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Howdy !
It's me Scarlett !
This week we have 4 selections of topics. Do not be obsessed about all the articles too much. Just pick some articles what you have interests and prepare your opinions related to those articles. :)
Hope you enjoy the topics.
◈ Health :
-------- Writing a To-Do List Before Bed Could Help You Sleep
-------- Lawmakers, experts propose Intellectual Property Day
-------- How To Stop People Stealing Your Ideas
-------- The innovation game
With luv
Scarlett
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< Key words >
1. Emerging key social issue in Cyber Korea
- Strongly questionable alternative : 강하게 의심되는 대안
- new formula : 새로운 방식
- Internet real-name use : 인터넷 실명제
- Online real-name verification : 온라인 실명제
- Introduction of the real name use system : 온라인실명제 도입
- Celebrities' X-file
- Confidential report containing unconfirmed allegations : 확인되지 않은 소문을 포함한 기밀 문서
- Release of a confidential report : 기밀문서의 배포
- Posting articles on the message board : 게시판에 글을 올리는 것
- Gae ttong nyue (Dog shit girl)
2. Cyber crime cases
- cyber terror : 사이버 테러
- cyber lynching : 사이버 폭력적 제재
- offensive behavior : 공격적인 행동
- linguistic violence : 언어적 폭력
- Hacking & Spreading virus
- Financial crimes
- Sales & illegal articles
- Cyber pornography
- Online gambling
- Intellectual property crimes
- Email spoofing : 이메일 속임수
- forgery
- Cyber stalking
- Piracy : 저작권 침해
- Cyber defamations : 사이버 명예훼손
- Slander/ Curse/ Bigotry /Libel : 모욕/ 명예훼손
- false information
- groundless criticism : 근거없는 비난
3. Related objects
- Spreader : 퍼뜨리는 사람
- Progressive civic group : 진보적 시민 단체
- Anonymous commentator : 익명의 주석자
- The world's most wired country : 세계최고의 인터넷망이 잘 구비된 나라
- the highest broadband internet penetration rates : 초고속 인터넷 전송율
- cyber mob attackers : 사이버 군중 공격자들
4. Applying procedure of online real-name use
- resident registation number : 주민등록 번호
- citizenship number : 주민번호
- binding force : 구속력
- credibility of user-created content : 사용자가 생성한 내용물의 신뢰도
- nickname, pseudonyms
5. Infringement on the freedom of expression
- "Big brother" intrusion into every life : 모든 사람들에 대한 정치권력자들의 침해
- hampering a social culture of sound debate : 바람직한 논쟁의 사회적 문화를 훼방함
- causing social division and conflict : 사회적 분리와 분쟁을 야기시킴
- pre-censorship : 사전검열
- freedom of Internet-based expression rooted in anonymity : 익명성에 근거한 인터넷 기반 표현의 자유
- human right violation in cyberspace : 사이버 공간에서의 인권 침해
- freedom of speech : 언론의 자유
- checking sound criticism : 바람직한 비판에 대한 견제
6. Unmatured citizenship
- the qualm of conscience : 양심의 가책
- moral hazard : 도덕적 해이
- witch hunting:마녀사냥
- participatory democracy : 참여 민주주의
- public moral : 공공의 도덕
- social ethics : 사회적 윤리
- misconception and illusion : 오해와 환상
- people's maturity : 사람들의 성숙도
7. Private advocates
- individual's consent : 개인의 동의
- unconstitutional : 위헌적인
- Infringement of privacy : 사적자유의 침해
- low-level notions on privacy : 사적자유에 대한 낮은 수준의 인식
- privacy protection : 사적자유의 보호
- confirmation of identity : 신원 확인
8. Alternative countermeasures
- Widespread Education : 광범위한 교육
- harsh punishment : 가혹한 형벌
- strict law enforcement : 엄격한 법률의 집행
- enhancing accountability : 책임감을 향상시키는 것
- voluntary self regulatory effort : 자발적인 자기 규제 노력
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Writing a To-Do List Before Bed Could Help You Sleep
By Brandon Specktor, Senior Writer | January 13, 2018 08:36am ET
A new bedtime to-do list, courtesy of sleep researchers at Baylor University:
1. Write a to-do list before bed.
2. Go to sleep.
3. Sleep better than all the non-list-writing people you meet tomorrow.
It sounds simple, but there's evidence that it just might work. According to a small study published in the January issue of Journal of Experimental Psychology, participants who took 5 minutes to write out a to-do list before bed fell asleep more quickly than participants who wrote about tasks they had already completed. The key, according to researchers, is in mentally "offloading" responsibilities before bedtime, theoretically freeing the mind for sound sleeping. [How to Sleep Better]
"We live in a 24/7 culture in which our to-do lists seem to be constantly growing and causing us to worry about unfinished tasks at bedtime," lead author Michael Scullin, director of Baylor's Sleep Neuroscience and Cognition Laboratory, said in a statement. "Most people just cycle through their to-do lists in their heads, and so we wanted to explore whether the act of writing them down could counteract nighttime difficulties with falling asleep."
To test this hypothesis, researchers invited 57 men and women between ages 18 and 30 to spend one weeknight in a controlled sleep lab. The rules were simple: lights out at 10:30 p.m., and no technology, homework or other distractions allowed.
Five minutes before bedtime, each participant was instructed to complete a short writing exercise. Half of the participants wrote about anything they needed to remember to do in the upcoming days, while the other half wrote about tasks they had completed during the previous days. When the exercise was done, participants tucked in for bed. Researchers measured each participant's brain activity overnight using a technique called polysomnography, which records eye movement, muscle activity and other biological changes.
The researchers found that the participants who wrote to-do lists fell asleep an average of 9 minutes faster than those who wrote about already-accomplished tasks.
In fact, "the more specifically participants wrote their to-do list, the faster they subsequently fell asleep," the study authors wrote. "The opposite trend was observed when participants wrote about completed activities."
While 9 minutes may not seem like a lot of extra shut-eye, it's comparable to the improvement seen in clinical trials for some sleep medications, Scullin told Time magazine. A 2006 study similarly found that napping for just 10 minutes sufficiently improved participants' cognitive function and energy.
The authors acknowledged that the new study could be improved by a larger sample size and more data taking each participant's personality and propensity for anxiety into account. Still, the paper's findings are consistent with other published research on the therapeutic power of keeping a journal. Previous studies have observed that expressive writing — writing about emotions and stress for 20 minutes a day — was linked to boosted immune function in patients with illnesses such as asthma, arthritis and HIV/AIDS. Other studies have drawn a line between journaling in times of stress or emotional hardship and stress relief.
So, give writing before bed a try — and hope it's boring enough to put you to sleep.
Originally published on Live Science.
Article source : https://www.livescience.com/61422-journal-writing-sleep-better.html
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< Questions >
Q1. What did you think when you read the headline?
Food, water, and shelter are basic human needs, but 1.2 billion people in the world live without adequate housing, according to a report by the World Resources Institute’s Ross Center for Sustainable Cities. Today at SXSW, an Austin-based startup will unveil its approach to combat that deficiency by using low-cost 3D printing as a potential solution.
ICON has developed a method for printing a single-story 650-square-foot house out of cement in only 12 to 24 hours, a fraction of the time it takes for new construction. If all goes according to plan, a community made up of about 100 homes will be constructed for residents in El Salvador next year. The company has partnered with New Story, a nonprofit that is vested in international housing solutions. “We have been building homes for communities in Haiti, El Salvador, and Bolivia,” Alexandria Lafci, co-founder of New Story, tells The Verge.
The first model, scheduled to be unveiled in Austin today, is a step toward providing shelter to those in underserved communities. Jason Ballard, one of ICON’s three founders, says he is going to trial the model as an office to test out their practical use. “We are going to install air quality monitors. How does it look, and how does it smell?” Ballard also runs Treehouse, a company that focuses on sustainable home upgrades.
Using the Vulcan printer, ICON can print an entire home for $10,000 and plans to bring costs down to $4,000 per house. “It’s much cheaper than the typical American home,” Ballard says. It’s capable of printing a home that’s 800 square feet, a significantly bigger structure than properties pushed by the tiny home movement, which top out at about 400 square feet. In contrast, the average New York apartment is about 866 square feet.
The model has a living room, bedroom, bathroom, and a curved porch. “There are a few other companies that have printed homes and structures,” Ballard says. “But they are printed in a warehouse, or they look like Yoda huts. For this venture to succeed, they have to be the best houses.” The use of cement as a common material will help normalize the process for potential tenants that question the sturdiness of the structure. “I think if we were printing in plastic we would encounter some issues.”
Once ICON completes material testing and tweaking of the design, the company will move the Vulcan printer to El Salvador to begin construction. ICON says its 3D-printed houses will create minimal waste and labor costs are significantly reduced. The company also intends to build homes in the US eventually. It’s a compelling solution to solving housing shortages but one that could be contentious among labor unions that represent workers.
It’s almost cliché that tech innovations happen in the high-end, for-profit segment long before they filter down to the masses, where innovation could serve the greatest social good. ICON and New Story are challenging that premise. Lafci uses the example of latency in cellphone availability to reach the African continent as the reason she believes in the endeavor. “(ICON) believes, as do I, that 3D printing is going to be a method for all kinds of housing,” she says.
But the company is already looking past the global housing crises to think about communities that will one day live off-planet. “One of the big challenges is how are we going to create habitats in space,” Ballard says. “You’re not going to open a two by four and open screws. It’s one of the more promising potential habitat technologies.”
Article source : https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/12/17101856/3d-printed-housing-icon-shelter-housing-crisis
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Tokyo plans to install solar roads ahead of the 2020 Olympics
14 Jun 2018/ Aimee Lutkin
Solar panels will be installed underneath the surface of some roads in Tokyo, according to the Independent. The metropolitan government announced their plans for "solar roads" as part of a campaign to make Tokyo a more eco-friendly city.
Solar power capacity is growing across the world.
Solar power capacity is growing across the world. : Image: IEA
The change is in part motivated by the fact that the city will imminently be hosting both the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics. Some solar panelling has already been installed on a trial basis in the Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture by a Seven-Eleven. The technology was only introduced in May, but a manager at the Seven-Eleven store told the Business Times that it's starting to pay off.
"(The solar road system) can generate 16,145 kilowatt-hours of electricity annually, covering about 9 per cent of the entire electricity the store consumes."
It's important that the roads begin generating power more quickly, because they are currently quite expensive to install. Both France and the Netherlands have been experimenting with solar roads, and in France, it costs about 5 million euros for every kilometer of road.
Japan has decided to continue the introduction of solar roads on government owned property, and will more likely focus on parking lots. The wider surface area can generate more electricity and justify the cost of installation.
Installation is supposed to begin during the 2019 fiscal year, and the process is intensive.
The road is made of solar panels that are installed in the ground, then covered in a special resin that makes them durable under the weight of traffic.
If this technology were more widely used, it would greatly reduce the cost of installation, as the components could be more affordably mass produced. So implementing any usage is increasing the likelihood of solar roads everywhere.
The Japanese government is hoping the coverage of the process leading up to and around the games will make it more popular, and lead the way to expansion across the country.
But it's just one step in Tokyo's plan.
They're also considering introducing power-generating floors, which are made with special ceramics that respond to pressure, turning footsteps into voltage. The company who developed it, Soundpower Corp, claims an average walker can generate a current of about 2 milliwatts of electricity. One step can light up 300 to 400 LEDs.
One day the whole world might run our kinetic motion. That's good motivation to get your steps in.
Articel source : https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/tokyo-announces-plan-to-install-solar-roads-in-time-for-2020-olympics
< Questions >
Q1. What is the most important basic human needs among housing, food, water, freedom, a job or education?
Q2. What do you think of energy generating infrastructures such as solar roads?
Q3. Have you ever used 3D printers? What do you want to produce with this technology?
Q4. How can countries tackle homelessness?
Q5. Why is there so much inequality in the world?
Q6. What do you think of a $10,000 house?
Q7. What must it be like to live in a slum?
Q8. How popular will 3D-printed homes be in richer countries? Do you have any intention to own your 3D-printed home?
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Lawmakers, experts propose Intellectual Property Day
Published : 2015-04-23 20:11
As the international community prepares to celebrate the 2015 World Intellectual Property Day on Sunday, South Korean lawmakers, intellectuals and high-level officials on Thursday vowed to step up efforts to strengthen IP protection by declaring the nation’s own inaugural Intellectual Property Day.
The
World Intellectual Property Association of Korean Practitioners,
launched by the Science Ministry in 2013, held a ceremony at the
National Assembly to establish this new day, which aims to promote and
move forward measures to protect IP.
“South Korea is among the top five IP powerhouses in the world, alongside the United States, Germany, China and Japan and has immense potential for further growth,” said National Assembly Vice Speaker Chung Gap-yoon, also the head of a new organization launched to establish Korea as an intellectual hub for IP protection.
Chung emphasized Korea’s potential to grow as a center of international intellectual property protection, particularly in Northeast Asia, stating that Korea has a competitive edge against its neighbors ― “Japan is highly nationalistic” whereas “China still takes orders from the top government,” according to the lawmaker.
As the number of patent applications in the world surpassed 2.6 million in 2013, South Korea was fourth among the top five patent offices which together received 80 percent of all applications, according to a 2014 report by the World Intellectual Property Organization.
“Though Korean companies own many excellent forms of intellectual property, they are reluctant to bring patent issues to domestic courts,” Chung added, emphasizing the need to establish a dependable court system in the country to oversee patent, copyright and trademark issues.
Amendments to the Court Organization Act to strengthen and better systemize patent courts in the country are currently underway, according to the Saenuri lawmaker Thursday.
“Korea must work toward fostering more experts (on IP protection), expediting patent trials and proving to related actors that the (Korean legal system) can effectively protect their intellectual property rights,” he said.
The United Nations defines intellectual property as “creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs and symbols, names and images used in commerce.”
Intellectual property is protected through patents, copyright and trademarks, which enable people to earn recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or create.
The theme of this year’s U.N. World IP Day on Sunday is “music.” It will be a day to “‘get up, stand up, for music’ ― to ensure that our musicians get a fair deal, and that we value their creativity and their unique contribution to our lives,” said WIPO’s Director General Francis Gurry in a celebratory message.
By Sohn Ji-young (jys@heraldcorp.com)
Source : http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150423001023
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Q1. What is the Intellectual Property rights ?
Q2. Have you ever used other's idea without author's permission ?
Q3. Do you think Korea have enough qualities in taking a role as a main hub for
intellectual property right? How about the attitude of Korean company,
intellectual group of people or ordinary people's mindset for intellectual property right?
Q4. Have you ever registered your creative ideas with patent ?
Q5. Do you know what kinds of laws are enacted in Korea to manage
IPR(intellectual property rights) infringement ? How about punishment for that crime?
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How To Stop People Stealing Your Ideas
A Life/Work Lesson/ By Paul Suggett
I get a lot of letters and emails asking me "how do I keep my ideas safe?" and "how can I make sure that my ideas remain my ideas?" Or, to go one better, "what do I do if someone steals my ideas?" And to many, these are tricky questions.
For instance, we now live in a world that allows the sharing of ideas instantly across many platforms. We also have to embrace modern technology and have online portfolios - portfolios that can be accessed by anyone, at anytime, anywhere in the world.
Students are particularly vulnerable to this "larceny of ideas." They have books chock full of ideas that have never been printed or published. They have ownership of them, intellectually, but they don't have a way to keep their ideas safe and sound. If they keep them in a physical portfolio, they'll do themselves a massive injustice. Those ideas need to be seen by many, many potential employers, and the quickest and easiest way to disseminate that information is through an online portfolio.
If you've won awards, you at least have some real proof that you got there first, so to speak. But even then, award-winning work has been pilfered and re-animated. It's also won awards, despite coming from a less than honorable origin.
So what do you do?
How do you keep you ideas safe? The Answer is Two Words…
YOU DON'T.
I'll let that sink in for a moment, although I suspect a lot of you already knew it deep down.
Advertising ideas are not patented. They aren't precious, and they are certainly not safe from prying eyes and ears. They get ripped off. Stolen. Half-inched. Thieved. Copied. Carved up and repackaged. And this has been going on for decades.
When physical portfolios were going around advertising agencies, the best ideas were photocopied and kept in a file. I never did this, but I saw people do it. And I have heard stories of filing cabinets filled with student ideas.
These days, creatives will often scour student portfolios looking for new ideas and directions. They will look at award websites and see what can be copied and reconstituted. It's not illegal. It's perhaps a bit unethical. But it's certainly not something that is going to go away any time soon.
Yet this bring us back full circle to one of the first questions at the beginning of this article.
"What do I do if someone steals my ideas?"
There's a simple answer to this one, and you may not like it. But you will have to accept it, and know that if you do, you'll be better off. The answer is…
JUST KEEP HAVING BETTER IDEAS.
That's it.
It seems obvious because it is. Think about it this way. If people keep ripping off your ideas, they will eventually come to the source. After all, why go to the time and trouble of trying to recreate lightning in a bottle, when you can hire the person who knows how to do it.
If you are always
pushing out better and better ideas, you, as the creator, will be in
demand. And the best part is that if you're talented, you call the shots
and you steer the ship. In fact, you could be as cocky as to tell
people to steal your ideas. Why not? "Go ahead, have them. I've got
bigger, better ones in my head, and they'll be going to a rival
agency…unless you'd like to play ball?"
Ideas cannot be locked up. They can't be kept safe and sound. But they can be your key to getting great work for years to come. So keep having those great ideas. They're your ticket to a fantastic career.
Article Source : http://advertising.about.com/od/creatingads/a/How-To-Stop-People-Stealing-Your-Ideas.htm
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< Questions >
Q1. Have you ever felt that someone or certain group of people are trying to steal your ideas ? When you found out the fact, what was your respond to it ?
Q2. Do you think there are any ways to stop them from stealing your ideas or collection of ideas which is planning ?
Q3. We are living in the open society using freely accessible internet use. Therefore, sometimes our ideas can go through the internet without our permission by your acquaintance or by hacking. But mostly those happenings have something to do with lack of understanding or violation of intellectual property right. Basically, those incidents have to be managed by the law. However, Korean society have very low understanding on this matter.
If your collection of ideas were spreading without your permission, do you have any intention to act legal action toward those group of people? And do you think it is acceptable ethically? How can we protect the ideas from those group of people?
Q4. There are three types of people around us in this world. They are 'GIVER', 'MATCHER' and 'TAKER'. 'GIVER' is a certain type of person who tries to help people and gives more things than what they are taking. However, 'Taker' is more like a selfish person who is taking more things than what they are giving to others. and 'MATCHER' is a certain group of person who is between two types.
Do you think What type of person you are ? And are there any possibilities for the 'GIVER' to be survived in the Korean society? If they can not, what can be the survival strategies?
Q5. Nowadays, many people talk about the 'Creative Society'. However, with those social understanding level on the intellectual property right, is it possible to build up sound discussion culture to develop their ideas? If people still do the discussion under these collcting culture of ideas, Isn't it a deceiving activities ? plz share your ideas !~
Q6. Have you ever had your intellectual property stolen? Like an idea or project?
Q7. What is your opinion about current intellectual property cases in the courts?
Try to think of some major ones in the news.
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The innovation game
Global innovation rankings/ Sep 17th 2015, 12:50 BY L.S. & THE DATA TEAM
WHICH is the world’s most innovative country? Answering this question is the aim of the annual Global Innovation Index and
a related report, which were published this morning by Cornell
University, INSEAD, a business school, and the World Intellectual
Property Organisation. The ranking of 140 countries and economies around
the world, which are scored using 79 indicators, is not surprising:
Switzerland, Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands and America lead the pack.
But the authors also look at their data from other angles, for instance
how countries do relative to their economic development and the quality
of innovation (measured by indicators such as university rankings). In
both cases the results are more remarkable. The chart above shows that
in innovation many countries in Africa punch above their economic
weight. And the chart below indicates that, even though China is now
churning out a lot of patents, it is still way behind America and other
rich countries when it comes to innovation quality.
Article source : http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/09/global-innovation-rankings?fsrc=circ%7Ccnt%7Cfbasiasf
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< Questions >
Q1. What is the definition of innovation? Why do we need innovation? Do you think you are innovative person in your area?
Q2. According to an article, which country would be the most innovative one?
Q3. A second graph shows us the Innovation quality according to the countries. And United states is still the most competitive nation in terms of innovation quality. What is the reason for that?
Q4. From an article, It was revealed that South Korea is ranked in a 8th place. Do you think our society is innovative enough?
Q5. Many people feel stressful about keeping up with innovative trends always. How do you handle your stress level? Plz share your own ways to reduce stress.
Q6. Where are the innovation coming from? Ideas?, power of execution? How to build up our innovative mindset?
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What are you revealing online? Much more than you think
Jul 1, 2014 / Thu-Huong Ha
Try this link
http://www.takethislollipop.com/
How much are you prepare to reveal?
What can be guessed about you from your online behavior? Two computer privacy experts — economist Alessandro Acquisti and computer scientist Jennifer Golbeck — on how little we know about how much others know.
The best indicator of high intelligence on Facebook is apparently liking a page for curly fries. At least, that’s according to computer scientist Jennifer Golbeck (TED Talk: The curly fry conundrum), whose job is to figure out what we reveal about ourselves through what we say — and don’t say — online. Of course, the lines between online and “real” are increasingly blurred, but as Golbeck and privacy economist Alessandro Acquisti (TED Talk: Why privacy matters) both agree, that’s no reason to stop paying attention. TED got the two together to discuss what the web knows about you, and what we can do about the things we’d rather it forgot. An edited version of the conversation follows.
I hear so much conflicting information about what I should and shouldn’t be posting online. It’s confusing and unnerving not to know what I can do to protect myself. Can you both talk about that?
Alessandro Acquisti: My personal view is that individual responsibility is important, but we are at a stage where it is not sufficient. The problem is much larger than any one individual’s ability to control their personal information, because there are so many new ways every week or every month in which we can be tracked or things can be inferred about us. It’s absolutely unreasonable to expect consumers and citizens, who are all engaged in so many other activities, to also have the ability to continuously update their knowledge about what new tracking method the industry has discovered and to be able to fend it off. I think it’s a larger problem that requires policy intervention.
Jennifer Golbeck: I agree with that. Even if you did have a person who wanted to be on top of this and was willing to dedicate themselves full-time to keeping track of what technology can do, and then try to make decisions about what they can post, they still actually don’t have control.
Take language analysis, a really powerful tool where we look at the kinds of words that you use — not even necessarily obvious things like curse words, but things like function words: how often you use “I” versus “we,” how often you use “the” versus “a,” these little words that are natural in the way that you develop language and inherent to your personality. It turns out that those reveal all sorts of personal traits. There’s a whole field of psycholinguistics in which people are doing deeper research into comparing the kinds of words you use and how often you use them with personal attributes, and that’s not something you can understand or control.
AA: It’s also difficult to predict how information you reveal now could be used five or ten years out, in the sense of new inferences that could be discovered. Researchers may find that a piece of information “A” combined with a piece of information “B” can lead to the prediction of something particularly sensitive — also in the sense of how this particularly sensitive information could be used. These are literally impossible to predict, because researchers every month come up with new ideas for using data. So we literally do not know how this will play out in the future.
What would a policy solution look like?
JG: Right now in the U.S. it’s essentially the case that when you post information online, you give up control of it. So there are terms of service that regulate the sites you use, like on Facebook and Twitter and Pinterest — though those can change — but even within those, you’re essentially handing control of your data over to the companies. And they can kind of do what they want with it, within reason. You don’t have the legal right to request that data be deleted, to change it, to refuse to allow companies to use it. Some companies may give you that right, but you don’t have a natural, legal right to control your personal data. So if a company decides they want to sell it or market it or release it or change your privacy settings, they can do that.
In Europe, users have more of a right to their data, and recently there was a decision in Spain where a man had sued Google because when people searched for him, it was coming up with information about financial problems that he had had a long time ago. He was basically arguing that he has a right to have this information forgotten about him. When we declare bankruptcy, for example, that stays on our credit report for seven years; it’s not going to be there 30 years later. But a lot of this stuff on the Internet, including public-record stuff, does stick around well past the time that we would allow it to expire before, and users don’t have control over that online.
So Europe is saying users have a right to own their data in a certain way, and in the U.S. we don’t have that. That’s one of the spaces where there are some clear and straightforward legal solutions that could hand control, at least in some part, back to the users.
“There are a number of ways in which transparency control can be bypassed or muted.” Alessandro Acquisti
AA: If you go back to the 1970s, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) — so not exactly an anti-business or anti-capitalist organization — came up with a number of principles related to handling personal data. These Fair Information Practices, or FIPs, were guidelines for what policymakers could do to make the handling of personal information fair.
If you look at those principles, and then you look now at the state of policymaking in the United States when it comes to privacy, you see a significant difference. The policymaking effort in the U.S. focuses almost exclusively on control and transparency, i.e. telling users how their data is used and giving them some degree of control. And those are important things! However, they are not sufficient means of privacy protection, in that there are a number of ways in which transparency control can be bypassed or muted. What we are missing from the Fair Information Practices are other principles, such as purpose specification (the reason data is being gathered should be specified before or at the time of collection), use limitation (subsequent uses of data should be limited to specific purposes) and security safeguards.
Alessandro, in your talk you mentioned an experiment in which it took only 15 seconds for transparency — in this case, a privacy policy — to be rendered ineffective for users.
AA: Indeed. A very interesting aspect of that experiment is that people do remember what we told them about how we would use their data. But adding this delay between the time that we told them how their data would be used and the time where we actually started asking them to make choices about their data was enough to render that notice ineffective. That’s probably because their minds started wandering.
JG: We are actually in the middle of a project where we’ve been showing people the Facebook privacy policy, and then alternatively having them watch this interactive video called “Take This Lollipop,” which is one of my favorite privacy-oriented things online. It’s an interactive personalized horror movie where this creepy stalker guy looks at your Facebook profile — which is generated because you click “Connect with Facebook” when you go to the website — and he looks at all your pictures and gets really angry and then kind of tracks you down.
When it first came out, I remember thinking, “Oh, I’m not going to bother trying this, because I’m one of the people in the world who knows the most about Facebook privacy settings. I have them cranked up so high; there’s no way it could possibly see anything on my profile.” A week later, I thought, “Well, you know, let’s click on it and see,” and it got all this data that I didn’t think it could get. I remember thinking, if I don’t understand what kind of data is being given to apps, how can anybody else understand?
We found that having people watch the video made them more informed and understand better what information was being shared than anything else. Now that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s the way that you want to convey a privacy policy, because it does show deep risk in some of this information being shared when it’s not necessarily as risky as that video conveys, but I think this is an interesting point.
AA: To explain this phenomenon I borrow the term “rational ignorance.” Rational ignorance has been used in other fields to refer to situations where people rationally decide to remain ignorant about a certain topic because they expect that the costs involved in making an effort will not be offset by the benefit of getting this information. Sometimes, in privacy, we may feel the same way. Sadly, sometimes correctly so: we may do everything to protect ourselves and do everything right, and still our data is being compromised or used in manners that we don’t know about and don’t want. And therefore, some of us may give up, and decide not even to start protecting ourselves.
“It’s really important that people understand that there are computational techniques that will reveal all kinds of information about you that you’re not aware that you’re sharing.” Jennifer Golbeck
JG: At the same time, the thing that I’ve had a hard time communicating in the years that I’ve been doing this work is for people to really understand that we can find things out computationally that they’re not sharing explicitly. So you can “like” these pages, you can post these things about yourself, and then we can infer a completely unrelated trait about you based on a combination of likes or the type of words that you’re using, or even what your friends are doing, even if you’re not posting anything. It’s things that are inherent in what you’re sharing that reveal these other traits, which may be things you want to keep private and that you had no idea you were sharing.
So on the one hand, it’s true that even if you know about all these computational techniques, you can’t necessarily protect yourself. On the other hand, it’s really important that people understand that there are computational techniques that will reveal all kinds of information about you that you’re not aware that you’re sharing.
How is what’s happening on the Internet different from people analyzing the way I dress, cut my hair, where I work or where I live? I don’t give people on the streets permission to judge those things, but they do it anyway.
AA: It’s different on at least two grounds. One is scale. We are talking here about technologies that vastly increase the kind of abilities that you’re describing. They make them more sophisticated. They allow many more entities — not just the friends you meet in your day-to-day life, but entities across the world — to make inferences about you. This data remains somewhere and could be used later to influence you.
The second is asymmetry. We all grow up developing the ability to modulate our public and private spheres, how much we want to reveal with friends, how much we want to protect. And we are pretty good at that. But when we go online, there is an element of asymmetry, because there are entities we don’t even know exist, and they are gathering continuously information about us.
“The point is, we really don’t know how this information will be used.” Alessandro Acquisti
To be clear, I’m not suggesting that all this information will be used negatively, or that online disclosures are inherently negative. That’s not at all the point. The point is, we really don’t know how this information will be used. For instance, say I’m a merchant — once I get information about you, I can use this information to try to extract more economic surplus from the transaction. I can price-discriminate you, so that I can get more out of the transaction than you will.
That’s why I’m interested in working in this area, not because disclosure is bad — human beings disclose all the time, it’s an innate need as much as privacy is — but because we really don’t know how this information will be used in the long run.
JG: You pick what clothes you wear, you pick the neighborhood you live in, you pick the job that you have — and in some way you know what that’s saying about you. Say you’re Catholic. Some people are going to associate one thing with you being Catholic, and some people are going to associate another. You have an easy way to understand what all the reactions will be.
But the kinds of things that we’re talking about online aren’t things that you can necessarily anticipate. One example of this is a pretty early project from a couple of undergrads at MIT called “Project Gaydar.” They were able to infer people’s sexual orientation by completely ignoring anything that the person had actually said and instead looked at the person’s friends and what they had disclosed about themselves. So even if you’re a person who wanted to keep their sexual orientation private, we can still find it out, and there’s nothing you can do about it.
We have such a huge base of data — hundreds of millions of people, combinations of actions, likes and words. By themselves, it’s a pile of traits that doesn’t mean anything. Yet we can detect small patterns among these hundreds of millions of people to pretty accurately infer information that has basically no relationship to what they’re choosing to disclose.
Once those algorithms are mapped out, how do you keep them from being used for evil? Do you worry your research could be used by less genuine entities?
JG: I sometimes tell people that I feel a bit like I’m working on the Manhattan Project. But I actually approach this from a scientific perspective. I’m interested in the science of it, and I think pretty universally, with very few exceptions, it’s always worth doing the science. And in fact, what we’re doing to infer these things can actually be used to teach people how to protect themselves. One of the things that we learned through this research is that the more data we have about people, the easier it is to make inferences about them. That has led me to be a regular purger of all my information online. That’s a lesson that comes out of the science.
You’re right that this stuff is going to get into the hands of companies, governments, and could potentially be used in evil ways. I don’t think not doing the science is the solution to that. As Alessandro said earlier, the only solution is a legal one where people have control over how their data is used and there are limitations and real regulation on data brokers and other companies that have this data.
AA: I doubt that even the best researchers are able to give ideas to the industry that have not already come up or will not come up soon by themselves. In the best scenario, we are maybe one or two steps ahead of the game. And that would be important, because it’s about raising awareness among individuals and among policy makers about things that are about to happen, or have started to happen.
Article source : http://ideas.ted.com/do-you-know-what-youre-revealing-online-much-more-than-you-think/?utm_campaign=social&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_content=ideas-blog&utm_term=technology
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< Questions >
Q1. Do you think how much do you aware of online hacking on private information?
Q2. Do you use any SNS on the internet? Why do you use it?
Q3. What are the merits and demerits of using SNS?
Q4. If you want to know about someone, how would you get the information on her/ him? By asking in person, searching the website or any other route?
Q5. Do you want to erase every item related to your personal info. on the internet if it is possible?
Q6. Do you think should we make more stronger penalty system for those who are hacking information on the web site without permission?
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