관계대명사는 형용사절을 이끈다

[Sir Henry]

 형용사절이 촛점인고 앞에 나온 선행사 수식이 주임무인데

관계대명사절로 주로 많이  부각되어 마치 절의 3 역할 (명형부역)말고

또다른 특수 역할 하는것처럼 보이나 관대절은 명사수식 형용사절임

관계대명사는 형용사절을 이끄는 한  접속사일 뿐이고

다른 부사/허사 접속사와 달리 명사를 수식하는 형용사절을 이끌기에

항상 수식하는 선행명사 (앞에 왔다해서) 뒤에 오고요

대명사란 말 뜻이 다른 명사를 대신해 쓴다는 말인데

관대가 종절내에서의 한 단어를 대신하여 쓰인고로

그 관대가 대신한 단어의 자리가 비어있어 빠진거같이보이니

불완전한 문장이라 하고

또한 관대가 대신한 단어는 선행사와 같은말이니

관대 = 선행사 = 종절 빈자리 의 '관계'를 만드는거라

해석시 선행사를 관대가 대신한 자리에 넣어 이해한다음

형용사절 전체를 명사앞에온 한단어 형용사 처럼 해서 명사에 붙여 해석하면 됩니다

또 종절의 빈자리가 주어면  주격, 목적이면 목적격의 관대가 오니

관대절이 나오면 종절의 어떤 요소가 비어있는지 알아보면 답이나오지요

This is the house that  ( ) had a great Christmas decoration. that = (s ) = house

                                  s   v               o

I have found you the tutor for whom you were looking.

 =>전치사를 원래 자리로 보내면

I have found you the tutor whom you were looking for (po ). whom = (po) = totur

The professor whom I respect ( ) was tenured.  whom = (o ) = professor

                              s    v       o

This is the house that Jack built  ( ). that = ( ) = house

그냥 외우지 마시고 이런 이유가 있다는걸 알아야

관대문제가 영원히 trouble free 로 되지

않그러면 trouble forever 됩니다

참고로 의문 대명사도 관계대명사 처럼 종절내의 한 역할이 있고

대신한 그 자리가 비어있으므로  역시 불완전한 문장이라 하는데

의문사는 의문문이나 명사절로 활용되니

형절처럼 선행사가 필요없이 명사역할일 경우 절 전체가 명사자리에 (주/보/목/전목) 들어갑니다

예문;

I still haven't found what I'm looking for ( ).  what = ( po/전목 )

                    v                 o

I wonder what ( s ) is making Tracy so unhappy.  what = (s )

     v                        o

허사접속사란 말은 한국에서 쓰이지 않는말같으나

영어권에서는 쓰이고

허사접속사란 종절내의 역할이 없다는걸 나타내기위해 쓰죠

즉 관대아닌 that 절이 명사적으로 쓰이면 that 절은 완전한 문장으로 오고

that는 접속사 역할만 하지 대명사 역할은 없다해서 허사라 불리지요

가주어 it 도 허사라 하지요

Not many people know        that               curbing your dog is actually a written law in almost every state.

                                   명절 접속사/허사             s               v                     c

비교;     This is the house       that        Jack    built  (  ).  that = ( ) = house

                                       형절 접속사     s         v       o    

**** 동격으로 쓰인 that 절이(명역) 동격인 명사 바로 뒤에 나와서

         마치 선행사와 형절의 모습으로 오나

          요 that 절은 완전한 문장으로 되어 있어

          한자리 비어있는 형절과는 다르지요

          요게 헷갈리지요?

appositive clause:  I like the idea    that    students can become independent learners.

                                                   접속사        s                     v                           o

relative clause:

Students   who (  )   become independent learners can continue to learn after they leave our classes.  

 선행사        관대   (s)           v                   c

Relative Clauses
with a little information about appositive clauses

Relative Clause Defined

Relative clauses are subordinate clauses that attach to nouns.  Because they add information to a noun, some grammarians and ESL/EFL teachers call them adjective clauses. 
 
 

Examples of Sentences with Relative Clauses
"Societies to Social Networks"
Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach

 

 

Relative Clause Structure

To make a relative clause, we take a sentence, turn it into a subordinate clause, and attach that clause to a noun.  For this process to occur, the two sentences must share the same noun.  Look at the following two sentences.  What noun is shared by both sentences? 

#A1.  I read a book.

#A2. The book explains the differences between clauses and phrases.

To use the second sentence as a relative clause, it has to be changed by adding the appropriate relative pronoun--who, whom, that, which, or whose--selected on the basis of a combination of meaning and syntax.  For example, whom is used to refer to people (or animals closely associated with people) and it must be the object of a verb or preposition.

The relative pronoun serves two functions--it is a subordinating conjunction and it is a part of the syntax of the clause.  In this example, the relative pronoun that is added.  It is a connecting word--but it is also the subject of sentence #2 and of the new relative clause:

Relative clause:  that explains the differences between clauses and phrases
 

New sentence: I read a book that explains the differences between clauses and phrases.

subject: I
verb: read
direct object: a book that explains the differences between clauses and phrases

In the following example, the internal structure of the relative clause is more complicated because the noun that is the focus of the clause is not the subject of the clause.  The relative pronoun is a connecting word and it is also the direct object 

#B1. I read a book.
#B2. I bought the book to help me prepare for class.

Relative clause process step 1--insert the relative pronoun:  I bought that to help me prepare for class
Relative clause process step 2--move the relative pronoun to the front of the clause: that I bought to help me prepare for class
Relative clause process step 3--attach the relative clause to its noun 

#B3: I read a book that I bought to help me prepare for class.

subject: I
verb: read
direct object: a book that I bought to help me prepare for class

Relative Clause Types

Like wh-questions, relative clauses come in two major types:  (1) those that have the relative pronoun as the subject of the clause and (2) those that have the relative pronoun as something other than the subject of the clause (object or complement or object of a preposition). 

In addition, relative clauses can be added to nouns in just about any part of a sentence--at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of sentences.  Let's analyze the location and type of relative clause in each of the following sentences:

#1. I bought a book that was highly recommended by my sister.
#2. I bought a book that my sister recommended.
#3. The book that is required for this workshop comes highly recommended.
#4. The book that my sister recommended was quite useful.

#1 I bought a book that was highly recommended by my sister.
Core sentence	I bought a book.
Sentence that became the relative clause	The book was highly recommended by my sister.
Relative Pronoun Function	subject of the relative clause
Location of the relative clause	it's at the end of the sentence--attached to the noun that's the direct object--part of the large noun phrase that is the direct object

 

#2 I bought a book that my sister recommended.
Core sentence	I bought a book.
Sentence that became the relative clause	My sister recommended the book.
Relative Pronoun Function	direct object of the relative clause
Location of the relative clause	it's at the end of the sentence--attached to the noun that's the direct object--part of the large noun phrase that is the direct object

 

#3 The book that is required for this workshop comes highly recommended.
Core sentence	The book comes highly recommended.
Sentence that became the relative clause	The book is required for this workshop.
Relative Pronoun Function	subject of the relative clause
Location of the relative clause	it's at the beginning of the sentence--attached to the noun that's the subject--part of the large noun phrase that is the subject of the sentence

 
 

#4 The book that my sister recommended was quite useful.
Core sentence	The book was quite useful.
Sentence that became the relative clause	My sister recommended the book.
Relative Pronoun Function	direct object of the relative clause
Location of the relative clause	it's at the beginning of the sentence--attached to the noun that's the subject--part of the large noun phrase that is the subject of the sentence

Restrictive vs. Non-restrictive Relative Pronouns

Relative clauses are also classified depending on their relationship with the noun they modify.  A restrictive relative pronoun identifies its noun--and divides the world into categories.  Look at our book example: The book that my sister recommended was quite useful.  The relative clause points to a particular book--and also means that there are books that my sister did not recommend. 

A non-restrictive relative clause is used to give additional information about the noun but not to identify it or to create categories.  Look at this example:

The Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, which was published in 2002, is based on the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English.

The relative clause--which was published in 2002--gives additional information about the book but it doesn't say that there are two Student Grammars--one published in 2002 and another at some other date. 

Let's try this definition again by analyzing these two sentences.  How many groups of students is each sentence talking about?

1. The students who turned their papers in early went to a party.

2. The students, who want to teach ESL/EFL, try to get a lot of classroom experience.

What do you think?  #1--there are two groups of students.  Those who turned in their papers early and those who didn't. So, the relative clause in #1 is a restrictive relative clause. 

#2--that's about all of the students. It's non-restrictive.  Notice that the old definition about non-restrictives adding unimportant information is not true.  It's even silly.  Why would you provide un-important information?!  A non-restrictive provides information that the writer wants you to have but it is attached to a noun that is already identified and doesn't need anything else to make you know which one you are talking about.

Probably for teaching purposes, the clearest examples of non-restrictive relative clauses are those that go with proper nouns:

Douglas Biber, who is a well-known corpus linguist, teaches at the University of Northern Arizona.

At TESOL, I attended a lecture by Diane Larsen-Freeman, who is one of the co-authors of the Grammar Book.

Better examples for use in our ESL/EFL classes would be something from a textbook they are using like this example I found in my sociology source:

A classic example of an early woman sociologist is Harriet Martineau (1802-1876), who was born into a wealthy English family.

This non-restrictive relative clause gives important information that adds to our understanding of Harriet Martineau but is not needed to define who she was.
 

Relative Pronoun Reduction

Relative pronouns can sometimes be left out; they are understood but not given in the sentence as in the following examples:

I bought a book my sister recommended.

The book my sister recommended was quite useful.

If the relative pronoun is the subject of its clause, then it must be kept.  Otherwise, the relative pronoun can generally be dropped.  In which of these sentences, can the relative pronoun be left out?  Where is it required?
 
 

#1. I bought a book that was highly recommended by my sister.	required, it's the subject of the relative clause
#2. I bought a book that my sister recommended.	not required, it's the direct object of the relative clause
#3. The book that is required for this workshop comes highly recommended.	required, it's the subject of the relative clause
#4. The book that my sister recommended was quite useful.	not required, it's the direct object of the relative clause

Relative Clauses & Prepositions

Relative clause structure gets more complicated when a prepositional phrase is involved.  The basic problem is deciding what to do with the preposition--where does it go when the clause is put into the sentence.  Here's an example:

#1: At TESOL, I bought a book.

#2: I got new ideas about teaching from the book.

Relative clause creation step #1--insert the pronoun as the object of the preposition: I got new ideas about teaching from that

Relative clause creation step #2--front the pronoun: but....what to front?  Where does the preposition go? Actually, you have two choices:

Choice #1: Leave the preposition at the end:  that I got new ideas about teaching from...

At TESOL, I bought a book that I got new ideas about teaching grammar from.

Choice #2: Move the preposition with its object to the front.  But notice that if you use this approach, you cannot use that.  You have to use which. 

*At TESOL, I bought a book from that I got new ideas about teaching grammar.

At TESOL, I bought a book from which I got new ideas about teaching grammar.

As our students struggle with making this type of combination, you'll find students leaving the preposition out altogether:

*At TESOL, I bought a book that I got new ideas about teaching grammar.

Relative Clauses vs. Appositive Clauses

Appositive clauses look a great deal like relative clauses.  Analyze the following examples: what kind of word is the clause attached to?  what is the original sentence that the clause was created from?
 

#1: appositive clause:  I like the idea that students can become independent learners.

1. The clause is attached to a noun--the idea.

2. The underlying sentence is: Students can become independent learners.

#2: relative clause:  Students who become independent learners can continue to learn after they leave our classes.

1. The clause is attached to a noun--students

2. The underlying sentence is: Students become independent learners.

Based on that analysis, how are these two subordinate clause types different? 

A relative clause includes in its internal structure the same noun that it attaches to.  The relative pronoun means the same thing as the noun that the clause is attached to; the relative pronoun has a grammatical role that combines being a connector with a role in the syntax of its clause.

An appositive clause does not include the noun that it attaches to; the appositive clause is like a linking verb--or an equal sign:  the idea = students can become independent learners.  The connector that just connects the clause to the noun without playing any internal role in the clause.

Appositive clauses can be related to particulate verbs and their noun clause direct objects:

I believe that students can become independent learners. 
The belief that students can become independent learners is common among teachers.

I know that students can become independent learners.
Our knowledge that students can become independent learners drives our work.

I feel that students can become independent learners.
My feeling that students can become independent learners is shared by many other teachers.

Grammarians and linguists refer to this process of changing a verb to a noun as nominalization.  Notice how the nominalized version has the same grammatical feature as the verb version--the noun clause of the verb version becomes the appositive clause of the noun version. When analyzing authentic samples, just be careful not to jump to the conclusion that every noun + that combination is a relative clause.  Nouns like idea, belief, thought, knowledge, and a few others are often followed by appositive clauses.

http://www2.gsu.edu/~eslhpb/grammar/lecture_11/relative.html

[Sir Henry]

아하 restrictive / nonrestrictive relative clause 에 대한 설명이 없었군요