part1
throughout human history
fishermen have used netting
to harvest food from the sea
for all but the last half-century
netting was made from natural materials
that provided limited strength and durability and required constant maintenance
the introduction of synthetic fibers in the 1950s
enabled gear builders to create much larger
stronger nets that were far more durable
than their predecessors
modern trawls Sainz and gill nets are carefully
engineered
cordage systems that permit
efficient high-volume production
and commercial fishing operations netting
is also used to create aquaculture cages
current or debris barriers filters screens safety restraints and other devices
while today's netting products
are remarkably light strong and durable
they are systems that must be properly
maintained to function efficiently for
example
these enormous bering sea trawls
are engineered with precise geometries
designed to maximize mouth area and
fishing power well-maintained nets are
essential for achieving efficient
production with minimum damage to the
1:21
environment they are also subject to
1:25
enormous wear and tear and must be
1:27
frequently repaired on deck a crew that
1:30
can mend well can take full advantage of
1:32
the opportunities on the fishing grounds
1:34
the fishing industry always has a job
1:36
for a good net man who can quickly
1:38
repair damage and get the gear back in
1:40
the water this program is intended
1:43
primarily as a practical guide for
1:45
fishermen who want to improve their net
1:47
bending skills because the techniques
1:49
used for repairing fishing nets are
1:51
common to most netting systems the same
1:53
information can be used by virtually
1:54
anyone who utilizes netting products the
1:58
best way to use this program is to pause
2:00
it frequently and practice the
2:02
demonstrations the tools you'll need are
2:04
simple netting a sharp knife or scissors
2:09
twine and the right size needle a video
2:15
tape can never be a substitute for
2:17
hands-on training and this program is
2:19
intended primarily as a teaching aid for
2:21
vessel operators and vocational schools
2:23
like net deck it doesn't address all
2:25
types of netting nor
2:27
all repair problems and you should
2:28
consult your skipper deck boss or gear
2:30
vendor for more specific advice to begin
2:35
with concentrate on technique not speed
2:38
only hands on experience can give you
2:40
this kind of speed and skill
2:44
[Music]
2:50
netting is a flexible structure made of
2:53
twines or filaments that are engineered
2:54
into a system of knots bends and twists
2:57
the strength and efficiency of the
2:59
structure depends upon the integrity of
3:01
the individual meshes netting can be
3:06
made by hand or by machines which are
3:09
capable of producing uniform products
3:11
with high knot strength the fabrication
3:15
process begins with a raw material like
3:16
polyethylene which is colored with
3:18
pigment than extruded
3:22
individual filaments are twisted into
3:24
twines and wound on bobbins that can be
3:26
woven into netting on automated looms
3:28
two essential steps in the production of
3:31
trawl netting are heat setting and depth
3:32
stretching that apply heat and tension
3:35
to set the knots with pressures of up to
3:37
100 tonnes
3:40
traditionally synthetic Nets have been
3:42
made from fibers like nylon or
3:44
polyethylene new construction methods
3:47
like you see knotless netting and
3:49
high-tech fibers like this high-strength
3:51
polyethylene create nets that are
3:53
unprecedented in terms of high-strength
3:55
lightweight and productivity good
3:59
repairs can be made only with fibers
4:01
that are compatible in terms of size
4:02
strength and stretch in general repair
4:05
twine should be the same diameter and
4:07
made from the same material as the
4:08
netting repairing torn webbing means
4:13
retying each knot and restoring the
4:15
original pattern of meshes a
4:16
well-executed repair should be
4:18
essentially invisible the basic
4:22
procedure is to systematically trim the
4:24
hole then to sew it closed with a
4:30
continuous twine the key to good repair
4:33
is maintaining the integrity of the
4:35
meshes when mesh sizes and shapes vary
4:37
and only a few twines carry the load
4:40
strength is compromised but when the
4:42
meshes are uniform in size and shape
4:43
each twine carries an equal load and
4:45
strength is maximized small holes or
4:49
damaged areas can be easily sewn by hand
4:52
for larger holes it's advisable to sew
4:55
in a patch of compatible netting will
4:57
cover this procedure later major damage
5:00
can only be effectively repaired by a
5:02
specialized repair facility that can
5:05
remesh an EDD and restore its original
5:06
geometry netting is made of meshes each
5:14
mesh consists of four bars
5:20
these bars are connected by four knots a
5:25
row of knots increases the depth of the
5:28
netting by a half a mesh each knot has a
5:33
bite to determine the run of the netting
5:39
look at the bites when they are oriented
5:41
up and down the netting is hung
5:42
incorrectly for repair when the bites
5:45
run from side to side the web is hung
5:47
correctly for making repairs always look
5:50
for the bites and make sure they run
5:52
from side to side before starting a
5:53
repair three cuts can be made in netting
Three Cuts
6:04
a horizontal a vertical
6:19
and a bar cut horizontal cuts leave
6:29
pickups on the top or pickups on the
6:32
bottom pickups can be cleaned to leave a
6:35
continuous twine vertical cuts creates
6:43
siders ciders can't be cleaned because
6:46
they consist of two separate wines a bar
6:49
cut creates a three-sided knot called a
6:51
three bar with three sides intact it's
6:58
essential that you be able to recognize
7:00
three bars ciders pickups on the bottom
7:04
and pickups on the top
Repair
7:08
[Music]
7:14
repair twine is held on needles start
7:18
the twine on a round needle like this
7:25
keep it under tension so it winds
7:27
tightly wind a flat needle by turning
7:31
its side to side when you run out of
7:36
twine add another needle by joining the
7:38
ends with a water knot lay the ends
7:41
parallel to one another and use the end
7:43
of one to make an overhand knot around
7:45
the other now do the same with the other
7:47
end pull the standing parts of each line
7:50
so the knots slide together if you've
7:55
done it properly the overhand knot
7:57
should nestle tightly now watch it one
8:02
more time
8:20
there are several ways to suspend a net
8:23
so it can be mended use a bar use a hook
8:27
or use a partner to do a good job of
8:30
mending you need to work against tension
8:34
suspend the net directly above the hole
8:36
and be sure that the mesh is holding the
8:38
net lie in the same row when the net is
8:42
suspended correctly downward tension
8:44
creates an expanding triangle of
8:46
stretched meshes inside the triangle
8:49
it's easy to control the size and shape
8:51
of new meshes as they are created during
8:53
repairs outside the triangle mesh shape
8:56
can't be controlled and repairs won't
8:58
produce good geometry
Part2
working left to right the needle always
0:09
enters the mesh from behind right to
0:14
left it enters from in front left enters
0:22
perform the mirror image of right-handed
0:24
stitches a description of left-handed
0:27
sewing is presented at the end of this
0:29
videotape hold the needle like this at
0:37
the back and never turn it around handle
0:41
the needle with your working hand only
0:43
switching hands waste time and you need
0:46
the other hand to control the twine
0:50
watch the needle again in slow motion
0:57
[Music]
1:04
there are six basic stitches as well as
1:07
starting and ending knots we're going to
1:15
start with a trawl web there are some
1:17
different techniques used with gill net
1:19
and we'll cover those later now let's
1:22
learn the basic stitches they'll enable
1:24
us to sew in any direction once we can
1:27
do that mending is simply a matter of
1:29
restoring the original mesh grid by
1:31
moving from side to side and from top to
1:33
bottom
1:39
first we need to learn the starting knot
1:41
starting on a three bar so it like this
1:44
before tightening the knot make one more
1:47
pass like this the result is a double
1:51
sheet Bend let's watch it again in slow
1:56
motion
2:18
and in real-time
2:38
to make pickups above going right start
2:41
at the left holding the twine with your
2:43
left hand pass the needle through the
2:45
pickup now control the shape of the mesh
2:48
with three fingers leaving your thumb
2:50
and forefinger free pinch the bars
2:52
together and form a loop pass the needle
2:55
behind the pickup and through the loop
3:02
snug the twine by pulling against the
3:04
needle and snap to set the knot when you
3:11
set the knot snap the twine against the
3:13
back of the needle if you snap it
3:15
against the front you will unravel too
3:17
much twine the knot you created is
3:20
called a sheet Bend now let's watch it
3:24
again in slow motion pass the needle
3:26
through the pickup from behind
3:33
pinch and raise the needle to form a
3:36
loop pass the needle behind the pickup
3:41
and through the loop pull down to
3:47
tighten the knot and snap
3:55
here it is in real time the procedure is
3:58
exactly the same even though these
3:59
pickups haven't been cleaned making each
4:09
knot creates a new mesh remember
4:12
maintaining consistent mesh size and
4:15
shape is the key to good net repair so
4:18
you need to measure as you make each not
4:19
if the meshes are too large to measure
4:23
with your hand use an existing bar
4:27
here's another look at the pickup above
4:29
going right
4:45
hold the twine like this and insert the
4:47
needle from the front the result is the
4:54
same sheet Bend you created when you
4:56
were working left to right now let's
4:59
watch it again in slow motion pinch the
5:02
bars with your thumb and forefinger
5:03
raise the needle to form the loop pass
5:06
the needle behind the pickup and through
5:08
the loop draw it tight release the pinch
5:11
and snap here it is in real time
5:38
start at the lower left and come through
5:40
from behind inch the pick up against the
5:43
twine pass the needle behind the pickup
5:46
to form the hitch draw it tight and set
5:49
the knot by snapping up once again
5:52
you've created a sheet Bend here it is
5:55
in slow motion use two fingers to grasp
5:58
the twine and pull it to the side so it
6:00
forms a loop
6:09
and again
6:29
insert the needle from the front adjust
6:32
the length to use two fingers to pull
6:34
the twine to the side to form the loop
6:36
draw it tight with an upward motion and
6:38
snap you've created another sheet Bend
6:43
let's watch it again in slow motion
6:46
pinch with your thumb on top adjust the
6:49
length and use two fingers to pull the
6:51
twine to the side to form the loop pass
6:53
the needle behind the pickup and through
6:55
the loop draw it tight with an upward
6:58
motion release the pinch and snap and
7:03
again
7:17
pull the twine to the left and bring the
7:19
needle under the cider to make a hitch
7:21
draw the hitch tight and pinch it in
7:24
place treat this resulting three-bar as
7:27
if it were a pickup here's the knot
7:29
you've created now let's watch it again
7:35
in slow motion
7:36
pull the twine to the left and bring the
7:39
needle under the cider to make a hitch
7:45
pinch form a loop and pass the needle
7:49
behind both bars and through the loop
7:58
and again
8:16
pull the twine to the left and make a
8:18
hitch under the cider like this pinch
8:21
and twist as you raise the needle to
8:23
form a loop now sew it like a pickup set
8:27
the knot by snapping downward here's a
8:30
close look at the finished cider let's
8:35
watch it again in slow motion
8:57
net mending is like solving a puzzle you
9:00
always start at the top and work side to
9:03
side to the bottom mending starts and
9:07
ends on three bars before you start to
9:09
sew you've got to trim the hole so
9:11
there's one three bar on the top and one
9:13
three bar on the bottom every other knot
9:15
around the perimeter of the hole must be
9:18
a pickup or a cider choose a starting
9:21
three bar at the top
9:22
if there isn't a starting three bar
9:24
where you want it cut one in it can be
9:28
on either the left or right sides work
9:31
around one side of the hole one mesh at
9:33
a time until you encounter a three bar
9:35
this three bar will become either a
9:37
pickup or a cider stop and think which
9:40
cut will eliminate the three bar without
9:42
creating another three bar nearer the
9:44
start if you create another one further
9:46
away from the start that's okay stop
9:49
when you reach the bottom of the hole if
9:51
there's a three bar
9:52
leave it you can end on that one if
9:55
there isn't a three bar don't worry when
9:57
you finish trimming down the other side
9:59
there will be one at the bottom to end
10:01
on return to the top and work down the
10:04
other side in the same manner leave your
10:06
starting three bar intact and work one
10:08
mesh at a time trimming the three bars
10:10
two pickups or ciders if you have done
10:12
it correctly there will be one three bar
10:14
left at the bottom of the hole here are
10:18
some tips that should help you trim
10:20
anytime there are two three bars
10:22
together cutting the common bar removes
10:24
them both if you come to a one bar not
10:28
cut it off if you see two three bars
10:31
like this cutting here and here creates
10:34
a pair of pickups
10:35
now watch the trimming sequence again
10:37
work around one side trimming out the
10:39
three bars the rule is to chase the
10:42
three bars down the hole trim all the
10:44
way down one side until you reach the
10:45
bottom return to the top leave your
10:48
three bar intact and chase the three
10:50
bars down the other side there must be a
10:52
single three bar at the bottom to accept
10:54
your ending not on large holes trim as
10:59
you work rather than trimming the entire
11:01
hole at once
part3
now we're ready to so begin at the top
0:11
three bar with a starting knot it's
0:14
exactly like a pickup with an extra turn
0:22
work side-to-side
0:41
finish a complete row of meshes then
0:44
move down half a mesh and reverse
0:46
directions
0:54
your goal is to create four-sided meshes
0:57
all the way down if you get confused
1:00
stop and ask yourself what next move
1:03
will complete another four-sided mesh
1:05
keep a couple of rules in mind from a
1:08
cider always check for a pickup on the
1:10
bottom and remember a cider always
1:16
changes your direction
1:31
work back across the whole making
1:33
four-sided meshes until you reach
1:35
another cider
1:44
drop down half a mesh and reverse
1:46
directions
1:54
and on the three bar at the bottom
2:12
the ending knot is another double sheet
2:15
Bend treat the bottom three bar like a
2:17
pickup but make an extra turn when the
2:29
damaged area is large it often makes
2:31
more sense to patch a hole than to sew
2:33
it by hand square off the damage
2:36
removing all the three bars count the
2:39
number of meshes missing in each
2:40
direction and cut a patch one mesh
2:43
shorter each way you will add a half a
2:46
mesh to each side as you sew it in begin
2:49
sewing in a corner the pickup you start
2:51
on becomes the three bar you end on
2:54
somebody else can work the other way the
2:57
classic tear on a trawl occurs in the
2:59
belly where the webbing was hung up on
3:00
the bottom and a flap of web folds
3:02
inside the net pull the flap back into
3:05
the net and start mending where it's
3:07
attached to undamaged mesh
3:19
gill net requires more secure knots
3:21
because the material is slippery add an
3:25
extra turn to each of the knots you've
3:26
just learned to make double sheet Bend
3:30
for example a pickup on top looks like
3:33
this
3:39
or like this
3:49
mejor gill net meshes against existing
3:51
bars pickups on the bottom also require
3:56
an extra turn
4:07
and ciders get an extra turn
4:17
starting knots look like this
4:29
start sewing at the top-three bar and
4:31
work side to side making double knots
4:50
and on the bottom three bar
5:15
here's how a left-hander makes the
5:17
starting knot
5:31
always handle the needle with one hand
5:33
like this working left to right the
5:38
needle enters from in front these are
5:44
pickups above going right here's a cider
5:49
on the right
5:57
and to pick up below going left going
6:01
left the needle enters from behind here
6:08
our pickups above going left
6:20
now watch a cider on the left
6:33
here our pickups below and above going
6:36
right
6:48
and here's a left-handed ending not
7:12
hang netting from above making sure the
7:16
bytes run side to side trim the hole so
7:21
there's one three bar on the top and one
7:23
three bar on the bottom begin and end on
7:26
these knots remember starting and ending
7:32
knots get two turns
7:38
going left to right the needle enters
7:41
from the back right to left it enters
7:47
from the front for left-handers these
7:50
directions are reversed measure small
7:56
measures against your hand larger meshes
8:01
and Gill net should be measured against
8:03
existing bars works side to side top to
8:07
bottom making four-sided meshes when
8:12
patching square off the damage and cut a
8:15
patch one mesh smaller in each dimension
8:20
flaps of netting should be folded back
8:22
in place begin sewing where the netting
8:25
is still attached when sewing Gill net
8:28
each knot gets an extra turn
8:34
[Music]