Appendix A Table A1. Questionnaires.
Students’ perceived support (SPS)
1. My classmates’ encouragement inspires me in my studies.
2. I have the courage to ask others for help with my studies
3. I have the courage to offer my friends help with their studies.
4. I am sure that my classmates think of me as helpful.
5. I know when my friends need help with their studies.
Virtual social skills (VSS)
6. In virtual settings, I am good at making myself visible with influential people in my groups through TEL
7. In virtual settings, I always know what to say to others in social situations through TEL.
8. In virtual settings, I find it simple to put myself in the position of others to understand their point of view through TEL
9. In virtual settings, I am keenly aware of how I am perceived by others through TEL.
Subjective norm (SN)
10. The opinion of non-academic groups (e.g., friends and family) suggests that I should participate in TEL activities.
11. My classmates think that using TEL is valuable for online learning.
12. People who are important to me would think that I should use TEL.
13. My instructor thinks that the TEL is valuable for online learning.
14. People who influence my behavior would think that I should use TEL.
Information quality (IQ)
15. Available online contents are complete and timely in nature
16. Available online contents provide accurate and reliable material
17. Online contents provide information in appropriate manner
18. In general, we can say that the information I obtain through TEL is complete and accurate
19. In general, we can say that the information I obtain through TEL is related to my study topics in the specialization
Subjective interest (SI)
20. I am interested in learning course material for my subject
21. I am generally attentive in class
22. I feel the subject challenged me intellectually
23. By using TEL I have become more competent in my subject
Resource availability (RA)
24. Teachers inspire students to seek more knowledge on the subjects.
25. Teaching aids that are brought to the classroom by teachers consider the class size.
26. Teachers arrange student sittings in a way that promotes interaction.
27. There is adequacy of teaching and learning materials and resources in higher education.
Self-efficacy (SE)
28. I am confident in using the TEL even if there is no one around to show me how to do it.
29. I am confident in using the TEL even if I have never used such a system before.
30. TEL provides the chances for me to express my opinions.
31. TEL offers the opportunity for me to interact with fellow students informally (e.g., online chat room or forum).
32. I am confident in using the TEL even if I have only the software manuals for reference.
Students’ perceived benefits (SPBs)
33. Using the free resources such as e-libraries helped me to save money and effort
34. Using emails to communicate with other student groups helped me to save my expense and effort
35. Use of Internet is reasonably priced
36. Use of Internet is a good value for the money
37. I think completing courses through TEL makes me employable
Student satisfaction (SS)
38. I am satisfied with all the services and functions provided by TEL that are currently used.
39. The TEL made the teaching process easier for me
40. In general, I am satisfied with the use of TEL
41. I am satisfied with the support I receive while using the TEL
42. I was satisfied with the TEL environment
Students’ adoption of TEL (SAT)
43. I will use the TEL on a regular basis in the future
44. I will continue using the e-learning platform in order to fulfil my future needs
45. I will strongly recommend others to use the e-learning platform
46. I intend to advise my friends to use the Internet for reading lecture notes online.
47. I think positively about TEL