" or "some"; restrictive vs. non-restrictive
Punc-Which	Using a comma with which to refer to a whole sentence instead of just one word

Review

Review Sum	Review Summary:  an index of summary content of review practices
Ch 6-8 Agreement	Chapter review of singular-plural agreement (follows Azar v.3 text chapters)
Ch12-nounclause	Chapter review of noun clauses
Ch13adjclauses	Chapter review of adjective clauses
Ch16-19adv phrs	Chapter review of adverbials and other miscellaneous words and phrases
Ch19connectors	Chapter review of sentence connectors and coordinators
Ch20conditionals	Chapter review of conditional and hypothetical sentences

Writing

Writing Summary	Writing Summary:  an index of summary content of writing and composition practices
Planning Guide	Planning Guide: foundation work for writing (pyramid)
Focusing Your Topic	Focusing Your Topic: selecting a reasonable amount as a topic
Topic-Thesis	Topic Thesis: creating your thesis sentence
Introductions	Introductions: writing four types
Spatial Organization	Spatial Organization: narrating your story effectively
Copyright - Fair Use	Copyright, Ethics & Fair Use: giving credit to other people's work
Fair Use Practice	Fair Use Practice: determining what is or isn't copyrighted
Plagiarism	Plagiarism: strategies for avoiding plagiarism
Plag Examples	Plagiarism Examples: identifying plagiarized work from an example paragraph
Citing Sources	Citing Your Sources: What is MLA Style? Examples of in-text and bibliographic citations; resources
Citation Order	Citation Order: practice arranging elements into proper citation order
Citation Practice	Citation Practice: identifying correctly written citations
Web Page Eval‎	Web Page Eval‎uation Criteria: separating fact from fiction; resources
Eval‎uation Prac	Web Page Eval‎uation Practice: web page criteria

Text & Links

Text Book : Understanding and Using English Grammar - Azar; 0-13-958661X- Student Book, Full Edition Version 3
Note: Because of copyright laws, the practices above follow the Azar book, but do not reproduce it .

ESL Links and Resources