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Lesson 38 Everyday Grammar TV: Modal Verbs, Phone Calls
Unit 7. 서법 조동사 (Modal verbs)
=> be 동사나 일반 동사 앞에 쓰여서 동사에 어떤 특정한 의미를 보태 주는 것!
서법(문장 내용에 대한 화자의 심적 태도를 나타내는 동사의 범주)
1. 조동사 확률 표현하기
will (가장 높은 확률)
should
may (50%)
might, could (가장 낮은 확률)
It will rain tonight.(오늘 밤에 비가 올 거야)
It should snow tonight.(오늘 밤에 눈이 올 거야 )
2. 해석상의 차이 X
will은 거의 확실하게 일어날 때,
should는 올 확률이 거의 높을 때
It may rain tonight.
오늘 밤에 비가 올 거야(근데 안 올 수도)
3. 조동사로 추측 표현
must (틀림없이)~일 것이다
should (아마)~일 것이다
may (가능성)~일지도 모른다
might, could ~일지도 모르다 (불확실한 추측)
4. 누군가에게 연락이 온 상황
That must be Linda.
틀림없이 Linda 일거야.
(거의 확신)
That might be Lisa.
Lisa일 수도 있지 않나.
(확신보다 불확실에 가까움)
I. 서법 조동사 (Modal verbs)
II. Summary
A. 법조동사(Modal verbs or Modal auxiliaries or Modal auxiliary verbs)
can, could, must, should, ought, may, might, will, would, shall
주어의 수에 따라 형태가 변하지 않음
다른 동사 앞에 쓰여서 필요(necessity), 가능성(possibility), 허가(permission) 등을 표현
An auxiliary verb characteristically used with other verbs to express mood, aspect, or tense. In English, the most common modal auxiliaries are can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would. Also called modal. (American Heritage Dictionary)
A verb (such as can, could, shall, should, ought to, will, or would) that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as possibility, necessity, and permission (Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary)
A verb such as can, may or will that is used with another verb (not a modal) to express possibility, permission, intention, etc. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary)
modal verb를 법조동사라고 한 이유는 modal이 라틴어 modus 에서 유래된 단어로 modal의 명사형인 mode 에 방법이란 의미가 있어 한자로 법으로 번역한 것이 지금까지 통용되고 있다고 함
modal
adj. 1. 형식상의, 법(法, mood)의, 서법의
1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a mode.
2. Grammar Of, relating to, or expressing the mood of a verb.
n. 법(法)조동사
modal auxiliary
Medieval Latin modālis, from Latin modus, measure
mode 1. 방식, 방법 10. (문법) mood
1.A manner,way, or method of doing something, experiencing something, or acting
10.GrammarMood.
mood
동음이의어(homonym)으로 분위기(A particular state of mind or emotion)를 의미하는 mood와 문법 용어로 법를 의미하는 mood가 있음
1. 법 (진술 내용의 확실성·가능성·필요성 등을 나타내는 동사 표현)
2. 서법(문장 내용에 대한 화자의 심적 태도를 나타내는 동사의 범주)
1. Grammar
a. A property of verbs in which the speaker's attitude toward the factuality or likelihood of the action or condition expressed.
b. A category or set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate such an attitude. In English, the indicative mood is used to make factualstatements, the subjunctivemood to indicate doubt or unlikelihood, and the imperativemood to express a command.
Excerpt from American Heritage Dictionary
[출처] Unit 7. 법조동사 (Modal verbs): 1) summary|작성자 나리아빠
B. 용례
법조동사 뒤 원형부정사
We can park here.
It’s getting late. I must go.
The government should go more to help.
It will be windy tomorrow.
단, ought 뒤에는 to-infinitive
The government ought to do more to help.
NOTE
부사는 조동사와 원형부정사 사이에 위치
We can probably park here.
부정표현: modal verb + not or –n’t
The plan might not work. (NOT The plan doesn’t might work.)
You shouldn’t be so untidy. (NOT You don’t should be so untidy.)
의문문: 주어 앞에 modal verb
Can we park here? (NOT Do we can park here?)
How should I organize my work? (NOT How do I should organize my work?)
짧은 대답과 부가의문문(question tags)에서 modal verb 사용
Can we park here? ~ Yes, we can.
We can park here, can’t we? (can’t we: question tag)
[출처]Unit 7. 법조동사 (Modal verbs): 1) summary|작성자나리아빠
C. 현재 또는 미래 표현
동일한 법조동사로 미래 또는 현재표현
Present: I’m looking for the letter. It might be somewhere in this pile of papers.
Future : I posted the letter today. It might get there tomorrow.
과거표현: modal verb + have + past participle
I posted the letter two days ago. It might have arrived yesterday.
※ had to, was able to, was allowed to 도 사용할 수 있음
We all had to work late yesterday.
과거시점에 능력 표현: could
I can’t remember names very well. When I saw Simon’s sister on Friday, I couldn’t remember her name at all. It was quite embarrassing.
D. 법조동사 뒤에 원형부정사
단순, 완료, 진행 또는 수동태 표현
Form | Example |
Simple | They may show us their holiday photos. |
Perfect | I may have shown you this before. |
Continuous | They may be showing the film on television soon. |
Passive | We may be shown the results later. |
Perfect + continuous | You must have been dreaming. |
Perfect + passive | The car must have been stolen. |
E. 법조동사와 의미가 같은 phrasal modals
Modal verb | Phrase |
You must fill in this form. | You have to fill in this form. |
The man couldn’t board the plane. | The man wasn’t allowed to board the plane. |
We can cancel the order | We are able to cancel the order. |
F. 법조동사 의미
Use | Example |
의무・필요 (Necessity) | I must clean my shoes. We have to wait here. We’ve got to turn left here. |
불필요 (No necessity) | You needn’t wear a tie. You don’t have to wear a tie. |
금지 (Necessity to avoid something) | You mustn’t break anything. |
의무・권고 (The right thing to do) | You should complain. You ought to complain. We’d better get ready now. You’re supposed to make your own bed. |
허락 (Permission) | Can I go/ May I go now? We’re allowed to walk on the grass. |
확신 (Certainty) | The game will be over now. This place must be crowded in summer. |
불가능 (Impossibility) | This can’t be real gold. |
개연성 높은 추측 (Probability) | Things should start to get better. |
가능성 (Possibility) | We may go/ might go out later. We could go out later. |
능력 (Ability) | I can ski. I could ski when I was a child. We were able to ski all afternoon. |
추측, 추정 (Hypothesis) | A million pounds would be very useful. |
과거의 습관 (Past habits) | My friend would always call on me after school. We used to play together every day. |
할 용기 (Having courage) | No one dare speak openly. |
(출처: John Eastwood (2005), Oxford Learner's Grammar - Grammar Finder, pp. 101-103)
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