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MEDLINE;
Ovid/HMIC/AMED/Embase;
Cochrane Review Library;
Trial registries:
ISRCTN and
ClinicalTrials.Gov.
Databases were searched using the search terms as shown in Table 1. A citation review, as well as a search of the grey literature (including non-peer reviewed and pre-print studies, manufacturers’ and healthcare organisations’ publications) and wider internet, was also performed.
Table 1.
Search strategy and terms used.
| acromioclavicular OR acromioclavicular OR distal clavicle |
| AND |
| NOT osteolysis NOT dislocat* NOT septic NOT infection NOT reconstruct* NOT injur* NOT diagnos* NOT repair NOT diagnosis NOT report NOT fracture NOT fixation NOT stabili* NOT instablity NOT separation* NOT disrupt* NOT nonunion NOT ruptur* NOT imag* NOT radiog* NOT cadaver* NOT review* NOT editor* NOT cyst* NOT nerv* NOT osteochondroma |
All studies had to include participants with primary OA of the ACJ, as defined either nominally, clinically or radiographically, with at least one intervention and functional outcomes of the intervention. Studies include atraumatic ACJ pain with positive clinical tests such as cross-body arm adduction or compression tests (i.e. Paxinos test) or positive joint injection. These were included as they are defined as diagnostic in the current BESS/BOA guidance, 15 are widely validated and are sensitive (though not specific) to the joint.18,19 Previous review articles assessing the ACJ have also used these criteria5,6,9,20 Studies only assessing complication/revision rate or revision surgery were excluded. Studies that included only participants with post-traumatic OA and distal clavicular osteolysis were also specifically excluded, as these pathologies are different from primary OA and typically afflict at a younger age. No exclusions were made for age or language of studies.
Abstracts were screened independently by two of the authors using the inclusion and exclusion criteria listed in Tables 2 and 3, with the third author adjudicating in cases of disagreement over inclusion.
모든 연구는 명목상, 임상적 또는 방사선학적 정의에 따른 ACJ의 일차성 골관절염(OA) 환자를 포함해야 하며, 최소 한 가지 중재와 해당 중재의 기능적 결과를 포함해야 한다. 연구에는 교차체부 팔 내전 또는 압박 검사(즉, Paxinos 검사)와 같은 양성 임상 검사나 양성 관절 주사 소견이 동반된 비외상성 ACJ 통증이 포함된다. 이러한 검사들은 현재 BESS/BOA 지침에서 진단적 검사로 정의되며, 15 널리 검증되었고 해당 관절에 대해 민감도(특이도는 아니지만)를 보이기 때문에 포함되었다.18,19 ACJ를 평가한 기존 리뷰 논문들도 이러한 기준을 사용했다.5,6,9,20 합병증/재수술률 또는 재수술만을 평가한 연구는 제외되었다. 외상 후 골관절염 및 원위부 쇄골 골용해증 환자만을 대상으로 한 연구도 원발성 골관절염과 병리가 다르며 일반적으로 젊은 연령대에서 발생하는 특성상 특별히 제외하였다. 연구 대상자의 연령이나 언어에 따른 배제는 없었다.
초록은 두 저자가 표 2 및 표 3에 제시된 포함 및 제외 기준을 사용하여 독립적으로 선별하였으며, 포함 여부에 대한 의견 불일치 시 세 번째 저자가 최종 판단하였다.
Table 2.
Inclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteria
표 2.
포함 기준.
포함 기준
Discussion
The evidence from this systematic review showed that when receiving treatment – whether this be physiotherapy, medical management or surgery – participants showed considerable improvement in their patient-related outcome measures including pain.
토론
본 체계적 문헌고찰의 증거에 따르면, 물리치료, 의학적 관리 또는 수술 등 어떤 치료를 받더라도 참가자들은 통증을 포함한 환자 관련 결과 측정에서 상당한 개선을 보였습니다.
Non-operative management
There is a dearth of evidence for physiotherapy alone, with only one study looking at this despite it being a mainstay of treatment for a majority of participants with ACJ OA. The single study following participants undergoing only physiotherapy had short follow-up and was from a military health centre which may make the findings less applicable to the wider population. Studies looking at joint injections had a relatively short follow-up period and high rates of conversion to operative management. One UK 30 study, however, found significantly improved functional scores at 5-year follow-up and correlation between younger age and greater improvement. Studies reporting duration of improvement of symptoms had large variation between them; Jacob and Sallay 31 reported 21 days of improvement whereas Kurta et al., 32 Bain et al. 33 and Hossain et al. 30 reported 3, 19.5 and 240 months respectively.
비수술적 관리
ACJ 골관절염을 가진 대다수 참가자의 주된 치료법임에도 불구하고, 물리치료 단독에 대한 증거는 매우 부족하며 이를 다룬 연구는 단 한 건뿐입니다. 물리치료만 시행한 참가자를 추적한 단일 연구는 추적 기간이 짧았으며 군 의료센터에서 수행되어 일반 인구 집단에 대한 적용 가능성이 제한될 수 있다. 관절 주사를 다룬 연구들은 상대적으로 짧은 추적 기간과 수술적 관리로의 전환율이 높았다. 그러나 한 영국 30 연구에서는 5년 추적 관찰 시 기능 점수가 유의미하게 개선되었으며, 젊은 연령일수록 더 큰 개선 효과가 관찰되었다. 증상 개선 지속 기간을 보고한 연구들 간에는 큰 차이가 있었다; Jacob과 Sallay 31 은 21일의 개선을 보고한 반면, Kurta 등 32 , Bain 등 33 , Hossain 등 30 은 각각 3개월, 19.5개월, 240개월을 보고했다.
Operative managementArthroscopic versus open DCE
Four studies looked at look at open versus arthroscopic DCE with differences in outcome. Two studies26,34 found a non-significant increase in pain with open operations, another a significant increase 35 and another 36 conversely found significantly decreased pain with an open DCE. There were no apparent differences in participant demographics, numbers, methods or follow-up period to account for the contradictory findings. One reason posited for this is an open operation may be quicker and may allow greater adequacy of excision when compared with an arthroscopic approach but that arthroscopic is less invasive, as well as easier concomitant acromioplasty.
수술적 치료관절경적 DCE 대 개방적 DCE
개방적 DCE와 관절경적 DCE를 비교한 4건의 연구에서 결과에 차이가 나타났다. 두 연구26,34에서는 개방 수술 시 통증이 유의미하지 않게 증가한 반면, 다른 연구 35 에서는 유의미한 증가를, 또 다른 연구 36 에서는 반대로 개방적 DCE 시 통증이 유의미하게 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 상반된 결과를 설명할 만한 참가자 인구통계학적 특성, 수, 방법 또는 추적 관찰 기간에 뚜렷한 차이는 없었다. 이러한 결과의 한 가지 원인으로, 개방 수술이 관절경적 접근에 비해 더 빠르고 절제 범위를 더 충분히 확보할 수 있지만, 관절경적 수술은 침습성이 낮고 동반되는 견봉 성형술도 더 용이하다는 점이 제시되었다.
SAD/acromioplasty
Eight studies included concomitant SAD as well as DCE, all with positive outcomes. Dragoo et al., 37 Levine et al. 38 and Daluga and Dobozi 39 all found good outcomes including whether a direct or bursal approach was used. Brix et al. 40 found persistent pain at 6 months after the operation in approximately one-third of participants, with associations to compensation cases and a propensity to anxiety amongst those suffering ongoing symptoms.
SAD/견봉 성형술
동반 SAD 및 DCE를 포함한 8건의 연구 모두 긍정적인 결과를 보였다. Dragoo 등 37, Levine 등 38, Daluga와 Dobozi 39는 직접 접근법 또는 활액낭 접근법 사용 여부와 관계없이 모두 양호한 결과를 확인했다. Brix 등 40은 수술 후 6개월 시점에서 참가자의 약 1/3에서 지속적인 통증이 관찰되었으며, 이는 보상 사례 및 지속적인 증상을 겪는 환자들 사이에서 불안 경향성과 연관성이 있었다.
RCR
Seven studies looking at DCE with RCR showed good results and used only the arthroscopic technique. A key finding was a RCT 28 randomising participants with ACJ OA and 50–100% rotator cuff tears to DCE or DCE and RCR which showed no clinical difference in the outcome. Another RCT 27 randomised participants with radiological ACJ OA and rotator cuff tears to RCR or RCR and DCE, also with no clinical difference in outcome. However, a larger case series 41 found that participants undergoing RCR who did not undergo a DCE had significantly worse functional outcomes. Three other studies39,42,43 which included groups having concomitant RCR and DCE all found positive outcomes including reduction of pain, return to previous sporting level and participant satisfaction.
The results above from participants having concomitant surgery such as RCR or SAD show the need to ensure concomitant pathology is diagnosed prior to surgery. An arthroscopic approach to DCE allows SAD to be performed in the same operation with minimal additional time and procedure.
RCR
RCR을 동반한 DCE를 평가한 7건의 연구는 모두 관절경적 기법만을 사용해 양호한 결과를 보였다. 주요 연구로는 ACJ 골관절염 및 50~100% 회전근개 파열 환자를 DCE군과 DCE+RCR군으로 무작위 배정한 28 의 무작위 대조 시험(RCT)이 있으며, 두 군 간 임상적 결과 차이는 없었다. 또 다른 무작위 대조 시험 27 에서는 방사선학적 ACJ 골관절염 및 회전근개 파열을 가진 참가자를 RCR 또는 RCR과 DCE로 무작위 배정했으며, 결과적으로 임상적 차이는 없었습니다. 그러나 더 큰 규모의 사례 연구 41 에서는 DCE를 시행하지 않은 RCR을 받은 참가자의 기능적 결과가 유의하게 더 나쁘다는 것을 발견했습니다. 동시 RCR 및 DCE를 시행한 그룹을 포함한 다른 세 연구39,42,43에서는 통증 감소, 이전 스포츠 수준 회복, 참가자 만족도 등 긍정적인 결과를 모두 확인했습니다.
RCR 또는 SAD와 같은 동시 수술을 받은 참가자들의 위 결과는 수술 전 동반 병리를 반드시 진단할 필요성을 보여줍니다. DCE에 관절경적 접근을 적용하면 추가 시간과 절차 최소화로 동일 수술에서 SAD를 시행할 수 있습니다.
Patient selection
There were a small number of participants (>10%) who did not have good outcomes from surgery. Several studies also commented that participants who fared badly from surgery were worker compensation cases or those with predisposition to altered pain experience. Brix 40 with 6 months follow-up, found that 36% of participants had persistent pain with significant associations of unemployment, insurance/compensation and anxiety traits to a worse outcome. A number of other studies41,44,45 found that work-related injury participants had a significantly decreased functional score post-surgery or worse outcomes.46–48 Many studies excluded participants with ongoing compensation claims.
Though this review covers primary ACJ OA, some included studies included other aetiologies. The studies which include OA with trauma as a causative agent show these participants to have poorer outcomes. Novak et al. 45 found 4/5 ‘poor’ results had traumatic onset. Another study 49 found only reasonable outcomes overall and warn ‘it is difficult to advocate this procedure as a common treatment for chronic pain of the ACJ due to a … degenerative condition.’ This study included a large proportion of participants with traumatic aetiology and found poorer outcomes in this subgroup.
Length of clavicular excision
There is varying evidence on the significance of the length of clavicle excised, with studies suggesting poorer outcomes if too little or too much clavicle is removed. A small study 44 (n = 18) used a CT scan to quantify clavicular excision and found a mean resection length of 6.6 mm in ‘good’ results and 4 mm in ‘moderate or poor” results.’ Whilst this finding was not statistically significant, it may aid in advising a minimum resection length.
Another 42 measured average excision to be 9 mm and all participants were satisfied with a large majority returning to their previous level of sport. Eskola et al. 49 in a study (n = 73) with 9 years average follow-up, and an average of 16 mm excision length found a significant association between increased excision length and pain, with participants who over 1 cm resected to have significantly more pain than those under 1 cm. They still found reasonable functional outcomes in those participants treated for primary ACJ OA. Duindam et al. 36 compared arthroscopic and open excision finding a shorter average excision length in the arthroscopic group (3.2 mm) compared to 7.1 mm in the open group but no difference in the functional outcomes. Table 4 shows the length of DCE versus functional outcome in studies which included this information. There was no association between excision length and functional outcome score.
Table 4.
Length of excision versus functional outcome.
Average clavicular excision (cm)Functional outcome score
| Kay 1994 50 | 1–1.5 | 90% |
| Snyder et al. 47 | 1.5–2.1 | 89.1% |
| Dragoo et al. 37 | 1.5 | 91.8% |
| Flatow 1995 51 | 0.6–1.25 | NS (‘Satisfactory in 83%’) |
| Duindam et al. 36 | 78.3% | |
| 0.32 | 79% |
| 0.71 | 78% |
| Kim et al. 44 | 0.55 | 70.2% |
| Park 2016 52 | 0.4–0.7 | 95.4% |
| Ringshawl 2021 53 | 0.75 | 84.6% |
The UK study looking at revision 54 of DCE found
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