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1. Prevalence of pulmonary nodules in dogs with malignant neoplasia as determined by CT (2018, VRU)
1) What is the topic of the study? & What were the goals of the researchers (hypothesis)?
: To report the prevalence of pulmonary nodules at CT in a series of dogs with nonpulmonary malignant neoplasia, including results of follow-up studies of dogs with a solitary nodule at first CT.
2) What population did they use?
: Medical records of dogs at The Royal Veterinary College's Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA) in the period July 2012-February 2016 that had diagnosis of nonpulmonary malignant neoplasia and CT scan of the lung as part of the initial diagnostic work up.
3) How did they get their results (client reports, retrospective search, direct observations, etc)?
: Retrospective study
4) Inclusion/exclusion criteria
*Inclusion criteria
- dogs that had diagnosis of nonpulmonary malignant neoplasia and CT scan of the lung as part of the initial diagnostic work up
- all CT images were acquired using the same multislice scanner with optimal settings for lung examination, including helical acquisition, slice thickness 2-3 mm, matrix 512 × 512, and high frequency (“sharp” or “lung enhanced”) reconstruction algorithm.
*Exclusion criteria
- solid or partially solid foci of increased lung attenuation with dense calcification, which in foci <2 mm would suggest pulmonary heterotopic bone
- Nonsolid (ground glass opacity) lesions
5) What were the findings and are they credible?
: credible
6) What is the domain of generality of the findings? (In other words – are they over-reaching on their conclusion and clinical relevance)
: The results of this study suggest that dogs with hemangiosarcoma are most likely to have signs of pulmonary metastasis at first CT, whereas dogs with mast cell tumor or squamous cell carcinoma infrequently have signs of pulmonary metastasis.
2. Histiocytic sarcoma and hemangiosarcoma update (2019, VCNA)
1) What is the topic of the study? & What were the goals of the researchers (hypothesis)?
: To introduce histiocytic sarcoma and hemangiosarcoma in dogs and cats, with incidence, cause, clinical presentation, pysical examination findings, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
2) How did they get their results (client reports, retrospective search, direct observations, etc)?
: Review for updates
3. Ultrasonographic appearance of the major duodenal papilla in dogs without evidence of hepatobiliary, pancreatic, or gastrointestinal tract disease (2016, AJVR)
1) What is the topic of the study? & What were the goals of the researchers (hypothesis)?
: To determine the ultrasonographic appearance of the major duodenal papilla (MDP) in dogs without evidence of hepatobiliary, pancreatic, or gastrointestinal tract disease.
2) What population did they use?
: 40 adult client-owned dogs examined because of conditions that did not include hepatobiliary, pancreatic, or gastrointestinal tract disease.
3) How did they get their results (client reports, retrospective search, direct observations, etc)?
: Prospective study
4) Inclusion/exclusion criteria
*Inclusion criteria
- Forty adult client-owned dogs were included that didn't have evidence of gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary, or pancreatic disease as determined on the basis of the medical history and results of physical examination and ultrasonography.
- Dogs with a mildly heterogeneous hepatic parenchyma during ultrasonographic examination were included only if cytologic examination of the liver revealed no substantial disease other than benign hyperplasia.
*Exclusion criteria
- Dogs with a history of vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, constipation, signs of nausea, or signs of abdominal pain during the 3 months immediately preceding the ultrasonographic examination were excluded.
- Dogs with abnormal plasma activities of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, or canine-specific pancreatic lipase or concentrations of bile acids during the week of the ultrasonographic examination were also excluded.
- Several dogs were excluded because of gas in the stomach or duodenum (or both) or because of a deep-chested conformation that prevented identification of the MDP.
5) What were the findings and are they credible?
: credible
6) What is the domain of generality of the findings? (In other words- are they over-reaching on their conclusion and clinical relevance)
: The ultrasonographic appearance and approximate dimensions of the MDP of dogs without evidence of hepatobiliary, pancreatic, or gastrointestinal tract disease were determined.
4. Topographical distribution and radiographic pattern of lung lesions in canine eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (2021, JSAP)
1) What is the topic of the study?
: to evaluate the radiographic pattern and its topographical distribution in a series of dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of canine eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy(EBP).
2) What were the goals of the researchers (hypothesis)?
: They hypothesised that on a right lateral thoracic radiograph a bronchointerstitial pattern would dominate and this would be distributed primarily to the caudodorsal lung field (LF).
3) What population did they use?
: The clinical database of the hospital for small animals (HfSA), Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, the University of Edinburgh archives was searched for dogs with a diagnosis of EBP between 1999 and 2018.
4) How did they get their results (client reports, retrospective search, direct observations, etc)?
: Retrospective study
5) Inclusion/exclusion criteria
*Inclusion criteria
- Dogs were diagnosed with EBP based on radiographic evidence of lower respiratory tract pathology.
- Dogs were included if they had a presence of an eosinophil percentage of greater than 4% of total nucleated cell count in BAL fluid cytology.
- Dogs were included if they had available haematology and BALF records for review, at least one right lateral thoracic radiograph, and were not receiving therapy that could impact on results in the week before the presentation to the hospital.
*Exclusion criteria
- Dogs were excluded when they had respiratory parasitism via Baermann faecal analysis, bronchoscopic identification of larvae or qPCR examination of BAL fluid.
6) What were the findings and are they credible?
: credible
7) What is the domain of generality of the findings? (In other words- are they over-reaching on their conclusion and clinical relevance)
: This radiographic and topographical finding may allow eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy to take precedence on a differential diagnoses list before confirmatory bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sampling.
5. Lung lobe torsion in 15 dogs: peripheral band sign on ultrasound (2020, VRU)
1) What is the topic of the study? & What were the goals of the researchers (hypothesis)?
: to (a) assess the presence, distribution, and appearance of ultrasonographic features in dogs with confirmed lung lobe torsion and (b) compare the ultrasonographic appearance and anatomical distribution of the peripheral band sign with CT and histological findings in order to better understand its pathological inferences.
2) What population did they use?
: A total of 19 dogs with a final diagnosis of lung lobe torsion, based on surgical observation or postmortem examination, were initially selected. All of them presented with weakness and respiratory signs, most commonly dyspnea, and occasionally coughing and respiratory distress.
3) How did they get their results (client reports, retrospective search, direct observations, etc)?
: Multicenter, retrospective, and prospective observational study
4) Inclusion/exclusion criteria
*Inclusion criteria
- Only those animals in which both ultrasonography and CT thoracic examinations had been performed and which had confirmed lung lobe torsion based on surgery or postmortem examination were included.
*Exclusion criteria
- Dogs were excluded when they had no ultrasound image recorded at the time of the diagnosis, and no CT images provided.
5) What were the findings and are they credible?
: credible
6) What is the domain of generality of the findings? (In other words- are they over-reaching on their conclusion and clinical relevance)
: the presence on ultrasound of a hypoechoic peripheral band overlying a granular and hyperechoic interface, with gas entrapment in a noncollapsed lung lobe and pleural effusion, were observed in almost all the cases with confirmed lung lobe torsion that were sampled in this study.
6. Dorsal mediastinal haemorrhage in dogs: four cases (2010-2018) (2021, JSAP)
1) What is the topic of the study? & What were the goals of the researchers (hypothesis)?
: To describe the clinical presentation and CT findings of dogs with presumed mediastinal haemorrhage with no apparent identifiable underlying cause.
3) What population did they use?
: Four dogs with presumed or suspected mediastinal haemorrhage of non-thymic origin were included.
4) How did they get their results (client reports, retrospective search, direct observations, etc)?
: Retrospecrtive study, clinet reports
5) Inclusion/exclusion criteria
*Inclusion criteria
- One investigator searched the database of Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists in January 2019 using the following keywords: “mediastinal h(a)emorrhage,” “mediastinal h(a)ematoma,” “(o) esophageal ha(e)morrhage,” “(o)esophageal h(a)ematoma,” “idiopathic h(a)emorrhage,” “spontaneous h(a)emorrhage,” and “spontaneous mediastinal h(a)emorrhage.”
- For all dogs, data on signalment, history, physical examination, treatment and outcome were collected by reviewing the medical records. Followup information was collected by telephone interviews with the owners and/or their primary-care veterinarians.
*Exclusion criteria
- Cases were excluded if there was no evidence of mediastinal haemorrhage or there was an identifiable cause of the haemorrhage or haematoma.
7. Prevalence of portal vein thrombosis detected by computed tomography angiography in dogs (2021, JSAP)
1) What is the topic of the study?
: (1) to evaluate a large number of abdominal CT angiography (CTA) studies in dogs for presence of portal vein thrombosis; (2) to compare dogs with portal vein thrombosis to those without portal vein thrombosis for differences in prevalence and outcome between disease categories; (3) to compare ultrasound reports to reviewed CT angiograms to evaluate differences in detection of portal vein thrombosis.
2) What were the goals of the researchers (hypothesis)?
: We hypothesised (1) that portal vein thrombosis would be more prevalent in cases of pancreatitis than other disease categories; (2) that animals with portal vein thrombosis would be less likely to survive hospital discharge; (3) that portal vein thrombosis would be detected on CTA more frequently than ultrasound.
3) What population did they use?
: A total of 223 dogs were included in the study, which presented between April 2010 and July 2019 that had a CT angiogram of the abdomen performed as well as a confirmatory final diagnosis through either cytology, histology, imaging, or response to therapy.
4) How did they get their results (client reports, retrospective search, direct observations, etc)?
: Retrospective study
5) Inclusion/exclusion criteria
*Inclusion criteria
- Criteria for inclusion were dogs that presented between April 2010 and July 2019 that had a CT angiogram of the abdomen performed as well as a confirmatory final diagnosis through either cytology, histology, imaging, or response to therapy.
*Exclusion criteria
- Patients in which the CT did not include an angiogram of the entire abdomen, and patients without a confirmatory diagnosis were excluded.
6) What were the findings and are they credible?
: credible
7) What is the domain of generality of the findings? (In other words- are they over-reaching on their conclusion and clinical relevance)
: In this study, portal vein thrombosis prevalence was higher in dogs with pancreatitis compared to dogs with liver disease, non-hepatic neoplasia and other abdominal or systemic disease. And as compared to ultrasound, CT angiography is the imaging method of choice for detection of portal vein thrombosis in dogs.
8. Ventilated postmortem computed tomography to evaluate the lung of dogs with and without focal lung lesions (2020, AVMA)
1) What is the topic of the study?
: to identify the optimal ventilation pressure for ventilated postmortem CT assessment of the lungs in cadaveric dogs and compare the optimal ventilation pressures between dogs with and without focal lung lesions
2) What were the goals of the researchers (hypothesis)?
: We hypothesized that dogs with focal lung lesions would require a higher ventilation pressure than dogs without focal lung lesions.
3) What population did they use?
: Eligible dogs were those that were euthanized or had died at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the University of Sydney between February 2018 and August 2019 and subsequently necropsied with owner consent.
4) How did they get their results (client reports, retrospective search, direct observations, etc)?
: Prospective study
5) Inclusion/exclusion criteria
*Inclusion criteria
- Dogs that were euthanized or had died, and subsequently necropsied with owner consent were included.
*Exclusion criteria
- Dogs with pleural disease (eg, pleural effusion, thickening of pleura), determined antemortem with radiography or ultrasonography or postmortem with VPMCT, were excluded.
6) What were the findings and are they credible?
: credible
7) What is the domain of generality of the findings? (In other words- are they over-reaching on their conclusion and clinical relevance)
: A ventilation pressure of 35 cm H2O may be considered for ventilated postmortem CT to determine the presence of focal lung lesions.
9. Clinical characteristics of cats referred for evaluation of subclinical cardiac murmurs (2020, JFMS)
1) What is the topic of the study? & What were the goals of the researchers (hypothesis)?
: (1) to define the clinical characteristics of feline patients referred for evaluation of subclinical cardiac murmurs, with attention to the prevalence of atrial enlargement; (2) to identify patient characteristics that might predict echocardiographic detection of cardiac disease
3) What population did they use?
: Between 1 September 2006 and 31 October 2016, 684 cats were referred to the Cardiology Service of the Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation of cardiac murmurs, and 163 cats met the inclusion criteria.
4) How did they get their results (client reports, retrospective search, direct observations, etc)?
: Retrospective study
5) Inclusion/exclusion criteria
*Inclusion criteria
- Medical record data of apparently healthy cats with murmurs were included in analyses if patient age was >1 year, and if both physical and echocardiographic findings, including an assessment of left atrial size, were recorded and available for review.
- Cats were considered to be ‘apparently healthy’ if a review of the patient history failed to disclose clinical signs of disease, evidence of chronic diseases such as hyperthyroidism, diabetes, previously identified systemic hypertension or renal insufficiency was absent and patients were not receiving cardiac medications.
*Exclusion criteria
- Cats with previous diagnoses of congenital or acquired cardiac disease were excluded.
- Cats were excluded if a review of the patient history disclosed clinical signs of disease, evidence of chronic diseases such as hyperthyroidism, diabetes, previously identified systemic hypertension or renal insufficiency was present and patients were receiving cardiac medications.
6) What were the findings and are they credible?
: credible
7) What is the domain of generality of the findings? (In other words- are they over-reaching on their conclusion and clinical relevance)
: The majority of cats referred for evaluation of subclinical cardiac murmurs have cardiac disease. Based on left atrial dimensions, cardiac disease is generally mild. Male sex and a loud cardiac murmur are associated with the identification of cardiac disease.
10. Ultrasonographic findings related to prognosis in canine transitional cell carcinoma (2013, VRU)
1) What is the topic of the study?
: (1) to determine whether ultrasonography reliably predicts bladder wall involvement in canine clinical cases with histopathologically confirmed transitional cell carcinoma vs. nonneoplastic disease (polypoid cystitis) (2) Ultrasonographic tumor size, shape, echogenicity, and involved location were also compared to patient survival times.
2) What were the goals of the researchers (hypothesis)?
: We hypothesized that these ultrasonographic characteristics would be useful for predicting prognosis for dogs with transitional cell carcinoma.
3) What population did they use?
: Dogs histopathologically diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma or polypoid cystitis were identified in a search of medical records at the Rakuno Gakuen University Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 2004 to 2011.
4) How did they get their results (client reports, retrospective search, direct observations, etc)?
: Retrospective study
5) Inclusion/exclusion criteria
*Inclusion criteria
- A total of 22 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma and five dogs with polypoid cystitis were enrolled in this study because detailed information on their pathology, clinical findings, and preoperative ultrasonography were available.
6) What were the findings and are they credible?
: credible
7) What is the domain of generality of the findings? (In other words- are they over-reaching on their conclusion and clinical relevance)
: Evaluation of bladder wall involvement by ultrasound, along with other ultrasonographic findings including heterogeneous mass and trigone location, could be reliable indicators of prognosis in canine transitional cell carcinoma.
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