Marc Rich,석유거래로 세계최대이익을 얻은 사람

[siberia emperor]

Marc Rich

Marc Rich, king of commodities, died on June 26th, aged 78

Jul 6th 2013 | From the print edition

A NEW employee once asked Marc Rich for advice on trading. He expected, perhaps, “Buy low, sell high”, or “Think long-term”. 석유를 쌀때사서 비쌀때팔거나 장기적인 관점에서 투자하라는것으로 서 현재 국제 석유재벌들의 전략이기도 합니다

Or perhaps, given Mr Rich’s habit of going to the office at daybreak, “Up with Or perhaps, given Mr Rich’s habit of going to the office at daybreak, “Up with the lark”. Instead, Mr Rich picked up a knife and ran a finger across the edge. “As a trader you often walk on the blade,” he said softly. “Be careful and don’t step off.”

Few walked it more skilfully than Mr Rich. Obsessively, he scanned the globe to see crises coming, wars brewing, shortages looming. 전세계를 관찰하 면서 석유부족을 예측하여 이익를 창출한다는 내용입니다.

마찬가지로 2014년현재 국제석유회사 들이 2020년대 석유 특히 천연가스 가격을 최대한 상승시켜 최대의 이익을 얻기위하여 여러가지 프로젝트를 하고 있읍니다.

He bought before anyone else did, and was first there when countries began to look round for oil or zinc or nickel. After the Korean war, as a mere junior trader at Philipp Brothers in New York, he created a market in mercury, which the army needed for batteries. The price soared.가격이 상승했다는내용입니다

 From the late 1960s, somehow anticipating the Arab oil-export embargo, he began to create a spot market for oil. Previously, all crude was tied up by the big companies in inelastic long-term contracts. Starting in Tunisia, Mr Rich began to buy and sell it for immediate delivery, like any other commodity. When the embargo bit after 1973 he was swimming in oil when the majors were struggling, and was able to sell it at a mark-up of as much as $14 a barrel. Some called that profiteering. Mr Rich called it a service charge. He could have demanded more, but that would have been “like taking candy from a baby”.

A free agent in this exhilarating new market, he went from strength to strength. Turning on his insistent, feline charm, he sought out buyers and sellers while his partner Pinky Green arranged shipping. It was a winning combination, forged at Philipp Brothers but soon outgrowing it. In 1974 the two of them, peeved that their bonuses were still so small, left to form Marc Rich + Co. The main office was in Zug in safe, secret Switzerland, no questions asked.

From there, with cat-like tread, Mr Rich found his way round any political or moral obstacle. He sold Soviet oil to apartheid South Africa, despite a UN embargo, and between 1979 and 1994 made profits of around $2 billion there.20억달러의 이익을거두었다는내용입니다.(판매액이아니고 순이익이 20억달러라는것입니다)

 He sent Soviet and Venezuelan oil to Cuba in exchange for sugar, ignoring America’s ban on trade. He sold on the global market surplus Iranian oil that had flowed to Israel down a secret pipeline, and kept the arrangement going seamlessly despite the Iranian revolution of 1979, another embargo, and the American hostage crisis. The Iranians respected their contracts, he explained. They could not sell their oil, so he bought and sold it for them, using shell companies wherever necessary. Keeping well below the radar, as he always did, he was soon the world’s largest independent oil-trader, with a turnover in 1980 of $15 billion.

Then he stepped off the knife-blade. In 1980-81 he violated America’s domestic oil-price controls by relabelling Texas crude from old fields as new-found, jacking up the price by as much as 400%. He made profits of $105m and shipped them abroad, avoiding taxes of $48m. Once federal prosecutors were after him for that, they charged him with 64 other crimes, including racketeering and “trading with the enemy”. In 1983 he fled to Switzerland with his family, having also tried to spirit away two trunks of subpoenaed business papers.

The outsider

Thereafter he became a fugitive, a star of the FBI’s most-wanted list. He remained—until 1994, when he sold his stake and his company became the vast, tentacular Glencore—the world’s biggest trader of metals and minerals, while darting between Spain, Switzerland and Israel, a citizen of all three. In Marbella or St Moritz, beside a $9.5m swimming pool or among his Braques and Picassos, with a fortune estimated at $2.5 billion, he reconciled himself to exile. His father died in America; he had to say kaddish down the telephone. You cry a little, you move on.

In his own mind he was shy, modest and innocent of everything. American embargoes, he maintained, did not apply to companies based in Switzerland. Bribes, such as the $1m he gave to Nigeria’s transport minister, were paid “in order to be able to do business at the same price as other people were willing to do the business”. Getting round the price controls on oil from old fields was something many of the oil majors had done, too; but only he was faced with criminal prosecution for it.

Why? Perhaps, he mused, because he was Jewish, always the outsider: the refugee boy from Belgium who changed schools so often that he had no friends and hardly talked to anyone. Perhaps because he loved Israel more than America, showering it with money for good causes, helping to airlift Jews from Ethiopia and Yemen, and giving Mossad’s agents contacts in Iran. Or perhaps just because he was making an awful lot of money. He always saw profit where others didn’t care, or dare, to look; he got that from his father, who had started in business by peddling round Antwerp pieces of fabric and scrap metal that factories had thrown away.

In 2001 Bill Clinton pardoned him, his hand pushed by the Israeli prime minister, the king of Spain, an ex-head of Mossad and Mr Rich’s ex-wife Denise, who had given generously to the Clinton library and to Democratic campaigns. The president later regretted his action, calling it “terrible politics”. Mr Rich, oblivious to politics, would have called it good business.

_{Correction: Mr Rich created a market for mercury after the Korean war, not before it, as this article originally claimed. This was corrected on July 9th 2013.}

From the print edition: Obituary

恩达尔（FWilliamEngdahl）在其《百年战争：英美石油政治和新世界大战》

（ACenturyofWar:AngloAmericanoilpoliticsandtheNewWorldWar）一书中详细

讲述了1973 年在瑞典召开的彼尔德伯格会议上发生的一段鲜为人知的辛秘。在

布雷顿体系崩溃之后的最初几年里，美元的地位在世界范围内陷入了空前的危

机。与黄金脱钩之后，美元的信誉和价值如断了线的风筝一般，在世界金融风暴

之中随风而逝。当时的国际银行家还远未做好世界货币的准备工作，思想和理念

也极度混乱，１９６９年“隆重”推出的世界货币“特别提款权”在国际金融市

场上，根本无人问津。眼看局面即将失控，国际银行家们在１９７３年的彼尔德

伯格会议上紧急磋商，试图遏制当时世界金融的危局，重新挽救美元的信心。美

国的金融战略家沃特.雷维(WalterLevy)提出了一个大胆而惊人的计划，放手让

世界石油价格暴涨４００％，并规划如何从中牟取暴利。

大石油公司和大财团的８４名成员参加了是次会议。恩达尔得出的结论是：

这些权贵聚集在彼尔德伯格目的是使权力平衡重新向有利于美国金融利益和美

元的方向发展。为了达到这一目的，他们决定利用他们最珍视的武器－全球石油

供应的控制权。彼尔德伯格俱乐部的政策就是引发全球石油禁运，迫使全球油价

激增。从1945 年起，按照国际惯例，世界石油以美元定价，原因是美国石油公

司控制着战后石油市场。因此，全球油价突然上涨意味著世界对美元（用以购买

必需的石油）的需求相应激增，从而稳定美元货币的价值。[6.23]

基辛格用“源源不断的石油美元流入”来形容油价飙升的结果。

6. 三边委员会

“我们的国家能够拥有伟大的民主制度，我们也能够创造大量的财富并使它们积

聚在极少数人手中，但是我们不可能两者同时拥有。”

路易斯.布兰德斯，美国最高法院大法官

布热津斯基（ZbigniewBrzezinski）显然是三边委员会的核心人物，也是戴维.

洛克菲勒的智囊。在他的建议下，洛克菲勒决心将“将世界上最优秀的大脑整合

起来解决未来的问题”。该想法在１９７２年初被首次提出，并在１９７２年的

彼尔德伯格年会上，被“集体”广泛讨论并接受下来。

布热津斯基在１９７０年出版了著名的《两个时代之间》（BetweenTwoAges） ，

呼吁建立一个新的国际货币体系和世界政府，该书被认为是三边委员会的“圣

经”。洛克菲勒基金会与福特基金会理所当然地“慷慨解囊”，从财务上大力支

持三边委员会的运作。

委员会的主要成员均是北美、西欧和日本的一些大银行家、大企业家和著名的政

界人物，纽约、巴黎、东京分别设了三个总部，由这三个地区各出一人担任主席。

纽约总部的主席理所当然是戴维·洛克菲勒先生。布热津斯基便成为这个总部主

持日常工作的执行主任。

布热津斯基曾向戴维·洛克菲勒力荐时任佐治亚州州长的卡特加入三边委员会，

卡特在戴维洛克菲勒亲自提名下，被破格吸纳进三边委员会。这是他五年后能跨

上白宫的台阶所迈出的至关重要的一大步，也是他和布热津斯基成为莫逆之交的

基础和开端。

年青时代的克林顿在恩师奎格雷的指点之下，一直努力向三边委员会和外交协会

等组织积极靠拢，最终实现了他的总统梦。

三边委员会与彼尔德伯格俱乐部一样都是美国外交协会的外围机构，最机密和最

重要的决策只是在伦敦和华尔街极少数人的圈子里敲定下来。三边委员会和彼尔

德伯格俱乐部起到的是“统一思想”、“协调步伐”的作用。

三边委员会最重要的使命就是不遗余力地宣扬“世界政府”和“世界货币”的

宏伟理想，最终为一个伦敦－华儿街轴心控制之下的“新世界秩序”铺平道路。

１９７５年三边委员会在日本东京召开，在一份名为《重塑世界贸易与金融概要》

（An Outline for Remaking World Trade and Finance）报告中指出：“紧密

的三边（美、欧、日）合作，维护和平，管理世界经济，培育经济发展，和减少

世界贫困，将增加和平过渡到一种世界系统的机会。”

三边委员会与彼尔德伯格俱乐部的不同之处在于，它吸纳了当时的经济后起之秀

日本的诸多知名企业家和银行家，扩充了“世界精英”的基础。国际银行家们非

常懂得不断“吸收新鲜血液”对未来的“世界政府”“世界货币”和“世界税

收”这一“伟大事业”的重要性。后来随着亚洲其它国家和地区逐步发展起来，

这些地区的“精英分子”也成为国际银行家们青睐的对象。

问题不是一个“世界政府”到底好不好，而是谁主导这个“世界政府”，它是否

能真正实现世界范围内的普遍富裕和社会进步。从２００多年来的社会实践来

看，普罗大众似乎指望不上“精英们”的许诺。

经过许许多多的战乱和衰退，小老百姓们终于搞明白了一个道理，没有经济自由，

政治自由只是摆设；没有经济平等，民主制度也就失去了根基，成了任金钱玩弄

的道具。

如果说自由的本质就是人民能够拥有选择的权力，那么未来的“世界政府”的道

路只有一条，“世界精英”已经替世界人民选择了好了。按照保罗.沃伯格之子，

银行家杰姆斯.沃伯格的话说：“我们应该建立一个世界政府，无论人们是否喜

欢它。唯一的问题是这个世界政府究竟是经由（和平的）共识或是（武力的）征

服来产生。”

[siberia emperor]

A NEW employee once asked Marc Rich for advice on trading. He expected, perhaps, “Buy low, sell high”, or “Think long-term”. 석유를 쌀때사서 비쌀때팔거나 장기적인 관점에서 투자하라는것으로 서 현재 국제 석유재벌들의 전략이기도 합니다Or perhaps, given Mr Rich’s habit of going to the office at daybreak, “Up with the lark”. Instead, Mr Rich picked up a knife and ran a finger across the edge. “As a trader you often walk on the blade,” he said softly. “Be careful and don’t step off.”

[siberia emperor]

1979 and 1994 made profits of around $2 billion there.20억달러의 이익을거두었다는내용입니다.(판매액이아니고 순이익이 20억달러라는것입니다

[siberia emperor]

물론 록펠러 일가는 marc rich보다 훨씬 많이벌엇읍니다

[siberia emperor]

이런사실을 정확히 알아야하는이유는 2020년대에 국제석유가격과 특히 천연가스가격에 크나큰 상승이 잇을것같은 예감이 들기 때문입니다

[siberia emperor]

이제 우리도 미래를만들수 있는 충분한 역량이 있읍니다

[siberia emperor]

1970년대 국제석유가격폭등으로 아시아=조선전체의 경제가 흔들리엿읍니다