Subcutaneous fat tissue. 근막이완 이해를 위한 과정

[문형철]

근육의 움직임은 결국 Subcutaneous fat tissue아래서 일어난다.

이 피하지방의 병리적 표현이 cellulite다. 

cellulite는 두가지로 이해되어야 한다. 한가지는 비만치료, 다른 한가지는 인체의 움직임을 제한하는 fascial adhesion 근막유착의 중요한 요인. 

인체의 기능회복, 움직임 회복을 연구하는 내게 중요한 개념은 limitation이다. 

Skin layer mechanics.pdf

Subcutaneous fat tissue

The subcutaneous tissue is the layer between the dermis and the fascia. The fat tissue acts to preserve neutral fat, cushion against external physical pressure, retain moisture and generate heat. The subcutaneous tissue is largely composed of fat cells.

Assembled fat cells separated by the connective fibroid fat septum are called fat lobules. Fiber bundles produced in the dermis and firmly connected with the fascia and periostea through the subcutaneous tissue are found throughout this region. These fiber bundles are called retinaculae cutis, and they strengthen the connection between the dermis and deeper tissues.

The main component of the fat droplet is triglyceride, composed of olein acid and palmitin acid. Since a large droplet accounts for most of the contents of the cellular cytoplasm in the fat cell, other cellular organelles are pushed to the edge. Multiple smooth muscles called tunicae dartoses are characteristically seen in the dermal deep layers and subcutaneous tissues of the scrotum, penis, labia majora and nipples (Fig. 1.36). 

The boundary between the subcutaneous tissue and skeletal muscle is called the musculus cutaneous. It is not clear in sites with muscles of expression‎, such as in the face. The thickness of the subcutaneous tissue depends on the body site, age and other factors. It is particularly thick in the cheeks, breasts, buttocks, thighs, palms and soles; it is thin in the eyelids, dorsal nose, lips of the mouth, and labia minora; subcutaneous tissue is absent in the foreskin. 

Subcutaneous tissue tends to develop and enlarge in newborn infants and in children at puberty. In embryos and newborn infants, heat is produced at a rapid rate by brown fat tissue in the dorsal region, which contains multiple fat droplets.

subcutaneous adipose tissue

다른 논문자료

Hypodermis

The hypodermis is defined as the adipose tissue layer found between the dermis and the aponeurosis and fasciae of the muscles. Its thickness varies with anatomical site, age, sex, race, endocrine and nutritional status of the individual. The subcutaneous adipose tissue is structurally and functionally well integrated with the dermis through nerve and vascular networks and the continuity of epidermal appendages, such as hairs and nerve endings.

The bulk of subcutaneous adipose tissue is a loose association of lipid-filled cells, the white adipocytes, which are held in a framework of collagen fibers. However, only one third of adipose tissue contains mature adipocytes [18], with the remainder being stromal-vascular cells including fibroblasts, leukocytes, macrophages, and pre-adipocytes [19]. Adipose tissue has little extracellular matrix compared to other connective tissues.

Stored fat is the predominant component of the adipocytes; where the lipid droplet can exceed 50 μm. The cytoplasm and nucleus appears as a thin rim at the periphery of the cell (Figure 1.6). The diameter of the entire white adipocyte is variable, ranging between 30 and 70 μm [18]. Collections of white adipocytes comprise fat lobules, each of which is supplied by an arteriole and surrounded by connective tissue septae. Each adipocyte is in contact with at least one capillary, which provides the exchange of metabolites and allows the adipocytes to function effectively. It is interesting to note that the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the lower trunk and the gluteal thigh region has a thin fascial plane dividing it into superficial and deep portions. Morphological differences are observed between these two adipose tissue layers [20]. The mechanical functions of the subcutaneous adipose tissue include allowing the overlying skin to move as a whole, both horizontally and vertically, and the attenuation and dispersion of externally applied pressure.