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Appositive; a noun phrase, it renames the headword 머리명사 수식
Appositives 동격 명사구
An
appositive is a noun or pronoun — often with modifiers — set beside
another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it.
Here are some
examples of appositives (the noun or pronoun will be in blue, the
appositive will be in red).
Your friend Bill is in trouble.
My brother's car, a sporty red convertible with bucket seats, is the envy of my friends.
The chief surgeon, an expert in organ-transplant procedures, took her nephew on a hospital tour.
명사 + 그외 수식구 = 명사구로 선행사를 수식하는 형역을 한다
An appositive phrase usually follows the word it explains or identifies, but it may also precede it.
A bold innovator, Wassily Kadinsky is known for his colorful abstract paintings.
The first state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, Delaware is rich in history.
A beautiful collie, Skip was my favorite dog.
수식받는 선행명사는 보통 동격명사구 앞에 오나 강조상 동격구 뒤에 선행사가 올 수도 있다
Punctuation of appositives
In
some cases, the noun being explained is too general without the
appositive; the information is essential to the meaning of the sentence.
When this is the case, do not place commas around the appositive; just
leave it alone. If the sentence would be clear and complete without the
appositive, then commas are necessary; place one before and one after
the appositive.
제한 동격구의 경우 콤마없이 오는데 이는 삽입구의 성격인 none essential 요소와 달리 동격구가 의미상 선행사를 제한수식하여야 할 꼭 필요한 요소일 때 콤마를 쓰지않아서 한정적으로 쓰인걸 알린다
Here are some examples.
The popular US president John Kennedy was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches.
Here
we do not put commas around the appositive, because it is essential
information. Without the appositive, the sentence would be, "The popular
US president was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches." We
wouldn't know which president was being referred to.
John Kennedy, the popular US president, was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches.
Here
we put commas around the appositive because it is not essential
information. Without the appositive, the sentence would be, "John
Kennedy was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches." We still
know who the subject of the sentence is without the appositive.
John Kennedy the popular US president was quite different from John Kennedy the unfaithful husband.
Here
we do not put commas around either appositive because they are both
essential to understanding the sentence. Without the appositives, the
sentence would just be John Kennedy was quite different from John
Kennedy. We wouldn't know what qualities of John Kennedy were being
referred to without the appositive.
동격구는 머리/중심 명사를 주어로 한 be 동사의 문장으로 전환할 수 있다
And there are the guardians of Las Vegas' image, the ad execs tasked with making sure tourists still want to come here.
The
next decision he made would send him on the ride of his life, a tall
order for an Air Force Thunderbird pilot whose typical day included
heart-stopping maneuvers and high-speed dives with little room for
error.
my best friend, Meda.
Julia, a butcher at the A&P
the security guard in our building, an ex-Marine who once played professional football
McAninch,
a 34-year-old ex-con with multiple felony arrests and convictions, was
currently out on parole after serving five years for burglary.
he dragged Tammi to the back of the store and into a windowless office, a cramped space with a desk,
Older gas ranges have burners that are ignited by a pilot light, a small flame that burns continuously.
let's take a minute to practice, shall we? Add commas as needed to each of the following sentences.
1. Isadora Duncan a great American dancer of the early twentieth
century has become almost as famous for her death as her dancing.
2. John Styth Pemberton an Atlanta pharmacist created the original Coca-Cola in 1886.
3. Richard Nixon is the only American president who was forced to resign his office.
4. King Louis XIV of France a ballet dancer from the time he was a teenager established the Royal Ballet Company.
5. Robert Benchley the American humorist and critic was a member of the Algonquin table of noted wits.
6. Nellie Melba a famous Australian soprano of the late nineteenth and
early twentieth century gave her name to a snack food called “melba
toast.”
7. The centaur a mythological creature is said to feast on raw flesh and prodigious amounts of liquor.
8. Alexander the Great died of a fever.
9. Ferrets a domesticated variety of polecats were first tamed in 1500 b.c.e. by the Egyptians.
10. Some people consider the number 13 unlucky.
Answers
1. Isadora Duncan, a great American dancer of the early twentieth
century, has become almost as famous for her death as her dancing.
2. John Styth Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, created the original Coca-Cola in 1886.
3. No punctuation change needed.
4. King Louis XIV of France, a ballet dancer from the time he was a teenager, established the Royal Ballet Company.
5. Robert Benchley, the American humorist and critic, was a member of the Algonquin table of noted wits.
6. Nellie Melba, a famous Australian soprano of the late nineteenth and
early twentieth century, gave her name to a snack food called “melba
toast.”
7. The centaur, a mythological creature, is said to feast on raw flesh and prodigious amounts of liquor.
8. No punctuation change needed.
9. Ferrets, a domesticated variety of polecats, were first tamed in 1500 b.c.e. by the Egyptians.
10. No punctuation change needed.
Use of dash; Interrupting a sentence
If
you want to interrupt your sentence with a phrase or clause, consider
using a dash, or if your sentence continues after the interruption, a
pair of dashes.
*
She was extraordinarily tall—the tallest woman I'd ever seen.
*
She walked in— the tallest woman I'd ever seen—and took a seat at the counter.
Introducing a restatement or explanation
Like
a colon, a dash can be used to introduce an explanation or restatement
in place of expressions such as that is, in other words, or namely.
Begin the clause after the dash with a lower-case letter.
*
The reporter relentlessly pursued the woman— he was determined to get her to respond.
********************************************************************************************************************
dash 를 사용한 동격 연결
You may no him, big, red hair, with a nice car.
Is it fine that the adj. phrases in bold modifies the pronoun him?
It seems slightly cumbersome, but it may just be unusual.
You may know him—big, red hair, with a nice car.
or
You may know him. He’s big, has red hair, and drives a nice car.
I agree the dash works better.
The only reason I chose a comma is because I’m pretty sure either can be used, correct? However, the dash makes things clearer.
Yes,
the comma is OK, but if someone needs to read something twice to be
sure of what it says, then the sentence needs work. The dash solves that
problem.
The Trocmés lived in Le Chambon in Vichy France—a part of France not occupied by the Nazis, but run by the collaborationist French Vichy government. André was a Huguenot pastor and a committed pacifist.
예문
While
you’re under there, wipe out the drip pan, a flat pan that collects
water from the defrost cycle and allows it to evaporate.
Recognize an appositive when you see one.
An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right
beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words.
Look at these examples:
The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
The insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
The insect, a large cockroach with hairy legs, is crawling across the kitchen table.
The insect, a large, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of oatmeal, is crawling across the kitchen table.
Here are more examples:
During the dinner conversation, Clifford, the messiest eater at the
table, spewed mashed potatoes like an erupting volcano.
My 286 computer, a modern-day dinosaur, chews floppy disks as noisily as my brother does peanut brittle.
Genette's bedroom desk, the biggest disaster area in the house, is a
collection of overdue library books, dirty plates, computer components,
old mail, cat hair, and empty potato chip bags.
Reliable, Diane's eleven-year-old beagle, chews holes in the living room carpeting as if he were still a puppy.
Punctuate the appositive correctly.
The important point to remember is that a nonessential appositive is
always separated from the rest of the sentence with comma(s).
When the appositive begins the sentence, it looks like this:
A hot-tempered tennis player, Robbie charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.
When the appositive interrupts the sentence, it looks like this:
Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player, charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.
And when the appositive ends the sentence, it looks like this:
Upset by the bad call, the crowd cheered Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis
player who charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull
with a racket.
동격구는 선행사를 수식하는 형절의 기능과 같으니 형절로 전환될 수 있고 "명사구의 형역"이라 보면 쉽습니다
명사구의 "비 명사적인 역할"로 동격구와 절대구가(독립분사구문) 있는데 둘다 삽입적 요소고
동격구는 제한수식은 콤마없이, 비제한 수식은 콤마로 분리하여 씀
절대구는 항상 콤마로 분리되나 동격구가 선행사 수식인데 반하여 절대구는 문장 전체수식으로
부사적인 역할을 한다는것 요주의!
It was also strong like a mountain;
it’s age /no mere morass of time 제한동격
//where imagination can sink in reverie,
but
the living, self-remembering duration //which repelled lighter
intelligences from its structure /as granite flings back waves, 비제한동격
itself unwithered and undecayed but able to wither any //who approach it unadvised. 제한동격
동격구;
In
English grammar, an appositive is a noun, noun phrase, or series of
nouns placed next to another word or phrase to identify or rename it.
http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/buildappositive.htm
A. From Adjective Clauses to Appositives
Like an adjective clause, an appositive provides more information about a noun.
In
fact, we may think of an appositive as a simplified adjective clause.
Consider, for example, how the following two sentences can be combined:
Jimbo Gold is a professional magician.
Jimbo Gold performed at my sister's birthday party.
One way to combine these sentences is to turn the first sentence into an adjective clause:
Jimbo Gold,
who is a professional magician,
performed at my sister's birthday party.
We
also have the option of reducing the adjective clause in this sentence
to an appositive. All that we need to do is omit the pronoun who and the
verb is:
Jimbo Gold,
a professional magician,
performed at my sister's birthday party.
The
appositive a professional magician serves to identify the subject,
Jimbo Gold. Reducing an adjective clause to an appositive is one way to
cut the clutter in our writing.
However, not all adjective
clauses can be shortened to appositives in this fashion--only those that
contain a form of the verb to be (is, are, was, were).
B. Arranging Appositives
An appositive most often appears directly after the noun it identifies or renames:
Arizona Bill,
"The Great Benefactor of Mankind,"
toured Oklahoma with herbal cures and a powerful liniment.
Note
that this appositive, like most, could be omitted without changing the
basic meaning of the sentence. In other words, it's nonrestrictive and
needs to be set off with a pair of commas.
Occasionally, an appositive may appear in front of a word that it identifies:
A dark wedge,
the eagle hurtled earthward at nearly 200 miles per hour.
An appositive at the beginning of a sentence is usually followed by a comma.
In each of the examples seen so far, the appositive has referred to the subject of the sentence.
However,
an appositive may appear before or after any noun in a sentence. In the
following example, the appositive refers to roles, the object of a
preposition:
People are summed up largely by the roles they fill in society
--wife or husband, soldier or salesperson, student or scientist--
and by the qualities that others ascribe to them.
This
sentence demonstrates a different way of punctuating appositives--with
dashes. When the appositive itself contains commas, setting off the
construction with dashes helps to prevent confusion. Using dashes
instead of commas also serves to emphasize the appositive.
Placing an appositive at the very end of a sentence is another way to give it special emphasis. Compare these two sentences:
At the far end of the pasture, the most magnificent animal I had ever seen
--a white-tailed deer--
was cautiously edging toward a salt-lick block.
At the far end of the pasture, the most magnificent animal I had ever seen was cautiously edging toward a salt-lick block
--a white-tailed deer
.
Whereas the appositive merely interrupts the first sentence, it marks the climax of sentence two.
C. Punctuating Nonrestrictive and Restrictive Appositives
As
we've seen, most appositives are nonrestrictive--that is, the
information that they add to a sentence is not essential for the
sentence to make sense. Nonrestrictive appositives are set off by commas
or dashes.
A restrictive appositive (like a restrictive
adjective clause) is one that cannot be omitted from a sentence without
affecting the basic meaning of the sentence. A restrictive appositive
should not be set off by commas:
John-Boy's sister
Mary Ellen
became a nurse after their brother
Ben
took a job at a lumber mill.
Because
John-Boy has multiple sisters and brothers, the two restrictive
appositives make clear which sister and which brother the writer is
talking about. In other words, the two appositives are restrictive, and
so they are not set off by commas.
D. Four Variations
1. Appositives that Repeat a Noun
Although an appositive usually renames a noun in a sentence, it may instead repeat a noun for the sake of clarity and emphasis:
In America, as in anywhere else in the world, we must find a focus in our lives at an early age,
a focus that is beyond the mechanics of earning a living or coping with a household
.
(Santha Rama Rau, "An invitation to Serenity")
Notice
that the appositive in this sentence is modified by an adjective
clause. Adjectives, prepositional phrases, and adjective clauses (in
other words, all of the structures that can modify a noun) are often
used to add details to an appositive.
2. Negative Appositives
Most
appositives identify what someone or something is, but there are also
negative appositives that identify what someone or something is not:
Line managers and production employees,
rather than staff specialists
, are primarily responsible for quality assurance.
Negative appositives begin with a word such as not, never, or rather than.
3. Multiple Appositives
Two, three, or even more appositives may appear alongside the same noun:
Saint Petersburg,
a city of almost five-million people, Russia's second-largest and northernmost metropolis
, was designed three centuries ago by Peter the Great.
As
long as we don't overwhelm the reader with too much information at one
time, a double or triple appositive can be an effective way of adding
supplementary details to a sentence.
4. List Appositives with Pronouns
A final variation is the list appositive that precedes a pronoun such as all or these or everyone:
Streets of yellow row houses, the ochre plaster walls of old churches,
the crumbling sea-green mansions now occupied by government offices--
all seem in sharper focus, with their defects hidden by the snow.
(Leona P. Schecter, "Moscow")
Keeping his room exactly as he’d left it;
keeping anniversaries;
refusing to leave that house though Dick and Muriel were both wretched there.’Keeping his room exactly as he’d left it = ritual
동격인 부정사구
My job, to sit and watch, is boring.
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