로프워킹 : 매듭법

[스키퍼]

안전 세일링~~!

1. 한국등산학교시절 암벽등반을 실습하던중

    로프다루기에 대해서는 혹독하게 훈련을 받았다.

    나중에

    실전에서 그만 허술히 묶어... 인공등반중이던 톱에게서 무안을 넘어선

    혹독한 질책에 암장이라도 파고 들고 싶더만.

2. 장거리를 항해하다 보면

    크루가 1명일 수도 있고, 2명일 수도 있다.

    바람이 강해서 요트를 계류작업을 할 때 바쁘게 된다.

    후다닥  스턴라인을 무어링 클리트에 걸고

    재빠르게 바우라인을 넘겨 받아 걸어야 할때가 있는데..

    지난 여름의 추억들은...크루들의 그 매듭에 관한한/자일 워킹에 관한한 실망 그 자체였다.

3. 이번 부산에서

    매듭에 대해 괜시리 실습을 시켜보았다.

    황당~~! 이럴 수가

    소위 요트세일링을 가르친다는 강사? 한명의 매듭실습을 지켜보았다.

    어처구니가 없다.

   십수년의 요트세일링 고수면 뭐하는가?

   기초가 안되었는데...나머지는 안 보아도 뻔하다...

5. 작년의 해군참모총장배 요트레이스 지원을 위해

    여러 종류의 여러척의 함정들이 수영만에 계류되었었다.

    단정하고 절도있는 로프워킹에 감명을 받았다.

    제대만 하면...대한민국 야비군이라...

6. 매듭은

    - 쉽게 묶을 수 있어야 하고..쉽게 풀 수 있어야 한다.

    - 매듭 한개 묶다가 한 세월 다 보낼 수 있고..

       매듭 한개 안풀려 요트 전체가 위험에 빠질 수도 있다.

    - 그리고 무엇보다 확실하게 묶을 수 있어야 한다.

    "간과했던 단 한가지의 사소한 잘못이 큰 사고로 이어 짐을 수차례 보아왔고

     내 몸의 오른쪽말고 왼쪽은 머리에서 발꾸락까지 다 한번씩 부러져 보았다...자랑이다..쒸~"

7. 요트세일러의 묶여진 매듭 한개, 계류줄 한가닥만 보아도

    그 사람의 능력과 조심스러움과 성품을 알 수 있다.

    크루들의 자일워킹 단 한개만 보아도 그 팀의 능력을 알 수 있는 것이다.

8. 다음의 매듭을 시간날때마다...

    피로할 때/심심풀이로 연습을 해 두자...

    틈나는대로 익혀

    나를 포함한 모두가 "무늬만 세일러"를 탈피하자.

===================================

Stoppers

The Overhand Knot

The Overhand Knot or Half Knot

This is the simplest knot. Therefore probably the most used. The knot is very useful to support knots in yarns. The loose ends become a bit thicker. When this support makes the total bend too bulky you have to look for another bend. The overhand knot is not strong, so it is not used in situations where you might expect great force. It also reduces the strength of the rope or yarn by about 50%. But as an "anti-slip-knot" it does not have to withstand a lot.
This knot on the WEB.

The Double Overhandknot

The double overhand knot is beautiful, thicker than the common overhand knot, but not any stronger. But use it with caution. The double overhand knot is also called the bloodknot when it is used at the end of a whip. This knot has several ways of tying and in principle two ways of working up. Both ways of tying shown here also show both results. The bloodknot shown in the middle is the preferred way of working up the second way of tying marked with the crosses. The bloodknot is very hard to untie after it has been under stress. If you put an object through the cross-marked hole the knot will work up as the strangleknot. It is usefull to practice this way.
This knot on the WEB.

the Multifold-Overhand-knot

If you make more than two turns in the overhand knot it wil be fatter. (But hardly stronger.) In twined rope it is important to work up the knot very carefully. (It will not only look neater, it wil prevent 'kinking' which will weaken the rope even more!)
This knot on the WEB.

The (Flemish) Eight

This knot is larger, stronger and more easy to untie than the overhand knot. It does not harm your rope as much as the overhand knot does. So therefore sailors use this knot in most cases. (! not for bend support, where the smaller overhand is used, or in rope, a permanent small stopper)
This knot on the WEB.

Bends

The reef-knot

The reef-knot is only useful in simple applications. Ashley says "it is a true Binder Knot, for which it is admirable, but under no circumstances should it be used as a bend." It is easy tied and will not jam, so it is always easy to untie. It is used to tie packages, and as a base for he shoe-bow. Sailors used it for binding rolled sails or better reefed sails. And that is where it got its english name from. Americans call it the square knot. Probably because it looks square, or because it was much used on square-rigged-ships, but that is a total guess of me.
Its relatives, the granny, the thief-knot and the what-knot all have their purposes, but not as a trustful knot.
For more information on the reef-knot-family you may visit the Reef-knot Family.

The Sheet Bend

The sheet bend is my favorite bend. Be careful. With the loose end on the wrong side you have an other, weaker knot (Left-hand sheetbend). If the knot is well seized it does not matter if it is tied right or left handed
For more information on the reef-knot-family you may visit the Sheetbend Family.

The Carrick Bend / The Josephine Knot

Also known as Full carrick Bend, Sailor's Knot and Anchor Bend. Beware! There are not many knots with so much wrong drawings as this bend. The ends have to be on opposite sites and the crossings always are alternating up/down/up/down... The Carrick Bend is one of the best knots. Ashley states it is possible the nearest thing we have to a perfect bend. It does not easily slip, not even if the rope is wet. And it is always easy to untie, also after a heavy load. If used as a Hawser bend in heavy material it is always seized and parceled to save wear.
The Josephine Knot
In the Macrame this knot is called the Josephine Knot. It is self evident the Josephine knot is not seized nor pulled tight.

The True Lovers or Fishermans's Knot

The True Lovers, or Fisherman's Knot may be laid in two different ways. Which of both the is the stronger, I do not know.
With two equal overhandknots it is symmetrical. This is probably the most used variant.
With two different overhand knots you get the most beautiful version (always work it up neatly!)
Only ... The double eight is stronger, easier to untie after use and as decorative from all sides as the true lovers at best.

The Weavers-Eight

This is the best weaver knot I know. Although it looks difficult to tie, it is actually very easy. Fast to tie with small material, and reliable for wool, linen and most other weaver materials. Because both loose ends fall back over the standing part, it has an almost perfect lead.
Hold both threads together on the crossing between your thumb and finger. (first drawing)
Twist both threads together while you hold the cross in two simple movements. (first/Second drawing)
Now, you pull over the standing part of the line you tie on, (third drawing)
And put both loose ends over the line you tie on through the loop you just created.
Now let loose the cross and hold the loose ends fixed to the standing part of the line you tie with and pull the knot tight.
This knot is related with The (Flemish) Eight. You can observe this by removing the thread you tied the knot with, leaving the thread you tied the knot on unchanged. If you have difficulties in learning this knot, you can start by practicing the flemish eight in the thread you want to tie on, using an imaginary thread to tie with.

For the other direction
A weaver on a traditional weaving loom never knows in advance in what direction the next line has to be tied. Therefore he has to know two ways of tying the weaver knot. One for each direction. This is the same Weavers-Eight but tied different. Tied this way the knot points to the other direction.

Hitches

The Single Hitch

(also called The Simple Hitch)
Although this is probably the simplest knot of all, you have to be a skilled knot-tyer to know how to tye and use it in a safe way. The loose end of the rope is nipped against the object and the standing part. The best nip is obtained against an edge or shoulder. If the load is released and the standing part shaken, the hitch is spilled instantly.

It is used to attatch rope to a belay-pin, a weaver needle or even to a tree branch, to start belaying, to start winding or as a temporary easy to spill made-fast.
The Single Hitch on the WEB.

The Half Hitch

This is the capsized overhand knot. It is very useful to carry light loads which have to be removed easily. Ashley recommends it to use it for hanging store to out of reach for mice. It should not be disturbed.
The Half Hitch on the WEB.

The Clove Hitch

This is a very important knot of only theoretical value. Without extra support, it is untrustworthy in any situation, except as a crossing knot. You have to learn it for scouting and at sailing schools. If you have to use it, work it up properly; pull length-wise only at both ends before you load the working end. It is better to use The Rolling Hitch instead.
The Clove Hitch on the WEB.

Two Half Hitches

The two half hitches is used for tieing a rope with a right-angle pull to a pole or ring. It should be constant under load. (Not under constant load). It does not jam. If the object you tye it on has a small diameter it is better to use the "Round Turn with Two Half Hitches". This is the same knot but with an extra turn round the object.
The Two Half Hitches on the WEB.

Buntline Hitch

The Buntline Hitch is (was) used to tie a buntline to a square sail. It is a secure knot, but it tends to jam, so it is not easy to untie. Therefore, it is useful for work that will be left unattended for longer periods, since it will not untie suddenly.
The Buntline Hitch on the WEB.

The Rolling Hitch or Magnus and Magner's Hitch

The best simple hitch for lengthwise pull. It needs to be laid very carefully and pulled firmly before loading. Never use it for right angle pull, for it will spill.
The Rolling Hitch on the WEB.

Midshipmans Hitch Or Tautline Hitch

This is a remarkably useful knot. It is adjustable AND trustworthy.
Each sailor should know how to tye this knot in any circumstance. Especially to tye himself to a rescue rope thrown to him in the water. On the lifeline he has to hold the loose end securely to the standing part. This gives a good grip and a useful goal in this critical situation (HOLD!)
Anyone who uses a tent should know this knot. It is the best way to adjust your lines to the tent-poles.
It is the most simple of the adjustable knot family.
The Tautline Hitch on the WEB.

Adjusible or Jamming Hitch

This brother of the midshipmans Hitch is just a bit less important. This is because it tends to jam. When jamming is desirable, this knot is o.k., as when work will be left unattended. Ashley states it was used by cotton brokers in New Bedford to tye their cotton samples they took from mill to mill. The packages could be opened and closed at will, and still be secure when left alone at travel.
The Adjusible or Jamming Hitch on the WEB.

The Cow Hitch

This hitch is really useful for tieing a cow to a pole so it can graze round it. I myself would add an overhand knot at the loose end as a stopper. But I am not a farmer. Sailors use it to secure a lanyard to a shroud.
The Cow Hitch on the WEB.

Reversed Half Hitches

This knot is used to tye guy-ropes to tent-poles. But is is inferior to the Tautline Hitch The only reason I have included it in the elementary hitches is because its topology places it there. I see no use for it. (Please let me know if you know an application where this knot is the best knot to use.) A keen eye will recognize a capsized Reefknot in it.
The Reversed Half Hitches on the WEB.

Lobster Buoy Hitch

The Lobster Buoy Hitch is almost as secure as the Buntline Hitch, but more easy to untie. It is used to tie timber.
The Reversed Half Hitches on the WEB.

Marline Hitch or Single Hitch

This hitch is very practical to lash long objects. The working end needs only one tug and will not slip easy. Before the 'tiewrap' (or how are they called) this hitch was used by electrical engineers to tye 'wiring-trees' A row marlshitches is best started en ended with a double marlshitch.

The Marline Hitch on the WEB.

The Strangle Knot or Double Marline Hitch

The strangle knot is important as temporary whiping and as permanent binding from which you need more in line. Laid well it is virtually impossible to untie without tools (needle or knife). So never use it if you need to untie. Used as marlhitch it is best used as first and last in a row. Or when a row becomes 'dangerously' long this hitch is used as ensurance between shorter rows.
Be careful!. Tied in this way the working end (or the bundle) needs only one tug, but it is not enoug to pull once, it needs to be worked up properly!
The Strangle Knot on the WEB.

The Constrictor Hitch

The constrictor knot is important as temporary whipping and as permanent binding from which you need more than one in a row, but not in line (when you should use the strangle knot). Laid well, it is virtually impossible to untie without tools (needle or knife). Never use it if you need to untie it. It is almost the strongest among the 'simple' hitches. Only the double constrictor is stronger. Because the constrictor may be tied in a bight, it is often preferred over the strangle knot.
For more information on the constrictor-knot-family you may visit the Constrictor-knot Family.

Single loops

The Bowline

The Bowline Knot is one of the most used loop knots. This variant is most used in the world. Probably due to its simplicity, security, and its relationship with the Sheet bend. Keep the cross point in step A between a finger and thumb and make a clock-wise turn with your wrist. Without the loop in between, it is the same knot.
If the loop is expected to be heavily loaded, the bowline is, in fact, not secure enough. There is a rule of thumb which states that the loose end should be as long as 12 times the circumference for the sake of safety.

The Bowline
"Lay the bight to make a hole
Then under the back and around the pole
Over the top and thru the eye
Cinch it tight and let it lie"

The Dutch Marine Bowline / or The Cowboy Bowline

The Dutch Navy uses this variant of the bowline. And, of course, the Dutch sailor says this one is superior. The working end is not so easy pushed back by accident, they say. I think it is just a difference in culture.
There is a rule of thumb which states that the loose end should be as long as 12 times the circumference for the sake of safety.

Double Figure-of-eight loop.

The double eight is a knot used by climbers. It is easy to tie and safer as the bowline. There is a discussion whether there should be a stopper at the end of the loose end or not. Speed of (un)tying is a safety factor itself.
The first way of tying is equal to the way of tying the flamish eight, but now in a double rope. The 'loose-end' is the loop. This way is only applicable when the loop is 'empty' during tying.

If the loop is to be tied round something (round "your waist" for instance) you first tie an eight then lay the loop and double the eight. It is important to have enough rope for the loop. It requires experience, so start practicing.
The Double Figure-of-eight loop on the WEB.

The Bowstring Knot

The Bowstring Knot is an ancient knot that is used as an eye for bowstrings. The knot is simple and strong. Once tied and pulled firmly, you do not want to untie it: you might call it a good 'tie-once' loop knot.
The bowstring knot is appreciated because it is small, strong, secure, and easy to tie. It's neat because it does not have loose ends.
Modern archers prefer fixed spliced loops.
If the loose (cross marked) end is not secured within the loop between the bow and loop, it is wise to add a small overhand knot as stopper.
The Bowstring Knot on the WEB.

The Tucked Double Overhand

If you need a good looking and strong loop this is a good candidate. The Loose end must be at least two to three rope diameters long. But if you make the loose end inflexible with for instance glue, resch or by melting and you can hide it almost completely inside the two round turns. The "tucked double overhand" is a permanent loop. It jams badly, but that큦 what it is made for.

The Butterfly or Lineman's Loop

An excellent easy to tie loop for applications needing a loop in another place than the rope-end, but somewhere in the middle. It has an excellent lead, and is secure even if the forces on both ends are stronger than the load in the loop.
The Butterfly loop on the WEB.

The Artillery Loop

A practical and easy to tie loop for applications needing a loop in another place than the rope-end but somewhere in the middle. It is not as strong as the butterfly but is a bit faster to tie and untie. As the name already suggests it was used by the artillery (for carrying their guns over the shoulder.) Do not pull the rope too hard when the loop is not loaded. It is best used as temporary knot for carrying things. As always, work up the knot neatly!
The Artillery loop on the WEB.

The Pendant Hitch

A hitch to tie a pebble or a breastplate to a necklace. You have to make sure the object is secured in the loop. If you use a loop (this loop) to tie a pebble or other nice stone to a neck loop without extra (visible) support it is wise to use a leather neck loop. Make a cut in the length of the inside of the loop. Not too deep; it is only to roughen the surface to improve the grip of the knot. And last but not least..... use a good shoemakers glue. The result is surprising.
The pendant hitch is closely related to the The True Lovers or Fisherman's Knot.

The Noose

The Noose in General

WARNING!! The noose is not a knot to play hangman with. Too many accidents already killed children who thought they could release it in time. Even not strong pulled nooses can be dangerous round your neck.

There are three basic ways to make a noose. The first way is running the 'tail' of rope through a fixed loop on the end of that same rope. This may be a spliced-loop or a knotted-loop like the bowline. (In fact the bowline is used very often as the running loop by sailors.) The simple noose itself is used as a running knot for swift running loops.

The second way to make a noose is to tie a running knot (a simple knot or hitch) round the standing part of the rope in a way that pulling on the knot-side closes the loop. This is the most common way for making nooses. It makes the loop to close almost as easy as a noose using a fixed loop as a running knot.

The third way is to tie a running knot in a way that pulling the knot is opening the loop. I only know one practical application for this way of tieing this noose: for tying the rope to a yo yo, with the eight as running knot. But in packing bags and loads you will find it sometimes as an intermediate loop. It is also often the result of tying the running knot the wrong way.
The noose on the WEB.

The Simple Noose

This is the simplest of the nooses. Its used mostly as a base for further work. It is a close relative of the overhand-knot and the Marline Hitch or Single Hitch If used as noose it is best to add an overhand-knot in the end. This noose is used as a poor snare for catching small birds.
The noose on the WEB.

The Strangle-Snare

The strangle-knot is an excellent knot to be used a running knot for a snare. The pull is easy adjustable. The more force is applied from inside the loop the more firmly the running knot prevents opening of the loop.
The Strangle-Snare on the WEB.

The Scaffold knot or Gallows Knot.

The third noose is based on the the Multifold-Overhand-knot. As its second name already suggests it has a dark history.
It is also used as a knot to tie angling-rods to fishline.

Never play hangman. It can really kill.
The Scaffold knot or Gallows Knot the WEB.

The Hangman's Knot.

This knot is used for the gallows-tree as well. The force to close it is adjusted better than with the gallows knot. And because it is bigger in the neck it is believed to break the neck more easy. That would make it more mercy-full as the gallows-knot which kills by strangeling.
The Hangman is also used as a knot to tie angles to fishline.

Never play hangman. It can really kill.
The Hangman's Knot the WEB.

The Reverse Eight-noose.

This is (so far) the only 'wrong' running noose I know applications for. It to tie a package and ... for tieing YoYo's. Experts use one loop to make it possible to let the yoyo spin on the end and to call it up with a little firm pull. The yoyo has to spin fast and the noose has to be trimmed carefully.
Starters use two loops and tie it firmly.
Use eventually an overhand-knot on the cross-marked ends.
(This is not the best way to fasten your YoYo. If you want to use the best thechnique   you have to un-twine a line with two yarns and re-twine one of the yarns by doubling it with the YoYo in the middle. Free-spinning the YoYo my wear out the loop.) The Reverse Eight-noose the WEB.

The Monkey Fist

The Monkey Fist is used as an end knot for a heaving line. A heaving line is a line used for throwing from one location to another. This enables a larger line that could not be thrown over the distance to be pulled over. The most common use of a heaving line is at sea, to pull a cable to shore from a ship. A cable is not easily thrown over a distance of 10m [ ft]or more, so instead one throws a heaving line. The line is tied to the cable and when it has been received the cable can then be pulled over. To make it easier to throw one needs to connect a weight on the end of the line - usually a stone, lead-ball or a small bag of sand is connected to the end. Better still a small rope ball is tied on the end. It is neat, it will endure many tosses last long and it is easily thrown. That is what the monkey fist is was originally used for. Now it is also used as fancy knot for key-rings, necklaces and so on. The knot can be done with or without a central core (i.e. a round stone or ball bearing) to add extra weight but it is recommended to use extra loops depending on the size of the object.

The instruction drawing is made by Hervey Garrett Smith and copied from the dutch translation of his book "The Marlinespike Sailor". I got permission of "International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press" to use the instruction drawing on my site.
(I got 3 to 5 requests a week for this knot. That is why I am sure it is most wanted.)

The Dolly

This is probably the most famous truckers knot. I never realized it was so wanted. I got 2 to 4 requests per month for it.

You need to hook in the cross marked place. The force F you apply at the loose end is multiplied by (almost) 3 on the standing part. You may say it is only a rope tackle. Beware, it wears out your precious rope fast, so if you use it often it is wise to use a form of protection in the bight where the loose end is pulled through. A folded paper will do, a smooth piece of leather is much better.

I do not have experience with this knot myself. But I have been told it will hold as long as the force is applied. And because that is also the case with its closest relative, the sheep shank, I think it will.

The Bell

Start with a twist .. and lock it in position aby using the ends (see diagram right). Extend the bottom loop in the directions shown by the arrows.

The extended bottom loop is twisted to produce a locked bight on either side and these bights are held in position by passing the right side end as shown and then using the left end to lock and finish the knot.

Double Headed Carrick

Start with two in terlinked half hitches and pass one end as shown.

The second end may now be passed in a regular over and under weave to complete the first part of the knot. Next work slack around the to extend bight x which is then twisted to lock.

The working ends are then used to lock the twisted bight in position and the knot is ready for doubling.

Handcuff Hitch Breasplate

Start with a half knot and lengthen the two bights. Twist the bights to lock them (this will produce a regular over and under weave).
Lay one bight over the other (check that the sequence is correct by examining the rectangle r) Take one end and lock the bights as shown. Arrange the doubling so that both ends finish at x ~ this is the top loop of the knot.

The finished design is small but does form a basis for other patterns such as the design on the right. How to develop one from the other is your problem! (Solved on the next page in the booklet.)

Mors du Cheval‎ (second Method)

Start with two bights (unlocked half knot) and lock by passing the ends as shown. Extend bight x.
Twist the extended bight so as to lock it, (check the rectangle a. just to make sure the twist was correct), and pass the end as shown to complete the knot. Double (or preferably treble).

I believe this must have been the method used by the Viking who made the Bornhol pendant (dated 800ac-100 ac). He worked with three strands of wire rather than face the problems of trebling, and the work hardening that would inevitably affect the wire when bent as often as required by the tripling technique.

D-N

Start with Mors du Cheval‎ (see previous knot) and extend the two center bottom bights.
Twist these extended bights to lock them and place one over the other, as shown.

The working ends are then pased as shown n a regular over and under weave to lock and complete the knot.
Its not quite a 큈ribulation?but it was still a d--- n--- work out ~ hence the title.

[노인과바다]

매듭 훈련이 안되는 이유가 바로 여기에 있다고 생각합니다. 위에있는 매듭법 매일 한번씩 해보기 전에는 이틀 지나면 까마득. 매일 배에서 사는 사람 말고 우리팀 같은 경우는 아마도....

[노인과바다]

시험에 나오는 넘 네가지 만 배타기전 몇일동안이라도 매일 집에서 연습하도록 해보면 어떨까요. 여러가지 하지말고.

[노인과바다]

The (Flemish) Eight : 줄 끝에 매듭 만들기, The Clove Hitch : 말뚝에 묶기 와 헨다 달아매기, The Bowline : 고리 만들기, 그리고 한가지 크리트에 묶기는 위에서 못찾겠습니다.

[June]

위에 있는 매듭법들은 등반시 적용되는 것이라, 클리이트 묶기가 없는것이 아닐까 생각듭니다..

[깊은바다]

변명 : 기억이 안날만큼 여러차례 교육받고, 또 병원에 누워 수십번 연습을 했었으나 원기형님 말씀처럼 까마득합니다. 하지만 가야할 길이니 열심히 해야겠지요.

[고진감래]

매듭공부까지 감사합니다.

[고진감래]

감사염

[샤인]

크리트 묶기는 크리트에 묶는 것인데 특별한 방법이 있는 것은 아닙니다. 줄의 시작에서 부터 크리트의 먼 곳으로 한바퀴 돌려서 크리트 위로 비껴 지나간 후에 다시 크리트의 홈에 줄을 건 후, 다시 줄을 올려 올린 줄 아래로 로프 끝부분을 넣은 후 당기면 되는 것인데 글로 설명하니 장황하지만.....별 것 아닙니다.