언어학의 하위 연구분야 중
Pragmatics와 Sociolinguistics의 차이점
Pragmatics and sociolinguistics are both subfields of linguistics, but they focus on different aspects of language and communication. Here are the key differences between them:
1. Pragmatics:
Focus: Pragmatics deals with the study of how language is used in context to convey meaning beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences. It explores how people use language to achieve effective communication, considering factors like speaker intentions, implied meanings, and context.
Key Topics: Pragmatics examines phenomena such as implicature, speech acts, presuppositions, and the use of indirect language. It delves into understanding how people convey politeness, sarcasm, irony, and other non-literal meanings in
communication.
Questions Addressed: Pragmatics answers questions like "How do people use language to make requests?" or "How is meaning influenced by the context of a conversation?" It's concerned with the pragmatic aspects of language use.
2. Sociolinguistics:
Focus: Sociolinguistics focuses on the relationship between language and society. It explores how language varies and changes in different social and cultural contexts, including the influence of factors like ethnicity, gender, age, and socioeconomic status on language use.
Key Topics: Sociolinguistics studies dialects, language variation, language attitudes, and language change over time. It examines why people from different backgrounds may speak differently and how these variations are perceived in society.
Questions Addressed: Sociolinguistics answers questions like "Why do certain communities or regions have distinct dialects?" or "How does language variation relate to social identity?" It's concerned with the social and cultural aspects of language.
<참고>
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies meaning, specifically how people use sentences to intend something. Some sentences are straightforward, such as Pass me that glass. This is a clear directive, and there is sort of a one-to-one mapping of the speaker’s intent (a command, a directive) and the shape of the sentence (the speaker actually used a command form of the verb). Other sentences are less straightforward in terms of their mapping. The same person who uttered Pass me that glass could also have said The glass, please. The listener, if the context is clear, would interpret this as a directive even though no verb was used and certainly no verb in a command form. As one more example, look at the following interchange:
Joe: I need ten bucks.
Harry: Forget it.
Joe: But it’s really important. I’m in a jam.
Joe’s declarative utterance is not just a description of his needs; it’s actually a request. Overlaying the words is “Can I borrow ten dollars?” Harry’s “command” does not literally mean that Joe should suddenly not remember something; his response is a refusal. He means he won’t lend him the money and yet doesn’t need to say “I won’t lend you the money.” That is understood by Joe, as indicated in his response.
Pragmatics is thus concerned with the role of context in language and how speakers and listeners rely on it for successful communication. People who say they can’t “read between the lines” are suggesting that they may be pragmatically deficient compared to others, given that reading between the lines means understanding the true meaning of what someone said. As one more example, a boss could say The company would be in grave danger if this were to leak out. While this is syntactically nothing more than a declarative statement and could be taken literally, the context in which it is uttered could lead to the interpretation that it is a warning for the people in the room to keep their mouths shut and to ensure that others do as well.
Pragmatics has become an increasingly important part of SLA in terms of cross-cultural communication and how it is that L2 learners make and interpret meaning. In English, for example, speakers use wh-questions all the time to make suggestions, as in Why don’t you come by at 5:00? Other languages might not make suggestions in the same way, and some L2 learners of English might interpret this as a literal wh-question requiring some kind of explanation. Thus, learners could have underlying competence that helps them compute sentences they hear but lack the pragmatic competence to interpret the sentence as it was meant by the speaker. They may misinterpret what they hear. The person most associated with pragmatics in SLA is Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig. (See also speech acts.)
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics concerned with social factors that affect language use and to a certain extent, language change. Sociolinguists study, for example, how context affects the choices people make with language. People may speak differently in a formal context compared with how they speak in an informal context. They may speak differently to a superior than to a colleague. These adjustments affect lexicon, pronunciation, and sometimes even syntax. As an example, a person might say “You got any cash on you?” in one context but “Do have any change I can borrow?” in another. The person might use more gonnas in some contexts and more going tos in others.
Sociolinguists also study how group identity affects the choices that people make with language. When people strongly identify with a particular group, they may resist adopting the way another group speaks. Or, if they perceive that the way another group speaks is more prestigious, they may adopt aspects of that speech or try to emulate it. Factors that affect group identity include ethnicity, socioeconomic class, region, and age, among others. Groups may also be responsible for novel developments with language, especially lexicon. In short, sociolinguists are interested in how people adjust their language depending on who they speak with and are also interested in dialects and how they are used. Because people can and do adjust their language, sociolinguists often talk of variability or variation in language use.
Sociolinguists also study language in contact situations, such as bilingualism. They are interested in issues such as which language a person prefers to speak with which people, how code-switching (the use of two languages in the same conversation between two bilinguals) occurs, and how the contact between two languages influences the development of the languages themselves. Because bilinguals are not two monolinguals in one, they present interesting cases about “leakage” between languages in a person’s mind, and bilingualism is an important ingredient in language change over time. For example, although Latin was bound to evolve like all languages do, successive generations of bilingualism with Latin and local languages throughout the Roman Empire accelerated the changes and pushed them in some directions as opposed to others. Thus, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and other Latin-originated languages are the products of internal and external (social) factors, including language contact due to bilingualism. Sociolinguistics is relevant to SLA because of the importance attributed to social factors within SLA. However, strictly speaking, few scholars apply sociolinguistic methods of research to the L2 context these days. (For more discussion, see variability.)
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Sure~^^