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니체의 주변인물들에 관한 글입니다. 니체체널에서 가져왔습니다.
웹페이지를 pdf로 변환해서 올려드립니다.
니체 주변인물들의 사진이 있고 자료가 간결하지만 알차게 배치되어 있습니다.
논문에 인용해도 될 만큼 공신력(?)있는 싸이트에서 만든 자료입니다.
http://www.thenietzschechannel.com/search/search.htm
싸이트를 찾아가시면
니체의 저작과 편지글들, 청년시절의 레포트들도 있습니다.
니체가 대학에서 강의한 철학특히 플라톤의 강의자료집을 읽으면서 좀 감동을 받았습니다.
한 철학자에 대한 분석의 시각이 정말 남다르더군요.
선행 연구자들이 플라톤을 보는 시각과 자료정리, 플라톤이 대화를 통한 그의 철학을 피력한 이유 등...
플라톤을 둘러싼 정치, 사회, 역사에 관한 접근, 철학적 환경과 철학자들
좀 더 분발해서 공부해야겠다는 .............
어줍잖은 결심을 ㅎㅎㅎ
The Nietzsche Channel Nietzsche Correspondents.pdf
NIETZSCHE'S CORRESPONDENTS
Marie Baumgartner (1831-1897). 49 letters 1874-1883.
The mother of one of Nietzsche's students, she began a
French translation of Schopenhauer as Educator in December
1874, but it was never published. However, her French
translation of Richard Wagner in Bayreuth was published in
1877. Carol Diethe makes a compelling argument that
Baumgartner was in love with Nietzsche.
Georg Brandes (1842-1927). 13 letters 1887-1889.
Renowned Scandinavian critic and author, Brandes socialized
with some of Nietzsche's friends—notably Rée and Salomé—in
Berlin from 1877-1883. After some time giving lectures at the
University of Copenhagen, he became a professor in 1902.
Brandes' book on Nietzsche, mainly "An Essay on Aristocratic
Radicalism," was translated into English by A. G. Chater in
1914. An excerpt from Brandes' April 1888 letter to Sophus
Schandorph re Nietzsche:
I have been studying philosophy for a long time. I am studying a German philosopher who is living in
Italy. His ideas and mine agree so completely that I find him excellent, the only philosopher alive that I have
any use for. We have been in touch with each other for a few years. His name sounds strange and he is still
unknown. His name is Friedrich Nietzsche. But he is a genius. Lately I have cast off one of my snakeskins. I
have turned from the Englishmen back to the Germans in philosophy. English philosophy seems to me to
have reached its peak. But my friend N. has the future ahead of him. I am also becoming more radical, less
historic and continually more aristocratic in my aesthetic and historic viewpoints. I don't believe for one
minute that great men are a concentrate of the mass, are created from below, are expressions of the flock,
etc. Everything comes from the great ones, everything is sifted down from them. I am happy for the strong
inner life I am living and for the fermentation of my ideas. Stagnation is terrible and shedding skins is real
and essential youth.
Hans von Bülow (1830-1894). 11 letters 1872-1889.
Concert pianist, conductor and critic who studied under Franz
Liszt and later married Liszt's daughter Cosima—who left him
for Wagner. Von Bülow's harsh criticism of the "Manfred
Meditation" devastated Nietzsche. An excerpt from his July
24, 1872 letter:
Your kind letter and submission has put me in a dilemma,
uncomfortableness which I have seldom felt so vividly in such matters. I ask
myself, should I remain silent, or respond with a civil banality—or—just come
out with it? [....] But to the point: your Manfred-Meditation is the most extreme form of fantastical
extravagance, the most unedifying and anti-musical thing I have seen put down on paper in a long time.
Several times I had to ask myself: is the entire thing a joke?
Read all of Nietzsche's correspondence with von Bülow in: Friedrich Nietzsche in
Words and Pictures. Appendix 2. Chronology of Nietzsche's Music.
Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897). 7 letters 1882-1889.
Born into a distinguished Basel family, Jacob Burckhardt was
Nietzsche's colleague and professor of history at Basel. His
works include The Time of Constantine the Great, The
Cicerone "An Introduction to the Enjoyment of the Art Works
of Italy," and The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy.
Nietzsche sent Burckhardt a copy of each book he published.
See his entry in Deutsche Biographie.
Gustav Dannreuther (1853-1923). 1 letter 1882.
Gustav Dannreuther was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was a
pupil of Joseph Joachim and Heinrich de Ahna at the
Königlichen Hochschule für Musik in Berlin from 1871-1873.
He left Berlin and eventually made his way to London, where
he lived as a violinist. He returned to America and became a
member of the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1880. In 1882,
he ran the Buffalo Philharmonic. In 1884, he founded the
Beethoven String Quartet in New York — taking the name
from the Beethoven Quintette Club of Boston, in which he had
played — and subsequently renamed it the Dannreuther
String Quartet. Dannreuther was the conductor of the Vassar
College Orchestra from 1908-1914. His brother Edward (1844-1905), a pianist, was
a professor at London's Royal College of Music, and a friend of Richard Wagner. He
founded the Wagner Society of London in 1872, wrote Richard Wagner: His
Tendencies and Theories in 1873, and translated Wagner's Über das Dirigiren (On
Conducting), London: W. Reeves, 1887.
Paul Deussen (1845-1919). 39 letters 1864-1889.
Nietzsche's friend and classmate at Schulpforta and at the
University of Bonn. He wrote about his friendship with
Nietzsche in Erinnerungen an Friedrich Nietzsche. Leipzig:
Brockhaus, 1901. Unlike Nietzsche, Deussen did not follow
Ritschl, their philology professor, to Leipzig but continued at
Bonn and later Tübingen and Berlin, studying theology,
philology, Sanskrit and philosophy, especially Schopenhauer.
Deussen was a professor of philosophy in Kiel, and a
renowned Indologist. His works include: Das System des
Vedânta and Die Sûtras des Vedânta. See his entry in
Deutsche Biographie.
Theodor Fritsch (1852-1934). 2 letters March 1887.
Anti-Semitic writer and publisher of the Anti-Semitic
Correspondence, editor of Handbook of the Jewish Question
(1887), Reichstag member in the year 1924 for a National
Socialist group. Was on terms with Bernhard Förster.
Nietzsche wrote him two hostile letters (March 23 and March
29, 1887), in which he expressed his anti-anti-Semitism very
strongly. Thereupon Fritsch attacked him publicly. (— Bio
Source: Colli-Montinari, KSA, 14, 740.) Nietzsche's 03-23-
1887 letter to Fritsch in Friedrich Nietzsche in Words and
Pictures. Part 4. The Wandering Philosopher: 1879-1888:
Dear sir,
You do me so much honor in your just received letter1 that I cannot help but reveal to you another passage
from my literature concerning the Jews: although it puts you doubly in the right to talk about my "warped
judgments." Please read my "Morgenröte," p. 194.2
Jews are, objectively speaking, more interesting to me than Germans: their history yields many fundamental
problems. In such serious matters, I am used to keeping sympathy and antipathy out of the question: as
these pertain to the discipline and morality of the scientific spirit and—ultimately—even to its sense of taste.
At any rate, I confess that I feel myself too estranged from the current "German spirit," to be able to view its
particular idiosyncrasies without much impatience. Along with these I account, in particular, anti-Semitism. I
am even indebted for some entertainment to the "classic literature" of this movement praised on p. 6 of your
prized sheet: oh if you knew how, last spring, I had laughed at the books of that pompous and sentimental
blockhead named Paul de Lagarde! Obviously I am deficient in that "highest ethical position" discussed on
that page.3
It now remains to thank you for your well-meaning assumption that I have not been "led to my warped
judgments by any social considerations"; and perhaps it will serve your peace of mind if finally I tell you that
among my friends, I have no Jews. But also no anti-Semites.4
Does my life somehow furnish the likelihood for it, for the fact that by some hands my "wings can be
clipped"?—
With this question I commend myself to your further goodwill—and consideration ...
Yours most sincerely
Professor Dr. Nietzsche
One wish: do provide a list5 of German scholars, artists, poets, writers, actors, and virtuosos of Jewish
extraction or descent!6 It would constitute a valuable contribution to the history of German culture (—and
criticism of it!)
Notes:
1. Unfortunately, Fritsch's letter is lost and we can only glean its contents from the brief sarcastic quotations
by Nietzsche.
2. Dawn, §205: "Of the people of Israel." The "warped judgments" referred to by Fritsch were the philo-
Semitic ones expressed in Beyond Good and Evil—a book which Fritsch, under the pseudonym Thomas Frey,
would later criticize in a long book review in his publication. See "Der Antisemitismus im Spiegel eines
"Zukunfts-Philosophen." In: Antisemitische Correspondenz, und Sprechsaal für innere Partei-
Angelegenheiten. Nr. 19 f., Nov. / Dez. 1887: 10-15. Nietzsche reacted to the review in a 02-03-1888 letter
to Franz Overbeck: "Die antisem[itischen] Blätter fallen über mich in aller Wildheit her (— was mir hundert
Mal mehr gefällt als ihre bisherige Rücksicht)." (The antisem[itic] sheets attack me savagely (— which I like a
hundred times more than their previous consideration).)
3. Fritsch's anti-Semitic tabloid sheet, Anti-Semitic Correspondence. The January 1887 issue contains an
article on pages 5-7 by Nietzsche's brother-in-law Bernhard Förster, entitled: "Unsere Arbeit, unsere Ziele!"
The relevant passage on page six reads: "Where true nature grows and flourishes, there is no place for Jews.
Meanwhile I find myself in agreement with the most capable and wisest representatives who are fighting
against Jewish literature. [...] for we have to be clear about our spokesman; [...] The Germans who are
dealing with the dubious subject from the highest ethical position, as far as I know, are: Richard Wagner, Paul
de Lagarde, Eugen Dühring and Adolf Wahrmund." (Antisemitische Correspondenz und Sprechsaal für innere
Partei-Angelegenheiten. Nr. 9, January 1887, 5-7.)
4. Nietzsche mocks Fritsch and the anti-Semite's professed defense, "Some of my best friends are Jewish."
5. That is, in Fritsch's publication—which, of course, would never happen.
6. jüdischer Abkunft oder Herkunft: Nietzsche emphasizes the prefix "her" in Herkunft, playing with the
juxtaposition of ab ("away from") and her ("toward") in Abkunft and Herkunft.
Ernst Wilhelm Fritzsch (1840–1902). 71 letters 1871-1888.
Ernst Wilhelm Fritzsch (1840-1902) was Nietzsche's publisher, from The Birth Of
Tragedy to On the Use and Abuse of History for Life. After selling Nietzsche's works
to Ernst Schmeitzner, he bought them back in 1886 and began publishing the
second issues. He would eventually sell the rights to C. G. Naumann in February
1892. Fritzsch (originally a violinist) also published, from 1870 on, the Musikalisches
Wochenblatt, as well as Richard Wagner's collected works (Gesammelte Schriften
und Dichtungen). View Nietzsche's December 20, 1873 contract with Fritzsch.
Carl Fuchs (1838-1922). 28 letters 1873-1888.
Fuchs friendship with Nietzsche began in the early 1870s. A
musicologist and music critic, pianist, conductor and
composer, he studied piano with Hans von Bülow while
attending courses in theology and philosophy at the
University of Berlin in the early 1860s. In 1868 he settled in
Berlin, where he performed as a pianist; while in Berlin, he
also worked for the Musikalisches Wochenblatt. In 1874,
Fuchs left Berlin for Hirschberg in Silesia, where he founded
and directed a musical society. He settled in Danzig in 1879
and held a variety of jobs including: director of the music
academy; music teacher; organist at a church and later a
synagogue; pianist; and music critc of the Danziger Zeitung. See his entry in
Deutsche Biographie.
Carl von Gersdorff (1844-1904). 95 letters 1865-1887.
Gersdorff first met Nietzsche in Pforta in 1861. He assisted
Nietzsche in the early 1870s with dictation and proofreading.
After 1876, they never met again; Nietzsche broke off all
correspondence in December 1877. With the help of Heinrich
Köselitz, they were reconciled by 1881, and renewed their
correspondence.
Karl Hillebrand (1829-1884). 2 letters mid-April 1878 and May 24,1883.
Hillebrand, a former professor of foreign literature, was an
essayist and historian who wrote a piece on Nietzsche's first
Untimely Meditation on David Strauss entitled, "Nietzsche
gegen Strauss" (Nietzsche vs. Strauss). It was published in
the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung on September 22-23,
1873, and reprinted in his collected essays Times, Nations
and Men. See his entry in Deutsche Biographie.
Karl Knortz (1841-1918). 1 letter 1888.
Born in Garbenheim, Rhenish Prussia and educated in Wetzlar
and Heidelberg, Knortz emigrated to America in 1863 from
London, where he was probably working as a private tutor. He
taught in Detroit, Oshkosh and Cincinnati and edited a
German daily newspaper in Indianapolis. In 1876, he served
as principal of a school in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and
married Anna Singer. The couple had a daughter and finally
moved to New York. Knortz took up translating and other
literary pursuits that failed to pan out. In 1892, he moved to
Evansville, Indiana, serving as school superintendent for 14 years. During this
period, he wrote his first book about Nietzsche: Friedrich Nietzsche und sein
Uebermensch. Zürich; Leipzig: Stern's literarischem Bulletin der Schweiz, 1898. He
retired in 1906 and moved back to New York. He settled in Tarrytown and wrote
three more works on Nietzsche: Nietzsche's Zarathustra: eine Einführung. Halle:
Hugo Peter, 1906; Friedrich Nietzsche der Unzeitgemässe: Eine Einführung.
Annaberg in Sachsen: Grafers, 1909; and Nietzsche und kein Ende. Torgau:
Torgauer Druck- und Verlagshaus, 1913. For more biographical details, see Peter
Assion, "Karl Knortz and His Works." In: The Folklore Historian (1988) Vol. 5, No. 1:
2. Also see the entry on Knortz in Deutsche Biographie.
Heinrich Köselitz, a/k/a Peter Gast (1854-1918). 341 letters 1876-1891.
Born Heinrich Köselitz, Gast was a composer who moved to
Basel in 1875 to study under Nietzsche and Franz Overbeck.
He became Nietzsche's "editor" and proofreader in 1876,
after having copied the manuscript Richard Wagner in
Bayreuth as a birthday gift for Wagner. A close friend for
years, Gast was the one person who was able to decipher
Nietzsche's handwriting and worked for Elisabeth Förster-
Nietzsche in the Nietzsche Archive from 1900-1908.
Mathilde Maier (1834-1910). 3 letters 1874-1878.
Maier was from Mainz, and a friend of Richard Wagner.
Nietzsche met her at the laying of the Bayreuth foundation
stone in May 1872. An excerpt from her 12-10-1872 letter to
Nietzsche:
Your kindness to send me a greeting gives me the courage to thank you
from the bottom of my heart not only for it, but also above all for the great, rare
joy which "The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music" gives me!— It would
be well-nigh impossible for me to give you an idea of how much I am indebted
to your splendid book! [....] Everything is splendid! Splendid! Who could read
your profound interpretations of these marvelous myths without being filled with
a delightful sense of the inexhaustibility of these sources of revelation?— I
would not be able to finish at all if I mentioned every flame your book lit for me! I will mention just one: how
important it was to me to get an idea at last of the relationship of Socrates to his age and his people, as well
as of the remarkable phenomenon himself and his effect on our time!
Catulle Mendès (1841-1909). 1 letter (and drafts) January 1, 1889.
French poet, critic, and novelist of the Parnassian school.
Malwida von Meysenbug (1816-1903). 58 letters 1872-1889.
Author and friend of Wagner, Meysenbug first met Nietzsche
at the laying of the Bayreuth foundation stone in 1872. In
1876-77, she rented a villa in Sorrento as a retreat for her,
Nietzsche, Paul Rée, Reinhart von Seydlitz, and Nietzsche's
student Albert Brenner. See her entry in Deutsche Biographie.
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (1846-1935). 535 letters 1854-1896.
Two years younger than her brother, she kept house for him,
on and off, from 1875-1878 in Basel. Her disapproval of Lou
Salomé and, especially, her marriage to Bernhard Förster—a
leader of the German anti-Semitic movement in the late
1870s—caused her estrangement from her brother. Elisabeth
established the Nietzsche Archive, first in Naumburg and then
in Weimar. Her suppression, destruction and revisions of
Nietzsche's writings were finally exposed in the 1930s. Adolf
Hitler attended her funeral in November 1935.
Franziska Nietzsche (1826-1897). 612 letters 1854-1888.
Nietzsche's mother, née Oehler, daughter of David Ernst
Oehler, a pietist pastor in Pobles, whose more emotional
methods were in contrast to the rational Lutheranism
prevalent on the Nietzsche side of the family. After
Nietzsche's collapse in Turin in January 1889, she cared for
her son in Jena and Naumburg until her death on April 20,
1897.
Louise Ott (1850-1918). 8 letters 1876-1882.
Louise Ott (née Louise Félicie Victoire Emma d'Einbrodt), was
born in Moscow and grew up in Strasbourg. On August 4,
1870, she married Alfred Ott (1845-1909), a banker. They
moved to Paris after the German Reich's annexation of Alsace
and Lorraine. Nietzsche met her during the rehearsals of
Wagner's The Ring at the first Bayreuth Festspiele in 1876,
where she had brought along her three-year-old son, Marcel
(1873-1949). Another son was born the following year,
Fernand (1877-1936). Louise Ott was a rabid Wagnerian and
an accomplished singer. Coincidentally, she was a cousin of
Henri Lichtenberger (1864-1941), the author mainly responsible for Nietzsche's
early reception in France. In 1897, Ott allowed Lichtenberger to publish her
correspondence from Nietzsche—she remained anonymous—in order to combat
articles touting Nietzsche's alleged misogyny. See Henri Lichtenberger: "Quelque
lettres inédites de Nietzsche." In: Cosmopolis. No. 17. Mai 1897. Tome VI. Paris:
Armand-Colin; London: T. Fisher Unwin; Geneva: Eggimann; St. Petersbourg:
Zinserling; Amsterdam: Kirberger & Kesper; Berlin: Rosenbaum & Hart; Vienna:
Hartleben; New York: The International News Co. 1897:460-74. Alfred Ott died in
Marly-le-Roi (a suburb of Paris), while Louise died in Switzerland on the 18th of
August, 1918.
Franz Overbeck (1837-1905). 238 letters 1871-1889.
Nietzsche's closest friend, Overbeck became a professor of
church history at Basel in December 1869. They lived in the
same apartment house for five years. From the time of
Nietzsche's departure from Basel (1876) to 1897, Overbeck
served as Nietzsche's unofficial business manager, and,
together with Heinrich Köselitz, supervised Nietzsche's
literary estate after his collapse in Turin—until Elisabeth
Förster-Nietzsche took control in 1893. See his entry in
Deutsche Biographie.
Ida Overbeck (1848-1933). 10 letters 1879-1883.
Overbeck's wife, née Rothpletz, whom Nietzsche confided in
with regard to his relationship with Lou Salomé and the
subsequent disputes with his sister. For more info, see Carl
Albrecht Bernoulli, Franz Overbeck und Friedrich Nietzsche:
eine Freundschaft. Bd. 1. Jena: Diderichs, 1908: 336-51.
Mariano Rampolla, Vatican State Secretary (1843-1913). 1 letter 1889.
Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro (1843-1913) was an Italian
Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church and Vatican State
Secretary from 1887-1903 under Pope Leo XIII (Vincenzo
Pecci, 1810-1903), Italian Pope (1878-1903).
Paul Rée (1849-1901). 47 letters 1875-1882.
Rée met Nietzsche in the spring of 1873 in Basel, when Rée
was working on his dissertation. He wrote on Aristotle's
ethics; in 1875 he received his doctorate and soonafter
published Psychologische Beobachtungen. Nietzsche wrote
him a cordial letter (10-22-1875) on how he liked these
"psychological observations" and their seven-year friendship
began. Rée introduced Nietzsche to Lou Salomé in 1882.
Read Nietzsche's letter to Rée at: Friedrich Nietzsche in
Words and Pictures. Part 3. Professor in Basel: 1869-79.
Erwin Rohde (1845-1898). 126 letters 1867-1889.
A fellow philology student with Nietzsche in Leipzig, Rohde
became a professor of philology at Kiel in 1872 and later a
famous classical philologist. In 1878, their friendship soured
after Nietzsche's publication of Human, All Too Human—
Rohde thought Nietzsche should remain a classical scholar. In
1886, Rohde revealed his disappointment in Nietzsche's
"hermit's visions and mental soap bubbles, which surely give
a hermit amusement and diversion; but why convey that to
the world, like a kind of gospel?" See his entry in Deutsche
Biographie.
Meta von Salis (1855-1929). 14 letters 1884-1889.
Barbara Margaretha von Salis-Marschlins, a/k/a Meta von
Salis, met Nietzsche in July 1884 in Zurich. She was the first
Swiss woman to receive a doctorate (in history, from the
University of Zürich). An ardent feminist, she told Nietzsche
that the title of doctor did not mean much to her but "in the
interest of the women's question" she was bent on receiving
it. Salis visited Nietzsche in Sils-Maria in 1887, and in 1888
gifted him 1000 francs to help pay for the self-publication of
his works. In 1897, she purchased the Villa Silberblick in
Weimar for the Nietzsche Archive and to house Nietzsche and Elisabeth. Her
friendship with Elisabeth terminated one year later and Salis sold the house shortly
thereafter to Adalbert Oehler. Elisabeth gained title to the house in 1902. Salis
wrote her own account of her friendship with Nietzsche in Philosoph und
Edelmensch. Ein Beitrag zur Charakteristik Friedrich Nietzsche's. Leipzig: Naumann,
1897.
Lou Salomé (1861-1937). 33 letters 1882.
The daughter of a Russian general, she met Rée and
Nietzsche in 1882. She went on to marry Carl Andreas in
1887, became a mistress of Rainer Maria Rilke, and, much
later, developed a friendship with Sigmund Freud. Read more
about Salomé at: Nietzsche Hauptseite.
Ernst Schmeitzner (1851-1895). 115 letters 1874-1886.
Ernst Schmeitzner began publishing Nietzsche's works with the third Untimely
Meditation: Schopenhauer as Educator. Nietzsche and Schmeitzner had a
contentious relationship. Nietzsche was disgusted that his books were not being
properly promoted and that his writings were "completely buried and unexhumeable
in this anti-Semitic dump" of Schmeitzner—associating him with a movement that
should be "utterly rejected with cold contempt by every sensible mind." Nietzsche
won a lawsuit against Schmeitzner and used the proceeds to purchase a marble slab
for his father's grave.
Reinhart von Seydlitz (1850-1931). 23 letters 1876-1888.
Seydlitz was a writer and artist, whose friends included Liszt,
Wagner and Malwida von Meysenbug. He met Nietzsche at
the Bayreuth Festspiele in 1876. In 1877, Seydlitz spent
several weeks with Nietzsche in Sorrento. Their
correspondence continued until Nietzsche's collapse in Turin.
For more info, see Nietzsche's Library: Research Material.
Reinhart von Seydlitz (1850-1931).
Carl Spitteler (1845-1924). 13 letters 1887-1889.
A former student of Franz Overbeck, Spitteler was a Swiss
journalist and poet, who received the 1919 Nobel Prize for
Literature for Olympian Spring. Spitteler's review of
Nietzsche's works ("Friedrich Nietzsche in seinen Werken")
was published in Der Bund (Bern, Nr. 1 on 1-1-1888, 3-7). He
also reviewed The Case of Wagner for Der Bund (Bern, Nr.
309 on 11-8-1888). Spitteler wrote his own account of his
relations with Nietzsche in Meine Beziehungen mit Nietzsche,
München: Süddeutsche Monatshefte, 1908.
Heinrich von Stein (1857-1887). 9 letters 1882-1885.
A protégé of Malwida von Meysenbug, Stein came from an
officer's family in the Rhön mountains. He was hired by
Richard Wagner as a tutor for his son. Stein was the author of
Die Ideale des Materialismus (The Ideals of Materialism, Köln:
1878), Helden und Welt: Dramatische Bilder (Dramatic
Scenes: Heroes and the World, Chemnitz: 1883) and Die
Entstehung der neueren Ästhetik (The Origin of the New
Aesthetics, Stuttgart: 1886). See his entry in Deutsche
Biographie.
August Strindberg (1849-1912). 5 letters 1888-1889.
Swedish dramatist and novelist, Strindberg became
acquainted with Nietzsche's works through his friendship with
Georg Brandes. Besides their brief correspondence, Nietzsche
and Strindberg also sent each other copies of their works. On
one occasion, Nietzsche sent a copy of Twilight of the Idols—
now owned by the Stadtbibliothek in Örebro (Sweden)—with
the following dedication: "Herrn August Strindberg. Sollte
man das nicht übersetzen? Es ist Dynamit. Der Antichrist."
(Shouldn't someone translate it? It is dynamite. The
Antichrist.)
Umberto I, King of Italy (1844-1900). 1 letter 1889.
Umberto I was born March 14, 1844. The eldest son of King
Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy and of Archduchess Adelaide of
Austria, he succeeded to the throne on the death of his father
on Jan. 9, 1878. He was assassinated on July 29, 1900. This
photograph of Umberto I was mistaken for Nietzsche, and
even erroneously used on the cover of two books on
Nietzsche in Italian. See Maurizio Ferraris, "Una foto
scambiata: banale errore o rivelazione metafisica?" In: La
Stampa. Feb. 1, 2000.
Cosima Wagner (1837-1930). 15 letters 1870-1889.*
She was the daughter of Franz Liszt, and was married to
Richard Wagner. *She destroyed all of her correspondence
with Nietzsche. Read excerpts from her diaries re Nietzsche.
Her diary indicates that "Ariadne" received at least three love
notes from "Dionysus" at the time of Nietzsche's mental
collapse. "My wife Cosima brought me here," Nietzsche told
his doctors at the psychiatric clinic in Jena in March, 1889.
Richard Wagner (1813-1883). 24 letters 1869-1878.*
*Cosima Wagner destroyed all of her correspondence with
Nietzsche—and who knows how much between Richard Wagner
and Nietzsche.
Nietzsche and Wagner first met in November 1868. See his
entry in Deutsche Biographie.
Paul Heinrich Widemann (1851-1928). 9 letters 1876-1886.
Nietzsche's former student, composer, author, and friend of
Heinrich Köselitz. His father was the lawyer for Ernst
Schmeitzner, one of Nietzsche's publishers. Widemann was
the author of Erkennen und Sein. Karlsruhe; Leipzig: Reuther,
1885. Nietzsche was annoyed with Widemann's conflation of
the ideas of Eugen Dühring with his Zarathustra. See
Erkennen und Sein: 239.
Heinrich Wiener (1834-1897). 1* letter ca. January 4, 1889.
Jurist and "Senatspräsident" in Leipzig. Nietzsche met him in
1887 while staying in Sils-Maria. *He also sent him copies of
On the Genealogy of Morality and The Case of Wagner. Wiener
first worked as a prosecutor in the Prussian civil service. From
1867 until his appointment to the Reichsoberhandelsgericht he
was a lawyer and notary. In 1879 he moved to the Supreme
Court, where he heard cases for many years in the 1st Civil
Division before being appointed in 1891 as president of the 5th
Civil Division. In 1892 he became a member of the stock
exchange commission of inquiry, and left the judiciary. He retired in 1896. See his
entry in Deutsche Biographie.
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